History of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, containing a history of the county, its townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries...biographies: history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc. ...

Front matter

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Preface

In submitting the History of Franklin County to the public, it may not be improper to state, briefly, a few of the characteristics of the work:

I. The special prominence given to the pioneer times of the county — Hence a record of the persons, organizations, and events of the days anterior to 1820 has been given as fully as available data would warrant.

II. The fullness with which the various religious, educational and society organizations have been presented, due allowance being made, of course, for the destruction or absence of proper records.

TIL The completeness of the official and postal records, the latter having been obtained direct from the proper department at Washington.

IV. The importance attached to the various military organizations and their movements, in all the wars in which the people of the county have participated.

V. The biographical sketches of many of the most prominent personages, living and dead, which make the book valuable for reference purposes to all classes.

VI. The classification of material under appropriate heads, whichfacilitates the easy finding of any desired information.

The outline history of the State, contained in Part I is from the pen of Prof. Samuel P. Bates, of Meadville. The history of Franklin County in Part II was compiled chiefly by Prof. J. Fraise Richard, who has striven to give an accurate and reliable account of the county's origin, progress and development; and, for that purpose, has laid under contribution the data afforded by historic sketches, newspaper articles, public and private records, personal interviews and correspondence, tombstones and other reliable sources. The biographical sketches in Part III were, for the most part, collected by a corps of solicitors, and a proof of each sketch submitted by mail to each subject for correction.

To repay, in detail, all the kindnesses manifested by Franklin County citizens to the writers and solicitors would compel involuntary bankruptcy. The special gratitude of the publishers, however, is due and is hereby extended to the press of Chambersburg, Waynesboro, Greencastle and Meriv PREFACE.

cersbnrg for the use of their files, and for other courtesies; to the county officials and to Hons. F. M. Kimmell, D. Watson Rowe and John Stewart for -personal aid and favors; to Jacob Hoke, Esq., Drs. W. C. Lane, S. G. Lane, Chas. T. Maclay and W. H. Egle, State Historian; Capt. J. H. Walker, John B. Kaufman, J. W. Douglas and George S. Kyle for contributions and special aid; and to the pastors of the various churches, and secretaries of different orders for reports of their organizations.

With due appreciation of the liberal patronage received, the publishers beg to present this volume to their patrons in the highly favored county of

Franklin.

THE PUBLISHERS.

Part I. History Of Pennsylvania

PAGE.

CHAPTKR 1.— Introductory. — Cornells Jacobson Mev, 1624-25. William Van Hulst, 1625 -'.'6. Peter Minuit, 1626-33. David Petersen de Vries, 1632-33. Wonter Van Twiller, 1633-38 15-23

CHAPTKR II— Sir William Keift, 1638-47.

Peter Minuit, 1638-41. Peter Hollandaer, 1641-43. John Printz, 1043-53. Peter Stuy- Tesant. 1647-64. John Pappagoya, 1653-64 John Claude Rysingh, 16.54-15 23-33

CHAPTKR III.— John Paul .Taequet. 1655-57.

Jacoti Alrichs, 1657-59 'Goeran Van Dyek. 1657-58. William Beekniau, 1656-63. Alex D'Hinoyossa, 1659-64 33-35

CHAPTKR IV— Richard Nichols, 1664-67. Robert Needbaui, 1664-68. Francis Lovelace, 1667-73. John Carr, 1668-73. Anthonv Colve, 1673-14. Peter Alrichs, 1673-74 35-41

CHAPTKR V.— Sir Kdmund Andros, 1674-81.

Fdmuud Cantwell, 1674-76. John Collier, lti/6-77. Christopher Billop, 1677-81 41-50

CHAPTKR VI.— William Markham, 1681-82.

CHAPTKR VII.— Thomas Lloyd, 1684-86. Five Commissioners, 16c6-88. John Blackwell, 1688-90. Thomas Lloyd, 1690-91. William Markham 1691-93 Benjamin Fletcher, 1693-95. William Markham, 1693-99 61-69

CHAPTKR VIII— William Penn, 1699 1701.

Andrew Hamilton, 17U1-03. Kdward Shippen, 1703-64 John Kvans, 1704-09. Charles <*>oken, 1709-17 69-75

CHAPTKR IX.— Sir William Keith, 1717-26. AGE 1'atrick Gordon, 1726-36. Jaiues Lopan, 1786-38. Georpe Thomas, 1738-57. Anthonv Palmer, 1747-4H. James Hamilton 1748-54 75-69

CHAPTKR X.— Robert H. Morris, 1754-50. William Denny, 1750-59. James Hamilton, 1759-63 89-97

CHAPTKR XI. -John Penn, 1703-71 James Hamilton, 1771. Richard Penn, 1771-73 John Penn, 1773-76 98-104

CHAPTKR XII— Thomas Wharton, Jr., 1777- 78 Georpe Bryan, 1778. Joseph Reed, 177h -81. William Moore, 1781-82. John Dickinson, 1782-85. Benjamin Franklin, 1785-88 104-114

CHAPTKR XIII— Thomas Mifflin, 1788-99.

Thomas McKean, 1799 1808. Simon Snyder, 1808-17. William Fiudlay, 1817-20 Joseph Heister, 1820-23. John A. Shulze, 1823-29 Georpe Wolfe, 1829-3-5 Joseph Ritner, 1835-39 114 121

CHAPTKR XIV —David R Porter, 1839-45.

Johnstone, 1848-52. William Bipler.l 852-55.

James Pollock. 1855-58. William F. Packer, 1*58-61. Andrew G. Curtin, 1861-07. John W. Geary. 1807-73 John F. Hartranfl, 1873-78. Henry F. Hoyl, 1878-82. Robert K. Pattison, 1882-86. James A. Beaver 1886 122-131

Gubernatorial Table 132

Part II. History Of Franklin County

TACK

CHAPTKR I— Physical Description 137-141

The Great Kastern Valley— The Path of a Probable Gulf Stream— The Mountain Ranpes and their Appendapes — Systems of Draihape — Geological and Miueralopical As-. pects— rharacter of Soil —Vegetation — Climate.

CHAPTKR II— Pionekr Settlers 141-159

Two Classes Scotch-Irish, their Oripin, Arrivals, Character and Locations— Genna us, Sketch of Persecutions. Arrival, Trials, etc —Trend of Settlements in Cumberland Valley Westward— Shippensburp a Distributing Point — Settlements at Falling Spring — Sketch of Benjamin Chambers— Oiber Set- ■ tlements and Settlers in Various Parts of the County— List of Taxable* in 1751-52— Mason and Dixon's Line.

CHAPTKR III— Indus War 159-175

Indian Nations Described— War Between French and Knplish —Colonies Involved — Braddock's Defeat and its Kffects— Forts Located and Described— Massacres from 1754 to 17J5— Conflict Between the Civil and Military at Fort Loudoun.

PAGF.

CHAPTKR IV.— The REvm.rTION 175-190

Its Causes— I/oyaliy to the Mother Conn try— Karly Military— Roster and Roll of Franklin Men — From Colonies to States — Heroes from Franklin County — One of the First American Cannons, etc.

I CHAPTKR V.— Whisky War 190-191

Kleven Years of Peace— Causes of tlM> Whisky Insurrection — Its Prosecution and its Subversion— Sympathy of the Militia, etc

■ CHAPTKH VI. — Franki.iv County Organized 192-214

Date of Krectiou — Petition? in Favor of and in Opposition to the Project — Fiphi over the County Seat— The First Court House and First Jail — Karly County Officers — Estimate of Population — First General Flection — Officials, etc.

! CHAPTKR VII.— Internal Affairs 214-23.5

Laud-i and Land Titles— Indian Trails — Roads— Bridges— Turnpikes — Inns or Taverns — Militia— Muster Days — Mail Routes and Post-offices — Postmasters — Railroads

CONTENTS.

PAGK.

— Cumberland Valley Railroad — First Sleeping far Ever Made — Franklin Railroad — Shenandoah Valley Railroad — Harrisburg <ti l'oloniac Railroad — Western Maryland Railroad— Baltimore A Cumberland Valley Railroad— Mont Alto Railroad— Mont Alto Iron Works, etc.

CHAPTER VIII —War of 1812-15 2i5-245

Cause of the War— Declaration of War- Franklin County Companies— Incidents of the War.

CHAPTER IX.— Mexican War 245-249

Texas and Mexico— Whig and Democrat — Counter Argument. 1 - — Declaration of War — Franklin County C'ompaDy — Its Services.

CHAPTER X.— The Pki>s 249-260

Introductory— First Newspaper— Press of Charubersburg — Press of Waynesboro — Press of Mereerslmrg — Press of Greencastle

CHAPTER XI.— Agriculture 260-266

A Business of First Importance— Its Promising Future — Improvements Introduced — Judge Waits — The First Reaper— First Stock in the Country— Wheat and Corn- Hessian Fly — Improved Implements — A Wonderful Feat with the Scythe— Agricultural Societies, Officers, etc.

CHAPTER XII— The Medical Profession

Introductory View ofthe Human Structure — Sketches of Prominent Deceased Physicians — Epidemics — Medical Societies — Roster of Present Physicians.

CHAPTER XIII.— Educational and Religious 295-316

Educational — Education Denned — Teaching Defined — Early Schools and their Equipments— John H. Kaufman's Account of Early Schools and Teachers — History of School Legislation— Comparative Statistics- County Superintendents — County Institutes — letter fioni Ex-Co. Supt. A. J. McElwaiu --List oi County Superintendents — Religious — Early Settlers Religion — Presbyterians— Lutherans— Reformed— Methodists- United Brethren — Roman Catholic — Episcopalian— Church of (jod — German Baptist — Biver Brethren — Men lion ites — Reiormed M e nn on it es— Colored Churches — Mormouism.

CHAPTER XIV.— Popular Agitations and

PHILANTHROPIC REFORMS 319-331

Human Society Compared to the Ocean — Early Outlaws— The Nugent — slavery in Franklin County— V Curious Will — Gradual Abolition ol'Slavery — Runaway Slaves The Underground Railroad — ( aptureof Bob and Dave- History of John Brown's Raid on Harper's Kerry— Fate of His Coadjutors— Wendoll Phillips' speech— Curious Prophecies- History <il Know-nothingism in Chanibersburg Sketches of Early Temperance Movements in the Count; Tidal Waves vVashingtonian Movement Father Matbew's Efforts- Sons of Temperance (Joed Templars —Woman's Crusade- National Woman's Christian Temperance Union — Murphy Movement Prohibition — Franklin County Bible Society -Children's Aid Society.

CHAPTER XV— Tin. Great Rebellion "F

lKfii-firi 332-390

Introduction — Civil War an Interesting Study— Its Antecedents Must he Considered—Jamestown and Plymouth Typical of Two Antagonistic Civilizations— Practical Inferences— War Statistics — Firing on Fort Sumter and its Effects — Patriotic Meetings —Hearty Response to President's Call for roops — Incidents of 1861— Complete Roster

PAGE,

ofTroops Furnished by theCounty— Stuart's Raid in 1862 — Lee's Invasion, Preceded by Jenkins' Raid — Rebel Occupation ol Cham bersburg and Its Events — Advance on Gettysburg — Battle — Retreat— Lee'b Train of Wounded — Burningof Ewell's Supply Train and capture of Prisoners by Kilpatrick— McCausland's Raid and Burning of Chambe rBburg.

CHAPTER XVI.— Law Makers and Law In

TKRPRETESS i'.'.io-JJli

Law Defined and Analyzed — Founded in Natural Justice — Mental Requirements for its Study — Various State Conventions — F'ranklin's Representatives in National < 'digress, in State Senate and House — ICarly Bench and Bar— List of President and Associate Judges — List of Attorneys from Organization of County.

CHAPTER XVII.— Master Spirits 4J--4s;i

Uses and Abuses of Greatness— Character

of Genius — Greatness— Its Clements — Power of Mothers — Sketches of Master Spirits : ; 1 i Military, (2) Political, (H) Railroad Managers, (4) Theologians, (5) County Officials. (Gi Medical, (7J Exlucational, (Sj Press. (9j Legal — Franklin County's Roll of Honor.

CHAPTER XVIII.— The County's First Centennial 4'i:;-4il

Introductory — Value of Anniversaries— Triumphs of the Century — Preparations for

the Coming Anniversary — Executive Com mittee— Township Committees— Account ol the Two Days' Doings— Extracts froru Ad dresses and Poems Delivered.

CHAPTER XIX.— Borough ok Chambers

Description — Early History — Incorporation — Banks — First Market Houses— Present Market House — Water-works— Gas Works — Fire Department — Manufactories— Secret Societies — Churches — < emetery— schools.

CHAPTER XX.— BoRott.ii ok meic< ersih k>.

Location — Settlement — James Black — Early Traffic— Original Plat— Derivation ol Name — Sketch of Dr. Mercer— Past and Present Business Interests— Incorporation

— Prominent Residents — Birthplace of President Buchanan — Mercersburg College and Public Schools — Church History — Cemetery — Banks — Fire Company — Secret Societies

CHAPTER XXI.— Borough of Waynesboro

Origin ofthe Name— Location — The Plat- Original Lot Owners— Incorporation — Banks

— Manufactories — Water-works — Societies — Churches — Temperance Union — Scliools — < emetery — Famous Sewing Machine.

I CHAPTEI! XXII.— Borough of Grkencasi i k

Site ot the Borough — Ancient Burying Grounds — Plat of the Town, and First Residents—Early liominis'cences and Anecdotes —Old Churches— Cemeteries and Epitaphs

— Incorporation of Borough — It- Centeu nial — The Turnpike — Church History— Cemetery — The Schools — Industrie; — Borough Officers — Bank— Town Hall company — Societies.

CHAPTER XXIII.— Townships 554-614

Antrim 55- r >

Formation — Name— First Settlers — Karly Laud Titles— Old Graveyard Transcriptions —List of Taxables, 17S0— Earlv Settlements — Borough aud Villages— The Mormons.

Lurgan 604

Formation — Topography— Early Land Titles—List of Taxables, 1786— The' Pomeroys —Villages.

CONTENTS.

PAliK

Peters 507

Name— Formation — First Settlers— Early Land Titled -List of Taxable*. 1786— Loudon — Lemasters — Uptou — Bridgeport - ( 'ove Gap.

GlULPURD 573

Formation — Name— Early Laud Entries — List of Taxables — Manors — Churches — Villages.

Name, etc. — Earliest Laud Entries — List of Taxables, 17Hti — Cashtowu.

Kannett 578

Formation— The Indians aud First Immigrants — Nauie — Early Laud Purchases— Early Laud Entries— List of Taxables, 1780 — Villages.

I.KTTEKKKNNY 583

Formation — Boundary — Early Settlements — Earliest Land Titles — List of Taxables, 1780— Early School Teaahers— Village- Churches

Formation — Name — Early Laud Titles — List of Taxables, 1786 — Villages.

Formation— Name — Early Laud Eutrie* — List of taxables, 1780 — Villages.

PAGE.

SOUTHAMPTON . !,'JS

Koruialiou.eic. — Early Land Entries— List of Taxables, 1780- Borough ol Orrstowu—

Villages.

Franklin 5'Jti

Absorption of Township by (hauibersburg — List of Taxables, 1780.

GREENE oit(j

Formation — Name — Early Settlement — Early Laud Entries — Early Reminiscences Greenvillage — Scotland — Fayetteville— Black's Gap — Smoke town.

Metal 0u4

Boundary — Formatiou — Topography — Early Settlers — Early Laud Eutries — Prominent First Settlers— Taxables m 1780— First Justices of the Peace — Villages — Chinches.

Warren t»o7

Location — Its Early History — Name- Earliest Land Entries— Early Settlers— < lid hoc uments — Churches.

St. Thomas till*

Formation — Its Early History — Name— Immigration— Early Laud Entries — Ta\,ibles, 1786— Villages.

Qiincy till

Formatiou— Us settlements— lis Wealth — Name — Early Settlers — Early Lund Entries — Transcriptions from Early Tombstones- - Taxables iu 1786— Villages

Part III. Biographical Sketches

PAUK.

i hatnhersburg, Borough of G17

Antrim Township aud Borough of Greencastle.. 7Uu

► . reeue Township 703

i. nil to id Township 7'J.">

Hamilton Township... So:>

I. organ Township HI 7 page.

Montgomery Township and Borough of Mercersburg S45

Peters Towuship 873

Quiucy Township 887

Southampton Township and Borough of Orrstowu 917

Warren Towuship 92C

Washington Township and Borough of Waynesboro 927

PORTRAITS.

PAGE.

Alexander, Kev.S. C 417

Ambersou, W. S 207

Hard, Hubert M 2u7

Besore, George 107

Bon brake, E. J 387

I.idi horton, Col. 1). II -»i>7

lUihinian, ('. H 497

I, PAGE

I Hawhecker, S .2 527

I Hoke,Jacob 327

r Hoover, Lianiel 447

1 Keefer, William S 337

I Kerliu, P 437

f Lamaster, J. U 537

> t McHowell, A. H 357

arson, James 157 f- McKinstry, William 45

' 'numbers, George 79 - Orr, William 197

' ltritzmau, 11. G., M. D 477 » J Kowe, D. Watson 397

Clayton, James II 367 f Kowe, John ... 217

Crowcll, J. B 277 4 Sen i man, S. L 227

Davison, J. A 507 .! Sharpe, J. McD 377

Fleming, Archibald 177 i i Shockey, Daniel • 647

Foltz, M. A 487-1 Shoemaker, John A 557

1 .arver, Samuel 307 ' Skinner, s. M 287

ood, Jacob S 297 4 Snively, I. N., M. D 517

Snively, Joseph 147

I Walker, Capt. John H 467

Winger, Joseph 237

Ziegler, George W 247

Hammond, Lawrence 187

l lammoud, M. L 427

Karnaugh, Kev. H 257

llaruish, H. K 647

llasalor, Kev. J 317

MISCELLANEOUS. *

PAGE.

Map of Franklin Counly 10, 11

Map showing various purchases from Indians 113

Diagram showing proportionate Annual Production of Anthracite Coal since 1820 118

Table showing amount of Anthracite Coal produced in each region since 1820 119

Table showing vote for Governors of Pennsylvania since Organization of State 132

Belief Map of (umberlaud Valley 134, 136

PAKT I

History-Pennsylvania,

BY SAMUEL P. BATES.

"God, that has given it me through many difficulties, will, I believe, bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to the government that it be well laid at first. ----- I do, therefore, desire the Lord's wisdom to guide me, and those that may be concerned with me, that we may do the thing that is truly wise and just."

WILLIAM PENN.

IX

HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Chapter I

Introductory — Cornells Jacoijson Mey, 1624-25— William Van Hulst, 1625- 26— Peter Minuit, 1626-33— David Petersen de Vries, 1632-33— Wouter Van Twiller, 1633-38.

IN the early colonization upon the American continent, two motives were principally operative. One was the desire of amassing sudden wealth without great labor, which tempted adventurous spirits to go in search of gold, to trade valueless trinkets to the simple natives for rich furs and skins, and even to seek, amidst the wilds of a tropical forest, for the fountain whose healing waters could restore to man perpetual youtu. The other was the cherished purpose of escaping the unjust restrictions of Government, and the hated ban of society against tne worship of the Supreme Being according to the honest dictates of conscience, which incited the humble devotees of Christianity to forego the comforts of home, in the midst of the best civilization of the age, and make for themselves a habitation on the shores of a new world, where they might erect altars and do homage to their God in such habiliments as they preferred, and utter praises in such note as seemed to them good. This purpose was also incited by a certain romantic temper, common to the race, especially noticeable in youth, that invites to some uninhabited j spot, and Rasselas and Robinson Crusoe like to begin life anew.

William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had felt the heavy hand of persecution for religious opinion's sake. As a gentleman commoner at Oxford, he had been lined, and finally expelled from that venerable seat of learning for non-comformity to the established worship. At home, he was whipped and turned out of doors by a father who thought to reclaim the son to the more certain path of advancement at a licentious court. He was sent to prison by the Mayor of Cork. For seven months he languished in the tower of London, and, finally, to complete his disgrace, be was cast into Newgate with common felons. Upon the accession of James II, to the throne of England, over fourteen hundred persons of the Quaker faith were immured in prisons for a conscientious adherence to their religious convictions. To escape this harassing persecution, and find peace and quietude from this sore proscription, was the moving cause which led Penn and his followers to emigrate to America.

Of all those who have been founders of States in near or distant ages, none have manifested so sincere and disinterested a spirit, nor have been so fair exemplars of the golden rule, and of the Redeemer's sermon on the mount, as William Penn. In his preface to the frame of government of his colony, he says: " The end of government is first to terrif} 7 evil-doers; secondly, to cherish those who do well, which gives government a life beyond corruption, and makes it as durable in the world, as good men shall be. So that government seems to be a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and end. For, if it does not directly remove the cause, it crushes the effects of evil, and is an emanation of the same Divine power, that is both author and object of pure religion, the difference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, the other more corporal and compulsive in its operations; but that is only to evil-doers, government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, goodness and charity, as a mure private society. They weakly err, who thinkthereisno other use of government than correction, which is the coarsest part of it. Daily experience tells us, that the care and regulation of many other affairs more soft, and daily necessary, make up much the greatest part of government. Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them, and as governments are made and moved by men, so by them are they ruined, too. Wherefore, governments rather depend upon men, than men upon governments. Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad. If.it be ill, they will cure it. But if men be bad, let the government be never so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil to their turn. * * * That, therefore, which makes a good constitution, must keep it, men of wisdom and virtue, qualities, that because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth, for which, after ages will owe more to the care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy, than to their parents for their private patrimonies. * * * We have, therefore, with reverence to God, and good conscience to men, to the best of our skill, contrived and composed the Frame and Laws of this government, viz. : To support power in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power, that they may be free by their just obedience, and the magistrates honorable for their just administration. For liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience without liberty is slavery."

Though born amidst the seductive arts of the great city, Penn/s tastes were rural. He hated the manners of the corrupt court, and delighted in the homely labors and innocent employments of the farm. " The country," he said, u is the philosopher's garden and library, in which he reads and contemplates the power, wisdom and goodness of God It is his food as well as study, and gives him life as well as learning." And to his wife he said upon taking leave of her in their parting interview: " Let my children bo husbandmen, and housewives. It is industrious, healthy, honest, and of good report. This leads to consider the works of God, and diverts the mind from being taken up with vain arts and inventions of a luxurious world. Of cities and towns of concourse, beware. The world is apt to stick close to those who have lived and got wealth there. A country life and estate I love best for my children."

Having thus given some account at the outset of the spirit and purposes of the founder, and the motive which drew him to these shores, it will be in place, before proceeding with the details of the acquisition of territory, and the comino- of emigrants for the actual settlement under the name of Pennsylvania, to say something of the aborigines who were found in possession of the soil when first visited by Europeans, of the condition of the surface of the country, and of the previous attempts at settlements before the coming of Penn.

The surface of what is now known as Pennsylvania was, at the time of the coming of the white men, one vast forest of hemlock, and pine, and beech, and oak, unbroken, except by an occasional rocky barren upon the precipitous mountain side, or by a few patches of prairie, which had been reclaimed by annual burnings, and was used by the indolent and simple-minded natives for the culture of a little maize and a few vegetables. The soil, by the annual accumulations of leaves and abundant growths of forest vegetation, was luxurious, and the trees stood close, and of gigantic size. Tho streams swarmed with fish, and tho forest abounded with game. Where now are cities and hamlets rilled with busy populations intent upon the accumulation of wealth, the mastery of knowledge, the pursuits of pleasure, the deer browsed and sipped at the wator's edge, and tho pheasant drummed his monotonous note. Whore now is the glowing furnace from which day and night tongues of rlame are bursting, and the busy water wheel sends the shuttle Hushing through the loom, half-naked, dusky warriors fashioned their spears with rude implements of stone, and made themselves hooks out of the bonos of animals for alluring the tinny tribe. Where now are fertile fields, upon which tho thrifty farmer turns his furrow, which his neighbor takes up and runs on until it reaches from one end of the broad State to the other, and where are flocks and herds, rejoicing in rich meadows, gladdened by abundant fountains, or reposing at the heated noontide beneath ample shade, not a blow had been struck against the giants of the forest, the soil rested in virgin purity, the streams glided on in majesty, unvexed by wheel and unchoked by device of man.

Where now the long train rushes on with the speed of the wind over plain and mead, across streams and under mountains, awakening the echoes of the hills the long day through, and at the midnight hour screaming out its shrill whistle in fiery defiance, tho wild native, with a fox skin wrapped about his loins and a few feathers stuck in his hair, issuing from his rude hut, trotted on in his forest path, followed by his squaw with her infant peering forth from the rough sling at her back, pointed his canoe, fashioned from the barks of the trees, across the deep river, knowing the progress of time only by the rising and setting sun, troubled by no meridians for its index, starting on his way when his nap was ended, and stopping for rest when a spot was reached that pleased his fancy. Where now a swarthy population toils ceaselessly deep down in the bowels of the earth, shut out trom the light of day in cutting out the material that feeds the fires upon the forge, and gives genial warmth to the lovers as they chat merrily in the luxurious drawing room, not a mine had been opened, and the vast beds of the black diamond rested unsunned beneath the superincumbent mountains, where they had been fashioned by the Creator's hand. Rivers of oil seethed through the impatient and uneasy gases and vast pools and lakes of this pungent, parti -colored fluid, hidden away from the coveting eye of man, guarded well their own secrets. Not a derrick protruded its well-balanced form in the air. Not a drill, with its eager eating tooth descended into the flinty rock No pipe lino diverted tho oily tide in a silent, ceaseless current to the ocean's brink. The cities of iron tanks, filled to bursting, had no place amidst the forest solitudes. Oil exchanges, with their vexing puts and calls, shorts and longs, bulls and bears, had not yet come to disturb the equanimity of the red man, as he smoked the pipe of peace at the council fire. Had he once seen the smoke and soot of the new Birmingham of the West, or snuffed the odors of an oil refinery, ho would willingly have forfeited his goodly heritage by the forest stream or the deep flowing river, and sought for himself new hunting grounds in less favored regions.

It was an unfortunate circumstance that at the coming of Europeans the torritory now known as Pennsylvania was occupied by some of the most bloody and revengeful of the savage tribes. They were known as the Lenni Lenapes, and held sway from the Hudson to the Potomac. A tradition was preserved among them, that in a remote age their ancestors had emigrated eastward from beyond the Mississippi, exterminating as they came the more civilized and peaceful peoples, the Mound-Builders of Ohio and adjacent States, and who were held among the tribes by whom they wbio surrounded as the progenitors, the grandfathers or oldest people. They came to be known by Europeans as the Delawares, after the name of the river and its numerous branches along which they principally dwelt. The Monseys or Wolves, another tribe of the Lenapes, dwelt upon the Susquehanna and its tributaries, and, by their warlike disposition, won the credit of being the fiercest of their nation, and the guardians of the door to their council house from the North.

Occupying the greater part of the teritory now known as New York, were the live nations —the Senacas, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Cayugas, and the Onondagas. which, from their hearty union, acquired great strength and came to exercise a commanding influence. Obtaining firearms of the Dutch at Albany, they repelled the advances of the French from Canada, and by their superiority in numbers and organization, had overcome the Lenapes, and held them for awhile in vassalage. The Tuscaroras, a tribe which had been expelled from their home in North Carolina, were adopted by the Five Nations in 1712, and from this time forward these tribes Were kuown to the English as the Six Nations, called by the Lenapes, Mingoes, and by the French, Iroquois. There was, therefore, properly a United States before the thirteen colonies ( achieved their independence. The porson and character of those tribes were marked. They were above the ordinary stature, erect, bold, and commanding, of great decorum in council, and when aroused showing nativo eloquence. In warfare, they exhibited all the bloodthirsty, revengeful, cruel instincts of the savage, and for the attainment of tiieir purposes were treacherous and crafty.

The Indian character, as developed by intercourse with Europeans, exhibits some tr .its that are peculiar While coveting what they saw that pleased them, and thievish to the last degree, they were nevertheless generous. This may be accounted for by their habits. "They held that the game of the forest, the tish of the rivers, and the grass of the field were a common heritage, and free to all who would take the trouble to gather them, and ridiculed the idea of fencing in a meadow." Bancroft says: " The hospitality of the Indian has rarely been questioned. The stranger enters his cabin, by day or by night, without asking leave, and is entertained as freely as a thrush or a blackbird, that regales himself on the luxuries of the fruitful grove. He will take his own rest abroad, that ho may give up his own skin or mat of sedge to his guest. Nor is the traveler questioned as to the purpose of his visit. He chooses his own time freely to deliver his mossage." Fenn, who, from frequent intercourse came to know them well, in his letter to the society of Free Traders, says of them: "In liberality they excel; nothing is too good for their friend. Give them a fine gun, coat or other thing, it may pass twenty hands before it sticks; light of heart, strong affections, but soon spent. Tho most merry creatures that live; feast and dance perpetually. They never have much nor want much. Wealth circnlateth like the blood. All parts partake; and though none shall want what another hath, yet exact observers of property.