A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to A.D. 1879.

Front matter

£77

REMNANT OF THE OLD FOUT OF THE ALAMO.

A

Preface

Among the newer States of our American Union, there is probably no one about which so much has been written and published as the State of Texas. In 1857, Frederick Law Olmsted published a volume of 516 pages, entitled '* A Journey Through Texas ; or a Saddle-trip on the South-western Frontier." Mr. Olmsted mentions thirty-three bound volumes on Texas, by more than thirty authors. Seven of these were in two volumes each, making an aggregate of forty separate books, many of them large octavos of from four hundred to six hundred pages. Since that period the press has thrown off scores and even hundreds of publications — histories, biographies, descriptive pamphlets, addresses, etc. These have been scattered broadcast over the country by immigration agencies, railroad corporations, companies of land speculators, and others. The question arises, then, whence the necessity of another work on Texas? Partly because previous histories have been toe brief in some particulars and too diffuse in others. Many of the descriptive pamphlets have been too highly colored ; personal narratives too partial, and often defective in details ; and the statistics too meagre and in some instances entirely unreliable. It needed another volume to give a complete history of the State down to the present time ; and to condense, and classify, and give in a reasonable space the past history, present condition and prospective development of this, the great Empire State of the continent.

The design of the author is to give in the present volume a iv. PREFACE.

true picture of Texas, its soil, its climate, its people and theii institutions, its resources, its capabilities for sustaining a dense population— a population to be counted by the million. We say a tme picture, so that the immigrant entering the State may learn vhat part is best adapted to the business in which he proposes to en'^age. To the hardy poor man who expects to make his living by honest industry, and to raise his family where they will enjoy the advantages of good schools and churches, probably no portion of the American continent oflfers such advantages as Texas. Here labor is always in demand at remunerative price ; provisions are cheap ; here is land for those who wish either to lease or purchase ; tenement houses are furnished to farm laborers ; and a permanent home may be acquired upon accommodating terms. A homestead once secured, the man soon finds himself in possession of teams and tools, of hogs and cattle, and is surrounded with home comforts.

In the departments devoted to history , special pains have been taken to give facts and dates, with such reflections as will enable the reader to understand the controversies in reference to the ownership of the country, and the various questions which have from time to time agitated the people, producing, in some instances, revolutions, and changes in the form of government. These events are generally related in chronological order, though in some instances that order has been deviated from, to complete the narrative of one event before entering upon that of another.

In the notes, the reader will find a complete list of the executives of the State, and the personnel of the various departments of the o-overnment ; also the votes at the principal popular elections, showing the steady increase in the number of electors.

In the part devoted to the Indians may be found many interesting particulars of the aboriginal inhabitants of our prairies, and some thrilling incidents of frontier life and Indian warfare. It was not in accordance with the taste of the author to dwell iono- upon these harrowing scenes. Hapi)ily, such scenes now

PEEFACE. V.

seldom occur, and we have good reason to believe that we shall hear no more of these Indian raids, and the barbarities inflicted upon the pioneers of civilization.

We think the reader will find the biographical department especially rich in interest. Arranged in alphabetical order are the names of more than two hundred of the men who have fio-ured conspicuously in Texas history. Space is accorded to each somewhat in proportion to his historical importance, though the sketches of men still living are very brief, and mainly confined to the mere facts connected with their pul)lic life.

The historical notes and topographical descriptions of the counties of the State, arranged in alphabetical order, are necessarily brief, but will give the reader a correct idea of their location, the character of the soil, and other particulars necessary for those seeking homes in the State.

In the miscellaneous department may be found a vast amount of information, condensed into a small compass — an account of our asylums, penitentiaries, educational institutions and churches — agricultural products and live stocks railways and commerce — statistical tables of wealth and population, etc.

In the preface to " Thrall's School History of Texas " issued by the University Publishing Company of New York, in 1876, the author said : '« The history of Texas possesses a peculiar interest. The contests for the possession of the country ; the grand old mission structures efected for the conversion of the natives ; the numerous changes of government, give to our history an air of romance. In the summary of events in this volume, these interesting topics are only briefly noticed ; but it is to be hoped this recital will stimulate many to a more thorough investigation into the heroic period of our history." The present volume is sent forth not to supersede the school history, but to supplement and complement it. The former has its place and is adapted for the purpose for which it was prepared — use in the school room ; but the teacher who, with that volume, introduces his pupils to an

VI. PREFACE,

acquaiutancc with the elementary history of Texas, will need this to give the details and incidents in full which could not be incorporated in the smaller work.

In conclusion, the author returns his sincere thanks to the very large number of distinguished gentlemen — too numerous to mention — who have given him encouragement and assistance in his Work.

H. S. THRALL.

San A_ntonio, Texas, November 26\ 1878.

Chapter II

Dc Leon, Govemor of Monclova, in Texas. — Founds Presidio, — in 1690. — Succeeded by Domingo Teran. — Saint Denis on the Rio Grande. — Correspondence Between De Alarconne and La Harpe. — Belisle on the Coast. — Indian League. - .-87

CHAPTER KT.

Mission Establishments. — First Mass.— Missions in Alphabetical Order. — Adaes. — Aes. — Alamo. — Concepcion. — La Espada. — Gua(ialui)e. — La Bahia. — La Trinidad. — Loretto. — Nacogdoches. — Orquizaco. — Refugio. — Rosario. — San Fernandes. — San Jose, — San Saba. - - 92

CHAPTER lY.

Colonists from the Canaries at San Antonio. — Texas at the Opening of the Nineteenth Century. — Nolan's expedition. — Difficulties Between Spain and the United States. — War Imminent, but Averted by Mysterious Diplomacy. .--.---..- 102

CHAPTER V.

Magee's Expedition. — Gutierres' March to Goliad. — Death of Magoo.— Desperate Fiirhting. — The Victorious Republicans on the way to San Antonio, gain a Splendid Victory on the Rosillo Creek — Shameful Massacre of Spanish Ofllcers. — Battle of Alasan. — Republicans Defeated at the Battle of Medina. — And the Royalists Avenge the Death of their Brother Officers - - - - - - - -112

CHAPTER VI.

The Republicans at Galveston. — Aury. — Perry. — Mina. — Expedition to Soto La Marina. — Lafitte the Pirate. — Long's Expedition. — Dispersed in East Texas. — Rallies a Second Time at Galveston. — Takes Goliad. — Sent by the Spanish Republicans to the City of Mexico, where he is Mysteriously Mui'dered. — Mrs. Long Heroically Awaits his Return. — Conclusion of the Period. ----....- 125

Part III. Colonization Under Jiextcan Domination, 1820

CHAPTER I.

Mexico Becomes a Republic. — Plan of Iguala. — Mexico Gains an Indis-

TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix.

PAGE,

putable Title to Texas. — Colonization. — Keene. — Owen.— Moses Austin Obtains a Contract.— Dies.— Stephen F. Austin in Texas, Selects a Location for his Colony— Austin Aided by Hawkins.— Schooner Lively Lost. — Austin in the City of Mexico. 147

CHAPTER n.

Colonization Law of 1823.— Of 1824.— Coahnila in 1825; and again in 1832.— San Felipe Laid Out; Land Office Opened. — In 1824. — Edwards' Grant and Fredonian Troubles at Nacogdoches. — The Edv/ards Contract Annulled by Governor Blanco. 152

CHAPTER in.

Other Contracts.— Thorn.— Leftwich.—DeWitt.—DeLeon.— Austin's Second Contract, and others from 1825 to 1830.— Settlement on Red River.— In the Southeast— Galveston Bay Company.— In the Southwest. - 165

Chapter IV

Civil Administration —Governors.— Land Commissioners.— Alcaldes Districts.— Ayuntaniiento.— Political Chiefs of Departments.— State Congress. — Reflections on Colonization. — Almonte in the Province.— His Report — Disturbing Elements.— Taxation.— Slavery.— Texas Coveted by the United States. 169

Chapter V

Bustemente's Famous Decree.— Custom Houses.— Garrisons Established.— Bradburn's Arbitrary Proceedings at Anahuac— The Texans pronounce for Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824.— Fight at Velasco. — At Nacogdoches. — Peace Prospects in 1832. - - - 178

Chapter VI

Hostile legislation.— Movement for a separation from Coahuila.— Convention of 1833.— Austin sent as Commissioner to Mexico.— Santa Anna deserts the Liberal Party.— Coahuila in a State of Revolution. — Austin in Prison. — Santa Anna's Ultimatum to Texas. - 187"

Chapter I

Santa Anna developing his New Policy.— Austin still a State Pxisoner. — Citizens Disarmed. — Zacatccas resists the Usurper. — Frauds in 3

X. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Coahuila. — The Legislature dispersed by Cos. — Milam and Viesca Taken Prisoners — Republicans defeated at Zacatecas. — Santa Anna Dictator. — Parties in Texas. — Captain Thompson and the Schooner Corea. — Proscribed Patriots. ..----. 197

Chapter II

Committees of Safety. — Austin's Return. — Candella at Goliad. — Conflict at Gonzales — Goliad Captured by the Texans. — Austin in Command on the Guadalupe. — The Consultation — Provisional Government — Austin Marches towards San Antonio — Battle of Concepcion. — The Grass Fight. — The Executive Couucil. - . - 205

Chapter III

A Navy Improvised. — San Antonio Invested. — Captured by the Texans. — Liberal Terms to the Vanquished. — Breach between Governor Smith and his Council. — Austin's Timely Advice. — Convention of 1836. — Declares the Independence of Texas. — Government Ad Interim. — Proposed Descent upon Matamoras. - - - . 219

Chapter IV

Santa Anna's Texas Programme.— Fall of the Alamo. — Fate of its Brave Garrison. — Urrea in the South-west. — Death of Grant, Morris, etc. — Ward and King at Refugio. — Goliad Evacuated — Battle of Colita. — The Fcinnin 3fassacre. — Reflections on the Conduct of the Campaign. -- -- 238

Chapter V

The Mexican March towards San Jacinto. — Houston's Retreat. — Camps in Mill Creek Bottom. — The Mexicans meet with Resistance at San Felipe, and Turn Down the River to Richmond. — Both Armies Cross the Brazos. -.-..---.-- 255

Chapter VI

The hostile Armies Approach Each Otlier. — Skirmish on the 20th. — Battle of San Jacinto, April 21. — Houston's Ofiicial Report. — Reflections. _.-_. 261

CHxVPTER VII.

President Burnet at Galveston. — Retreat of Filisola. — Treaty with Santa Anna. — Feeling in East Texas. — Difficulties of the President and His Cabinet. — Attempt to Arrest the President. — Another Mexican Invasion Threatened. — Naval Operations. — Mortit's Report on Texas. — Election. — Meeting of Congress. — Constitutional Government. 272

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi.

Part V. The Republic, From 1837 To 1846, Chapter I

PAGE

Houston's Administration.— Congressional Proceedings.— Land Laws. Tlae Navy.— Government lienioved to Houston . - - - . or^j

CHAPTER n.

Lamar's Administration.— Trouble at Nacogdoches.— A New Navy.— Austin Selected as the Permanent Capital.— New Colonies.— Republic of the Rio Grande.— Santa Fe Expedition.— Its Miscarriao'e and the ^^"^^^- - - - - - - -302

CHAPTER HI.

Houston's Second Administration.— State of the Public Finances.— Raids ofVasquez and Woll.— The Archive War.— Somervell in the Southwest.— Mier Expedition.— Its Disasters.— The Snively Expedition.— Santa Anna's Proposal through Robinson.— The Navy. - - -319

CHAPTER IV.

Jones' Administration.— Texas Prosperous.— Annexation Again Agitated.— England, France and the United States Interested. —Action'of the Texas Congress.— The Convention Accepts the Terms, July 4th, 1845.— Vote of the People. - - - . - - - - 341

Chapter I

Henderson's Administration.— Courts.— Public Domain.— Texans in the Mexican War.— Horton Acting Governor —Wood's Administration.— Public Debt.— Santa Fe Again.— Bell's Administration.— The United States Propose to Buy Santa Fe.— Pearce's Boundary Bill.— Santa Fe Sold.— Disputes About Land in Peter's Colony. - - - .357

Chapter II

Pease's Administration.— Debt of the Old Texas Republic scaled and settled.— Mexican Cart War.— Taxes Relinquished to Counties.— Political Parties. — Runnell's Administration.— Railroads.— Indian Reservations.— Cortina in Brownsville.— Houston's Administration. —Political Excitement.— Cortina Again.— Frontier Defence.— Houston's Message to the Legislature.— Secession Convention.— Ordinance Passed.— Texas Unites with the Newly-formed Confederacy.— Houston Deposed. -----...... 3(39

Xll. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter III. Page

Clark's Administration.— SuiTciider of United States Property at San Antonio, and in the South-west. — Indians Hostile.— Warlike preparations on a Large Scale.— The Bloclcade.— Lubbock's Administration.— The State Prosperous. — Arizona Expedition. — Federals take Possession of Galveston.— Magruder in ComiAand in Texas. — Recapture of Galveston by tlie Confederates. — Federals Repulsed at Sabine Pass. — Conscript Law. — Martial Law. — Cotton Orders. — Houston on Martial Law. — Murrah's Administi-ation. — Fine Crops. — Fedei-als in the South-west.— Fighting in Louisiana. — Cotton Orders Again. — Murrah vs. Magruder. — Confederate Armies Disband. ... 388

Chapter IV

First Reconstruction. — Hamilton's Administration. — Registration of Loyal Voters. — Election. — Convention. — Hamilton's Message. — Throckmorton's Administration. — Governments in the Southern States Declared Provisional, only. — Sheridan's Order on Assuming (Command. — New Registration. — Iron Clad Oath. — Throckmorton . Removed. — Second Reconstruction Convention. — Ab initio Controversy. — Suflfrage Bill. — Protest of the Ab initios. — Convention Dissolved. — Election. 409

Chapter V

Davis' Administration. — Texas Delegates Admitted to Their Seats in Congress. — Martial Law Again. — State Police. — Frontier Protection. — Thi'eateued Collision at the Close of his Administration. — Happily Averted. — Coke's Administi'ation. — Country Prosperous. — Constitutional Convention. — Hubbard's Administration. — Lawlessness Suppressed. -...-.-.--.- 429

Chapter I

Three Classes of Indians. 1. Pueblas. — Indians who Cultivate the Soil.— 2. Nassonites, Cennis, Caddos,'Wacos, Intrusive Tribes. — 3. Nomadic or Migratory Indians, that Live by Hunting — Comauches, Apaches, Lipans, etc., etc. ..-..,.- 445

Chapter II

Battles in Chronological Order.— On Galveston Island, 1818-1821.— On the Colorado, 1822-1823.— Caranchuas Banished, 1825.— Fights from

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii.

PAGE.

1826 to 1829.— Bowie's Fight in 1831.— Wilbarger Scalped in 1833.— On Red Eiver in 1834. — Parker's Fort Massacre in 1836. — Mrs. Plummer's Captivity. — Cynthia Ann Parker's Captivity of Twenty-five Years.- -----_..__.. 45j^

Chapter III

Indian Affairs during the Republic. — Fight in Robertson's Colony in 1837. — Near San Antonio — 1838. — Battle Creek, in Navarro County. ^Attack on Morgan's and Marlin's Families, in 1839. — Expulsion of the Cherokees. — Bloody Wox-k in the Council House, San Antonio, 1840. — Comanches Burn Victoria and Liunville, and are Defeated at Plum Creek. — Moore's Expedition to the Upper Colorado. — From 1841 to 1847. — Recovery of Miss Putnam, after a long Separation fi'om her Family. ----.-,-._ 457

Chapter IV

JS'umber of Indians in Texas at Annexation. — Indian Reserves. — Prosperous, but Soon Broken Up.— Dove Creek Fight.— ^calping of Mrs. J'riend. — ^Texas now Free from Indian Raids. - - - . 467

Part VIII. Biographies

A.

Allen, Ebenezer. — Allen, Houston Family. — Allen, John M. — Almonte, Don Juan N- — Anderson, K. L. — Archer, Branch T. — Arredondo, Joaquinde. — Austin, Moses. — Austin, Stephen Fuller — Austin, J. Brown. — Austin, Henry. — Austin, John. — Austin, William T. - - 477

B.

Baker, Mosely. — Barrett, D. C. — Bastrop, Baron, P. N. Tut. — Baylor, E. B. — Bean, Ellis P. — Beaumont, Jefferson. — Bee, Bernard E. — Belisle, Monseur De. — Bell, Josiah H. — Bell, P. Hansborough. — Bennett, Joseph H. — Billingsly, Jesse. — Bogart, Samuel A. — Borden, Gail Jr. — Borden, John P. — Borden, Thomas H. — Bowie, James. — Bradburn. Juan Davis. — Brenham, Dr. R. F. — Briscoe, Andrew. — Brigham, Asa. — Brown, Henry S. — Brown, John. — Bryan, Moses Austin. — Bryan, Guy M. — Burleson, Edward. — Burleson, Ed. Jr. — Burnet, David G. — Burr, Aaron. — Bustemente, Anastasio. - - 498

C.

Calder, R. J.— Caldwell, J.— Caldwell, M.— Callahan, J. H.— Cameron, Ewin. — Cameron, Dr. John. — Carson, Samuel P. — Castrillon, Gen-

XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

eral. — Castro, Heni*y. — Cazneau, William L. — Chalmers, Dr. John G. — Chambers, Thomas Jefferson. — Childress, George C. — Cole, John P. — Coleman, Robert M. — Chriesman, Horatio. — Coke, Richard. — Collinsworth, James. — Cook, William G. — Cook, Lewis P. — Cordero, Antonio. — Cortinas, Juan N.— Cos, Martin Perfecto. — Crockett, David. 619

D.

Darnell, Nicholas H. — Davenport, Samuel. — Davis, Edmond J. — Davis, H. Clay. — Dawson, Nicholas H. — DeLeon, Martin. — Dimitt, Philip. — Duval, John C— Duval, Thomas H. 529

E.

Edwai-ds, Hayden.-Edwards, Monroe. — ElisondoDon,Y.— Ellis. Richard. — Evans, Lemuel Dale. ---- . . .- 531

F.

Fannin, James W. — Fields, Richard.— Fields, William. — Flores, Manuel.— Fisher, S. Rhoads.— Ford, Dr. John S.— Franklin, B. C. - - 532

G.

Gaines, Jas. — Galves, Don Jose Bernardo. — Gates Family. — Giddings, Giles A. — Giddings, J. D. — Giddings, John James. — Giddings, George H. — Giddings, D. C. — Gillespie, James. — Gillespie, R. A. — Grant, Dr. James. — Gray, William Fairfax. — Gray, Peter W. — Grayson, Peter W. — Green, Tom. — Green, Thomas Jefferson. — Gregg, John. — Grimes, Jesse. — Groce, Jared E. — Gutierres, Bernardo. - - 540'

H.

Hall, Warren, D. C. — Hall, C. K. — Hamilton, James. — Hamilton, Morgan C. — Hamilton, Andrew J. — Hancock, John Handy, R. A. —

Hansford, John M. — Hardeman, Baily. — Hawkins, Charles. — Hawkins, Joseph H. — Hays, John C. — Heard, Wm. J. E. — Hemphill, John. — Henderson, J. Pinckney. — Herrera, Simon De. — Herrera,

Jose Manuel. — Hewitson, Dr. James. — Highsmith, Samuel. Hill,

B. F.— Hockley, George W. — Horton, Albert C. — Houston, Sam.— Howard, George T.— Howard, Volney E.— Hubbard, Richard B — Hunt, Memucan— Hunter, Wm. L.— Hunter, John Dunn.— Huston,

Felix. 54»

I. Ingram, Ira.— Ingram, Seth.—Isbell, Wm. 570

J-

Jack, Patrick C— Jack, AVm. H.— Johnson, Frank W.— Johnson, Moges.—johnson, M. T.— Johnston, Albert Sidney.— Jones, Dr. Anson.- Jones, Oliver.— Jones, Randal.- Jordan, S. W. - - - 570'

K.

Karnes, Henry.— Kaufman, David S.— Keenan, Dr. C. G.— Kemper,

TABLE OF CONTENTS XV.

PAGE.

Samuel.— Kendall, George Wilkins.— Kerr, James.— Kinney, H.— L.— Kuykendall, Abner. g-.g

L.

Labadie, Dr. N. D.— Lafitte, Jean.-Lallemand, General.— Lamar, Mirabeau B.— Lasalle, Robert.— Lathrop, J. T. K.— Lester, John S.— Lewis, Ira A.— Lewis, Wm. P.— Lipscomb, Abner S.— Linn,

M.

Manchaca, Antonio.— Margil, Father.— Martin, TVylie.— Maverick, Samuel A.— McCulloch, Benjamin.— McHenry, John.— McFarland' Thomas S.— McKiuney, Collin.— McKinney, Thomas F.— McLcod* Hugh.— Menefee, Wm.— Mexia, Juan Antonio.— Milam, Benjamin R.— Millard, Henry.— Miller, Dr. James B.— Mina, Xavier.— Moore, Commodore E. 17.— Moore, Dr. Francis, Jr.— Moore, John H.— Morgan, James.— Murrah, Pendleton. 5g7

N.

Navarro, Jose Antonio.— Neighbors, R. S.— Neil, John C— Newell John D. ---.._. _ * .„„

- • - • - 596

O.

Odin, Bishop J. M.— Ochiltree, Wm. B.— Oldham, Wm. S.-Owen

^^^'^^' - - -596

P.

Padilla, Juan Antonio.— Parker, Isaac— Patrick, George M.— Pease, ElishaM.— Parmer, Martin— Peebles, Dr. R. R.— Perry, Henry— Perry, James F.-Pillsbury, Timothy— Potter, Robert— Powers, James- Putnam, Mitchell. eg-

R.

Rains, Emory— Reagan, John H.— Riley, James— Roberts, Samuel A.— Robertson, Sterling C— Robertson, Dr. Jerome B.— Robinson, James W.— Robinson, John C— Robinson, Joel W.— Roman, Richard Ross— Ross, Reuben— Royall, R. R.— Runnels. Hiram G.— Runnels, Hardin R.— Rusk, Thomas Jefferson— Russell, Wm. J. - - - 599

S.

Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de.— Scurry, Richardson.— Scurry, William R.— Seguin, Don Erasmo.— Seguin, Juan N.— Shackleford, Dr. John.— Shaw, James.— Sherman, Sidney.— Smith, Dr. Ashb'el.— Smith, Ben. Fort.— Smith, Erasmus (Deaf.)— Smith, Henry.— Smith, James.— Smith, Thomas I.-Smyth, George W.— Somervell, Alexander.— Stapp, Dai-win M.— Sterne, Adolphus.— Stewart, Dr. C. B.— Sutherland, George.— Swisher, James G. gjj

XVI. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

T.

Tarrant, E. H — Teel, Henry. — Teran, J. Mier y.— Throckmorton, J. W.— Toledo, Don Alvarez —Torry Family.— Travis, Wm. B.— Turner, Amasa. -----.-.-. 625

V.

Walker, Samuel H.— Waller, Edwin— Ward, Thomas William.— Watrou5, John C. — Webb, James. — Wharton, Wm. H. — Wharton, John A. — White, S. Addison. — Wilbarger Family. — Williams, Augustus W.— WiUiams, Robert H.— Williams, Samuel M.— Williamson, E. M.— Wilson, James C— Wilson, Robert.— Wood, George T. - 629

Y.

Yoakum, Henderson. — Young, William C. - - - . - 635

Z.

Zapata, Antonio. — Zavalla, Lorenzo de. -..--- 635

Part IX. Histor Y—co U2ttie8

Contains a list of all the counties, alphabetically arranged; ■with historical notes, brief descriptions, etc., etc. . - - - . 6^

Part X. Miscellaxeous Items

Alphhabetically arranged. — Agricultural Products. — Cotton, Com, Oats, Potatoes, Sugar and Molasses, Tobacco, Wheat, etc. ; Reports from the Agricultural Department, Washington. Asylums. — Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Orphan, Lunatic. Buildings. — Public, Capitol, Supreme Court, Land Office, Treasury Building, Governor's House. Churches, their History etc.— Catholic, Baptist, Christian, Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, South, and M. E. Church, Protestant Methodist, African Methodist, Presbyterian, Presbyterian Cumberland. Census Statistics. Commerce. — Debt, State Education, its history in the State, Illiteracy, Scholastic Population, by Counties. Schools— Agricultural College, etc. Live Stock. — Cattle, Goats, Horses and Mules, Sheep. PEyiTEKTiARY — Its history ; provision for a second. Population at different Periods. Railroads — History and Progress of Railroads in the State ; their Stations. Statistics of Wealth at different Periods, Assessed Value of Property, Taxes, ad valorem and Poll in all the Counties, for 1877. Telegraph Lines. , - - 7'>2,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

liE:M:S'AXT OF THE OLD FORT OF THE ALAMO Frontispiece.

COLOEADO EH-EE. :^L\TAGOEDA COUXTT S"

SCEXE OX THE CAXADLiX EH^EE 43

SCEXE OX THE MISSISSIPPI IX THE TIME OF LA SALLE 78

IXDLVXS S3

LA SALLE'S MAP OF TEXAS S6

MISSIOX OF SAX JOSE 93

LAFITTE 133

THE OLD COXCEPCIOX MISSION, XEAR SAX AXTOXIO 1 43

CATHEDEAL DE SAX FEEXAXDO 153

SAXTA AX'XA 173

FOET OX THE TTESTEEX BOEDER 1S3

STEPHEX F. AUSTIX 193

MEXICAN'S 203

SAM HOUSTOX 213

EDWARD BLTELESOX 223

ELTN'S OF THE SAX JOSE MISSIOX 233

GROTJSD PLAX OF THE ALAMO 240

STOEMLN'G OF THE ALA3I0 243

SCOI'TIXG 253

HOUSTOX DICTATIXG OEDEES TO ADJL'TAXT HOCKLEY 263

BATTLE GROrXD OF SAX JACIXTO 269

DA^TD G. BLTIXET 273

A :MEXICAX JACAL 2S3

OLD CAPITOL, HOUSTOX 293

Page .

THE TOWN OF SAN ANTONIO DE BEXAR. TEXAS, 1840 3l3

DAVID CROCKETT 323

URSULINE C0N\T:NT, SAN ANTONIO 333

ANSON J0NT:S 343

INDIAN WAR DANCE 353

^CENE NEAR FORT MASON 363

E. M. PEASE....

ELLIS P. BEAN.

F. R. LUBBOCK

.383 .393

STERLING C. ROBERTSON. . • • ^03

CADDO CHIEF ^^3

PLACIDO, CHIEF TONKAWAS ^-3

EDMLT^D J. DAVIS = ^33

COMANCHE WARRIOR 443

A CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS 453

BATTLE CREEK FIGHT, NAVARRO COUNTY, 1838 463

TRADING WITH THE INDIANS 473

RICHARD COKE 483

RICHARD B. HUBBARD 493

HOUSTON ANT) SANTA ANNA 503

TOM GREEN 513

THOS. F. McKINNEY 523

vJOHN CALDWELL 533

O. M. ROBERTS 543

. THOS. J. RUSK 553

, SIDNEY SHERMAN 563

.THOS. WjVI. ward 573

1/ R. M. WILLIAMSON 583

HOUSTON PIERCED WITH AN ARROW 593

MONUMENT ERECTED TO THE HEROES OF THE ALAMO 603

PIONEER SUNDAY SCHOOL 6]3

CAPITOL AT AUSTIN, IN 1870 623

RUINS OF LAFITTE'S FORT 633

COURT HOUSE, PARIS 643

COURT HOUSE, SHERMAN 653

LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS. xix.

Page.

SCENE ON COMAL KIVEK 6G3

COURT HOUSE, DALLAS 673

VIEW OF SAN ANTONIO, IN 1878 683

COURT HOUSE, AUSTIN 693

METHODIST CHURCH AND PARSONAGE, CORPUS CHRISTI 703

GOVERNOR'S MANSION, AUSTIN 713

COURT HOUSE, FORT WORTH 723

iMASONIC TEMPLE AT PALESTINE, L & G. N. R. R 733

VIEW OF AUSTIN FROM THE DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM 739

TEXAS MILITARY INSTITUTE, AUSTIN 745

OLEANDER GROVE, TEXAS 75I

LAND OFFICE OF TEXAS, AUSTIN 757

MARKET HOUSE, HOUSTON 763

VIEW OF SAN PEDRO SPRINGS, SAN ANTONIO 769

FORMER MILITARY HEADQUARTERS, SAN ANTONIO 775

COMAL RIVER NEAR NEW BRAUNFELS 781

VIEW OF COMMERCE STREET, SAN ANTONIO 787

MASONIC HEADQUARTERS OF STATE, HOUSTON 793

POST OFFICE, GALVESTON 799

CORNFIELD, BRAZOS BOTTOM, ROBERTSON COUNTY, I. & G. N.

TREMONT STREET, GALVESTON 811

STATE INSANE ASYLUM, AUSTIN 817

EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PALESTDO: 823

SPANISH FANDANGO 829

RAILROAD BRIDGE, BRAZOS RIVER NEAR HEARNE, I. & G. N. R. R.835

ARANSAS BAY §41

COLORADO RIVER BRIDGE, AUSTIN, L & G. N. R. R 847

BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF HOUSTON 853-

Chapter I

NAME— TEXAS CLAIMED BY SPAIN AND FRANCE— BOUNDARIES— AREA— GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRY.

/TV HE name of Texas was derived from an Indian tribe J- belonging to the great Caddo family. The country now known as Texas has, at various periods, borne different names. In old m~aps that on the north is called Texas, or New Phillipines ; while that farther to the west is marked as Coahuila or New Estremadura. For more than a century the territory was claimed both bv France and Spain. The Spaniards were the first occupants. In 1522 De Narves traversed the country from the Rio Grande to Mobile. Again, in 1537, De Nisa visited the Rio Grande, entering the village of Isleta, then inhabited by Puebla Indians; and in 1540 Coronado took formal possession of the village, in the name of the Spanish crown. Under the ministrations of the missionaries, the inhabitants readily embraced the Christian faith. In 1585 another coixy^any of missionaries, under Espejo, took possession of El Paso and Santa Fe.

The claim of the French was based upon the landing of LaSalle, with his colony, on the coast, in 1685. On the old French maps Texas is put down as a part of Louisiana. The old Spanish maps, however, claimed it as belonging to ]^ew Spain. In those old maps, the different provinces of New Spain are marked as follows : The east line of JVew ]\Iexico reaches to the Pecos River, including part of the present counties of Tom Green and Crockett. The Medina river is marked as the east line of Coahuila, though a narrow strip attached to Texas extended to the mouth of the Rio Grande. In these old maps the Calcasieu is j^ut down as the boundary near the coast, and the Hondo, a tril)utary of Red River, near JSTatchitoches, as the line between the possessions of the French and Spanish crowns.*

The ownership of Texas had not been fully settled, when, in 1803, France sold Louisiana to the United States. The latter government wanted both Texas and Florida, neither of which Spain was willing to surrender. Finally, in 1819, February 22, an agreement was entered into between John Quincy Adams, on the part of the United States, and De Onis, on the part of Mexico, by which Spain transferred Florida to the United States, and the latter gave up her claim to Texas. At the period of the Texas revolution the northern boundary was still undetined; several large settlements on the south side of Red river were claimed both by Arkansas and Texas. In a final adjustment in 1849, in which G.W. Smyth represented Texas, and J. W. Overton the United States, the most of this disputed territory, including portions of Bowie and Red River counties, were conceded to Texas, y At the period of annexation the boundaries of the re-

*By a royal charter, dated Sept. 14, 1712, Louis XTV granted the whole of l>ouisiaiui to Anthony Crozat. Mr. Yoakum and other liistorians have asserted that this grant inckided all the country to the Rio Grande ; whereas the language of the charter included only the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries.

BOUNDARIES AND AREA. 19

public, as estimated by Mr. Smyth, the Commissioner of the G-eneral Land Office, were as follows :

The distance from the mouth of the Rio Grande along our coast

to the mouth of the Sabine 375 miles

From mouth of Sabine, by the river, to 32d parallel 299 -

Up Sabine river to Red river, due north 106 "

From point of intersection with Red river to 100th degree of longitude west g20 "

On the meridian of 100th degree due north to Arkansas river 250 "

Along Arkansas river to source of Rio Grande 640 "

Entire eastern and northern boundary 1 915 u

From source of Rio Grande to its mouth 2 240 "

Making the entire boundary of the Republic 4 530 " \

By the sale of Santa Fe, in 1850, Texas parted with '98,360 square miles of territory; equal to 56,240,640 acres.

Texas is bounded on the south by the gulf of Mexico ; on the east by the Sabine river, up to the thirty-second parallel of north latitude ; thence due north to Red river, thence along said river to the meridian of one hundred degrees west from Grreenwich ; thence due north to the intersection of parallel of thirty-six degrees, thirty minutes, north latitude ; thence due west to the meridian of one hundred and three degrees west from Greenwich ; due south to the thirty-second degree of north latitude ;' thence along said line to the Rio Grande ; (these lines' separate Texas from Louisiana, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and New Mexico.) thence down said Rio Grande to its mouth, separating Texas from Mexico. According to Disturnell's treaty mdp, published in 1850, Texas had, after the sale of Santa Fe, 237,3 21 square miles of territory, equal to 151,885,440 acres. Later estimates from our own land office give the State 268,684 square miles ; this exclusive of Greer county. It extends from about twenty-five and one half degrees to thirty-six and one half, north latitude, and from ninety-three and a half to one hundred and seven degrees of longitude west from Greenwich. Its greatest extent from north to south is nearly one thousand miles, and it is but little less from east to west.