A Pictorial History of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers to A.D. 1879 ... Third edition, ... revised

Front matter

REMNANT OF THE OLD FORT OF THE ALAMO. A Pictorial History OF TEXAS FROM THE EARLIEST VISITS OF EUROPEAN ADVENTURERS, TO A. D. 1879. EMBRACING THE PERIODS OF MISSIONS, COLONIZATION, THE REVOLUTION, THE REPUBLIC, AND THE STATE; ALSO, A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIP- TION OF THE COUNTRY ; ITS RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, SOILS, MINERALS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, LIVE STOCK, POPULATION, RE- SOURCES, WEALTH, ETC; TOGETHER WITH ITS INDIAN TRIBES AND THEIR WARS, AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF HUNDREDS OF ITS LEAD- ING HISTORICAL CHARACTERS. —ALSO,— A LIST OF THE COUNTIES, WITH HISTORICAL AND TOPICAL NOTES, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PUBLIC INSTI- TUTIONS OF THE STATE, ASYLUMS, PENI- TENTIARY, SCHOOLS, CHURCHES. RAILROADS, ETC. THIRD EDITION, CAREFULLY REVISED. BY REV. HOMER S. THRALL, A. M. ST. LOUIS, MO. : N. D. THOMPSON & CO. 1879. Entered according to Act os Congress, In the year 1878, Bt HOMER S THRALL, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

Preface

. Among the newer States of our American Union, there is probably no one about which so much has been written and published as the State of Texas. In 1857, Frederick Law Olmsted published a volume of 516 pages, entitled " A Journey Through Texas ; or a Saddle-trip on the South-western Frontier." Mr. Olmsted mentions thirty-three bound volumes on Texas, by more than thirty authors. Seven of these were in two volumes each, making an aggregate of forty separate books, many of them large octavos of from four hundred to six hundred pages. Since that period the press has thrown off scores and even hundreds of publications — histories, biographies, descriptive pamphlets, addresses, etc. These have been scattered broadcast over the country by immigration agencies, railroad corporations, companies of land specu lators, and others.

The question arises, then, whence the necessity of another work on Texas? Partly because previous histories have been too brief in some particulars and too diffuse in others. Many of the descriptive pamphlets have been too highly colored ; personal narratives too partial, and often de fective in details ; and the statistics too meagre and in some instances entirely unreliable. It needed another volume to give a complete history of the State down to the present time ; and to condense, and classify, and give in a reasonable space the past history, present condition and prospective development of this, the great Empire State of the continent. The design of the author is to give in the present volume a

PREFACE.

. true picture of Texas, its soil, its climate, its people and their institutions, its resources, its capabilities for sustaining a dense population — a population to be counted by the million. We say a true picture, so that the immigrant entering the State may learn what part is best adapted to the business in which he proposes to engage. To the hardy poor man who expects to make his living by honest industry, and to raise his family where they will enjoy the advantages of good schools and churches, probably no portion of the American continent offers such advantages as Texas. Here labor is always in demand at remunerative price ; provisions are cheap ; here island for those who wish, either to lease or purchase ; tenement houses are furnished to farm laborers ; and a permanent home may be acquired upon accommodating terms.

A homestead once secured, the man soon finds himself in possession of teams and tools, of hogs and cattle, and is surrounded with home comforts. In the departments devoted to historj', special pains have been taken to give facts and dates, with such reflections as will enable the reader to understand the controversies in reference to the own ership of the country, and the various questions which have from time to time agitated the people, producing, in some instances, revolutions, and changes in the form of government. These events are generally related in chronological order, though in some instances that order has been deviated from, to complete the narrative of one event before entering upon that of another. In the notes, the reader will find a complete list of the executives of the State, and the personnel of the various departments of the government ; also the votes at the principal popular elections, showing the steady increase in the number of electors.

In the part devoted to the Indians may be found many inter esting particulars of the aboriginal inhabitants of our prairies, and some thrilling incidents of frontier life and Indian warfare. It was not in accordance with the taste of the author to dwell long upon these harrowing scenes. Happily, such scenes now

PREFACE.

. V seldom occur, and we have good reason to believe that we shall hear no more of these Indian raids, and the barbarities inflicted upon the pioneers of civilization. We think the reader will find the biographical department especially rich in interest. Arranged in alphabetical order are the names of more than two hundred of the men who have figured conspicuously in Texas history. Space is accorded to each some what in proportion to his historical importance, though the sketches of men still living are very brief, and mainly confined to the mere facts connected with their public life. The historical notes and topographical descriptions of the counties of the State, arranged in alphabetical order, are necessarily brief, but will give the reader a correct idea of their location, the char acter of the soil, and other particulars necessary for those seeking homes in the State.

In the miscellaneous department may be found a vast amount of information, condensed into a small compass — an account of our asylums, penitentiaries, educational institutions and churches — agricultural products and live stock — railways and commerce — statistical tables of wealth and population, etc. In the preface to " Thrall's School History of Texas " issued by the University Publishing Company of New York, in 1876, the author said : " The history of Texas possesses a peculiar in terest. The contests for the possession of the country ; the grand old mission structures erected for the conversion of the natives ; the numerous changes of government, give to our history an air of romance. In the summary of events in this volume, these interesting topics are only briefly noticed ; but it is to be hoped this recital will stimulate many to a more thorough investigation into the heroic period of our history."

The present volume is sent forth not to supersede the school history, but to supplement and complement it. The former has its place and is adapted for the purpose for which it was prepared — use in the school room ; but the teacher who, with that volume, introduces his pupils to an VI

PREFACE.

. acquaintance with the elementary history of Texas, will need this to give the details and incidents in full which could not be incor porated in the smaller work. In conclusion, the author returns his sincere thanks to the very large number of distinguished gentlemen — too numerous to men tion — who have given him encouragement and assistance in his work. H. S. THRALL. San Antonio, Texas, November 26,

Chapter I. Page

Name. — Texas Claimed by both Spain and France. — Boundaries. — Area. — Characteristics of the country. ---- - - -17 CHAPTER n. General Divisions of the State. — North Texas. — East Texas. — Middle Texas. — "West Texas. — Northwest Texas. — Southwest Texas. — The Mineral Region. — The Pan Handle, or Staked Plains. - - - 23 CHAPTER HI. Texas Rivers. — Their Names. — "What Streams are Navigable.— Depth of Bars at Mouth. — Inland Navigation. — Water Supply. — Artesian Wells. — "Water Power. ---- - . . - -55

CHAPTER IV.

The Mountains. — Altitude of Prominent Places. — Minerals. — Copper. — Lead. — Iron. — Silver. — Coal — Guano Caves, etc. - - - - 65

Part II. Texas Under Spanish Domination ,— 1685— 1820

CHAPTER I.

Landing of La Salle. — Misfortunes. — Fort Saint Louis. — La Salle Assassinated on the Nechez River by his own Men. — Fort Saint Louis in Ruins. PAGE. CHAPTER H. De Leon, Governor of Monclova, in Texas. — Founds Presidio, — in 1690. Succeeded by Domingo Teran. — Saint Denis on the Rio Grande. — Correspondence Between De Alarconne and La Harpe. — Belisle on the Coast. — Indian League. ...---.-87 CHAPTER HI. Mission Establishments. — First Mass. — Missions in Alphabetical Order. — Adaes. — Aes. — Alamo. — Concepcion. — La Espada. — Guadalupe. — La Bahia. — La Trinidad. — Loretto. — Nacogdoches. — Orquizaco. — Refugio. — Rosario. — San Fernandes. — San Jose. — San Saba. 92

CHAPTER IV.

Colonists from the Canaries at San Antonio. — Texas at the Opening of the Nineteenth Century. — Nolan's expedition. — Difficulties Between Spain and the United States.— "War Imminent, but Averted by Mysterious Diplomacy. ... ....... 102

CHAPTER V.

Magee's Expedition. — Gutierres' March to Goliad. — Death of Magee. — Desperate Fighting. — The Victorious Republicans on the way to San Antonio, gain a Splendid Victory on the Rosillo Creek — Shameful Massacre of Spanish Officers. — Battle of Alasan. — Republicans Defeated at the Battle of Medina. — And the Royalists Avenge the Death of their Brother Officers. ..-.-.... 112

CHAPTER VI.

The RepubKcans at Galveston.— Aury. — Perry. — Mina. — Expedition to Soto La Marina. — Lafittethe Pirate. — Long's Expedition. — Dispersed in East Texas. — Rallies a Second Time at Galveston. — Takes Goliad. — Sent by the Spanish Republicans to the City of Mexico, where he is Mysteriously Murdered. — Mrs. Long Heroically Awaits his Return. — Conclusion of the Period. ------... 125

Part III. Colonization Under Mexican Domination, 1820— 1834

CHAPTER I.

Mexico Becomes a Republic— Plan of Iguala.— Mexico Gains an Indis- PAGE. putable Title to Texas. — Colonization. — Keene. — Owen. — Moses Austin Obtains a Contract. — Dies. — Stephen F. Austin in Texas, Selects a Location for his Colony — Austin Aided by Hawkins. — Schooner Lively Lost. — Austin in the City of Mexico. ----- 147

Chapter II

Colonization Law of 1823.— Of 1824.— Coahuila in 1825; and again in 1832.— San Felipe Laid Out; Land Office Opened.— In 1824.— Edwards' Grant and Fredonian Troubles at Nacogdoches. — The Edwards Contract Annulled by Governor Blanco. ... ... 152

Chapter III

Other Contracts. — Thorn. — Leftwich. — DeWitt. — DeLeon. — Austin's Second Contract, and others from 1825 to 1830. — Settlement on Red River. — In the Southeast — Galveston Bay Company. — In the Southwest. -. 165

Chapter IV

Civil Administration — Governors. — Land Commissioners. — Alcaldes Districts. — Ayuntamiento. — Political Chiefs of Departments. — State Congress. — Reflections on Colonization. — Almonte in the Province. — His Report — Disturbing Elements. — Taxation. — Slavery. — Texas Coveted by the United States. 169

Chapter V

Bustemente's Famous Decree. — Custom Houses. — Garrisons Established. — Bradburn's Arbitrary Proceedings at Anahuac. — The Texans pronounce for Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824. — Fight at Velasco. — At Nacogdoches. — Peace Prospects in 1832. ... 178

Chapter VI

Hostile legislation. — Movement for a separation from Coahuila. — Convention of 1833. — Austin sent as Commissioner to Mexico. — Santa Anna deserts the Liberal Party. — Coahuila in a State of Revolution. — Austin in Prison. — Santa Anna's Ultimatum to Texas. - 187

Chapter I

Santa Anna developing his New Policy. — Austin still a State Prisoner. — Citizens Disarmed. — Zacatecas resists the Usurper. — Frauds in X PAGE. Coahuila. — The Legislature dispersed by Cos. — Milam and Viesca Taken Prisoners — Republicans defeated at Zacatecas. — Santa Anna Dictator. — Parties in Texas. — Captain Thompson and the Schooner Corea. — Proscribed Patriots. - - - ... . 197

Chapter II

Committees of Safety. — Austin's Return. — Candella at Goliad. — Conflict at Gonzales. — Goliad Captured by the Texans. — Austin in Command on the Guadalupe. — The Consultation — Provisional Government — Austin Marches towards San Antonio. — Battle of Concepcion — The Grass Fight. — The Executive Council. ... 205

Chapter III

A Navy Improvised. — San Antonio Invested. — Captured by the Texans. — Liberal Terms to the Vanquished. — Breach between Governor Smith and his Council. — Austin's Timely Advice. — Convention of 1836. — Declares the Independence of Texas. — Government Ad Interim. — Proposed Descent upon Matamoras. .... 219 CHAPTER TV. Santa Anna's Texas Programme. — Fall of the Alamo.— Fate of its Brave Garrison. — Urrea in the South west. — Death of Grant, Morris, etc. — "Ward and King at Refugio. — Goliad Evacuated — Battle of Colita. — The Fannin Massacre. — Reflections on the Conduct of the Campaign. ... .... .... 238

Chapter V

The Mexican March towards San Jacinto. — Houston's Retreat. — Camps in Mill Creek Bottom. — The Mexicans meet with Resistance at San Felipe, and Turn Down the River to Richmond. — Both Armies Cross the Brazos. --.--...... 255

Chapter VI

The hostile Armies Approach Each Other. — Skirmish on the 20th. — Battle of San Jacinto, April 21. — Houston's Official Report. — Reflections. -------.... 261 CHAPTER VH. President Burnet at Galveston. — Retreat of Filisola. — Treaty with Santa Anna.— Feeling in East Texas.— Dffficulties of the President and His Cabinet.— Attempt to Arrest the President.— Another Mexican Invasion Threatened. — Naval Operations. — Morfit's Report on Texas. — Election. — Meeting of Congress. — Constitutional Government. ............ TABLE OF CONTEXTS, XI

Chapter I. Page

Houston's Administration. — Congressional Proceedings. — Land Laws. The Navy. — Government Removed to Houston . - • - - 291

Chapter II

Lamar's Administration. — Trouble at Nacogdoches. — A New Navy. — Austin Selected as the Permanent Capital. — New Colonies. — Republic of the Rio Grande. — Santa Fe Expedition. — Its Miscarriage and the Causes. ...---.-.... 302

CHAPTER 111.

Houston's Second Administration. — State of the Public Finances. — Raids of Vasquez and "Woll. — The Archive "War. — Somervell in the Southwest. — Mier Expedition. — Its Disasters. — The Snively Expedition. — Santa Anna's Proposal through Robinson. — The Navy. - - -819

Chapter IV

Jones' Administration. — Texas Prosperous. — Annexation Again Agitated. — England, France and the United States Interested. — Action of the Texas Congress. — The Convention Accepts the Terms, July 4th, 1845.— Vote of the People. 341

Chapter I

Henderson's Administration. — Courts. — Public Domain. — Texans in the Mexican War. — Horton Acting Governor — Wood's Administration. — Public Debt. — Santa Fe A^ain. — Bell's Administration. — The United States Propose to Buy Santa Fe. — Pearce's Boundary Bill. — Santa Fe Sold. — Disputes About Laud iu Peter's Colony. .... 357

Chapter II

Pease's Administration. — Debt of the Old Texas Republic scaled and settled. — Mexican Cart War. — Taxes Relinquished to Counties. — Political Parties. — Runnell's Administration. — Railroads. — Indian Reservations. — Cortina in Brownsville. — Houston's Administration. —Political Excitement. — Cortina Again.— Frontier Defence.— Houston's Message to the Legislature.— Secession Convention. — Ordinance Passed.— Texas Unites with the Newly-formed Confederacy .—Houston Deposed. .---------- CHAPTER HI. PAGE Clark's Administration. — Surrender of United States Property at San Antonio, and in the South-west. — Indians Hostile. — Warlike preparations on a Large Scale. — The Blockade. — Lubbock's Administration. — The State Prosperous. — Arizona Expedition. — Federals take Possession of Galveston. — Magruder in Command in Texas. — Recapture of Galveston by the Confederates. — Federals Repulsed at Sabine Pass. — Conscript Law. — Martial Law. — Cotton Orders. — Houston on Martial Law. — Murrah's Administration. — Fine Crops. — Federals in the South-west. — Fighting in Louisiana. — Cotton Orders Again. — Murrah vs. Magruder. — Confederate Armies Disband. ... 388

Chapter IV

First Reconstruction. — Hamilton's Administration. — Registration of Loyal Voters. — Election. — Convention. — Hamilton's Message. — Throckmorton's Administration. — Governments in the Southern States Declared Provisional, only. — Sheridan's Order on Assuming Command. — New Registration. — Iron Clad Oath. — Throckmorton Removed. — Second Reconstruction Convention. — Ab initio Controversy. — Suffrage Bill. — Protest of the Ab initios— Convention Dissolved. — Election. -----..... 409

Chapter V

, Davis' Administration. — Texas Delegates Admitted to Their Seats in Congress.— Martial Law Again.— State Police.— Frontier Protection. — Threatened Collision at the Close of his Administration. — Happily Averted. — Coke's Administration.— Country Prosperous. — Constitutional Convention.— Hubbard's Administration. — Lawlessness Suppressed. -----.---... 429

Chapter I

Three Classes of Indians. 1. Pueblas.— Indians who Cultivate the Soil.— 2. Nassonites, Cennis, Caddos, Wacos, Intrusive Tribes —3 Nomadic or Migratory Indians, that Live by Hunting-Comanches! Apaches, Lipans, etc., etc. ----.... 445 CHAPTER H. Battles in Chronological Order.— On Galveston Island, 1818-1821 —On the Colorado, 1822-1828— Caranchuas Banished, 1825— Fights from PAGE. 1826 to 1829.— Bowie's Fight in 1831.— Wilbarger Scalped in 1833— On Red River in 1834. — Parker's Fort Massacre in 1836. — Mrs. Plum mer's Captivity. — Cynthia Ann Parker's Captivity of Twenty-five Years. 451 CHAPTER HI. Indian Affairs during the Republic. — Fight in Robertson's Colony in 1837. — Near San Antonio — 1838. — Battle Creek, in Navarro County. — Attack on Morgan's and Marlin's Families, in 1839. — Expulsion of the Cherokees. — Bloody Work in the Council House, San Antonio, 1840. — Comanches Burn Victoria and Linnville, and are Defeated at Plum Creek. — Moore's Expedition to the Upper Colorado. — From 1841 to 1847. — Recovery of Miss Putnam, after a long Separation from her Family. .---....-. 457 CHAPTER TV Number of Indians in Texas at Annexation. — Indian Reserves. — Prosperous, but Soon Broken Up. — Dove Creek Fight. — Scalping of Mrs. Friend. — Texas now Free from Indian Raids. .... 467

Part VIII. Biographies

A. Allen, Ebenezer. — Allen, Houston Family. — Allen, John M. — Almonte, Don Juan N- — Anderson, K. L. — Archer, Branch T. — Arredondo, Joaquinde. — Austin, Moses. — Austin, Stephen Fuller — Austin, J. Brown. — Austin, Henry. — Austin, John. — Austin, William T. - - 477 B Baker, Mosely.— Barrett, D. C. — Bastrop, Baron, P. N. Tut. — Baylor, E. B. — Bean, Ellis P. — Beaumont, Jefferson. — Bee, Bernard E. — Belisle, Monseur De. — Bell, Josiah H. — Bell, P. Hansborough. — Bennett, Joseph H. — Billingsly, Jesse. — Bogart, Samuel A. — Borden, Gail Jr. — Borden, John P. — Borden, Thomas H. — Bowie, James. — Bradburn. Juan Davis. — Brenham, Dr. R. F. — Briscoe, Andrew. — Brigham, Asa. — Brown, Henry S. — Brown, John. — Bryan, Moses Austin. — Bryan, Guy M. — Burleson, Edward. — Burleson, Ed. Jr. — Burnet, David G. — Burr, Aaron. — Bustemente, Anastasio. - - 498 C. Calder, R. J.— Caldwell, J— Caldwell, M— Callahan, J. H.— Cameron, Ewin.— Cameron, Dr. John.— Carson, Samuel P.— Castrillon, Gen- PAGE. eral— Castro, Henry.— Cazneau, William L— Chalmers, Dr. John G. — Chambers, Thomas Jefferson. — Childress, George C. — Cole, John P. — Coleman, Robert M. — Chriesman, Horatio. — Coke, Richard. — Collinsworth, James.— Cook, William G— Cook, Lewis P.— Cordero, Antonio. — Cortinas, Juan N— Cos, Martin Perfecto. — Crockett, David. 519 D. Darnell, Nicholas H. — Davenport, Samuel. — Davis, Edmond J. — Davis, H. Clay. — Dawson, Nicholas H. — DeLeon, Martin. — Dimitt, Philip. — Duval, John C— Duval, Thomas H. 529 E. Edwards, Hayden.-Edwards, Monroe. — Elisondo Don, Y. — Ellis.

Richard. — Evans, Lemuel Dale. .... . . .. 531 F. Fannin, James W. — Fields, Richard.— Fields, William. — Flores, Mannel.— Fisher, S. Rhoads— Ford, Dr. John S.— Franklin, B. C. - - 532 G. Gaines, Jas. — Galves, Don Jose Bernardo. — Gates Family. — Giddings, Giles A. — Giddings, J. D. — Giddings, John James. — Giddings, George H. — Giddings, D. C. — Gillespie, James. — Gillespie, R. A. — Grant, Dr. James. — Gray, William Fairfax. — Gray, Peter W. — Grayson, Peter W. — Green, Tom. — Green, Thomas Jefferson. — Gregg, John. — Grimes, Jesse. — Groce, Jared E. — Gutierres, Bernardo. - - 540 H. Hall, Warren, D. C. — Hall, C. K. — Hamilton, James. — Hamilton, Morgan C. — Hamilton, Andrew J. — Hancock, John Handy, R. A. — Hansford, John M. — Hardeman, Baily. — Hawkins, Charles. — Hawkins, Joseph H. — Hays, John C. — Heard, Wm. J. E. — Hemphill, John. — Henderson, J. Pinckney. — Herrera, Simon De. — Herrera, Jose Manuel. — Hewitson, Dr. James. — Highsmith, Samuel.

Hill, B. F.— Hockley, George W— Horton, Albert C— Houston, Sam.— Howard, George T.— Howard, Volney E.— Hubbard, Richard B — Hunt, Memucan — Hunter, Wm. L. — Hunter, John Dunn. — Huston, Felix. -.549 I. Ingram, Ira. — Ingram, Seth. — Isbell, Wm. ---... 57Q J- Jack, Patrick C— Jack, Wm. H.— Johnson, Frank W.— Johnson, Moses.— Johnson, M. T. — Johnston, Albert Sidney. — Jones, Dr. Anson. — Jones, Oliver. — Jones, Randal. — Jordan, S. W. - - - 570 K Karnes, Henry. — Kaufman, David S. — Keenan, Dr. C. G. — Kemper PAGE.

Samuel.— Kendall, George Wilkins. — Kerr, James. — Kinney, H. — L.— Kuykendall, Abner. ......... 573 L. Labadie, Dr. N. D. — Lafitte, Jean. — Lallemand, General. — Lamar, Mirabeau B.— Lasalle, Robert. — Lathrop, J. T. K. — Lester, John S. — Lewis, Ira A. — Lewis, Wm. P. — Lipscomb, Abner S. — Linn, J. J. 580 M. Manchaca, Antonio. — Margil, Father. — Martin, Wylie. — Maverick, Samuel A. — McCulloch, Benjamin. — McHenry, John.— McFarland, Thomas S. — McKinney, Collin. — McKinney, Thomas F. — McLeod, Hugh. — Menefee, Wm. — Mexia, Juan Antonio. — Milam, Benjamin R. — Millard, Henry. — Miller, Dr. James B. — Mina, Xavier. — Moore, Commodore E. W.— Moore, Dr. Francis, Jr.— Moore, John H. — Morgan, James. — Murrah, Pendleton. ..... . . 587 N. Navarro, Jose Antonio. — Neighbors, R. S. — Neil, John C. — Newell, John D. -596 O Odin, Bishop J. M.— Ochiltree, Wm. B.— Oldham, Wm. S— Owen, Clark L. 596 P. Padilla, Juan Antonio. — Parker, Isaac. — Patrick, George M. — Pease, EUshaM.— Parmer, Martin— Peebles, Dr. R. R. — Perry, Henry — Perry, James F. — Pillsbury, Timothy — Potter, Robert — Powers, James — Putnam, Mitchell. 597 R. Rains, Emory — Reagan, John H. — Riley, James — Roberts, Samuel A. — Robertson, Sterling C. — Robertson, Dr. Jerome B. — Robinson, James W.— Robinson, John C— Robinson, Joel W.— Roman, Richard Ross— Ross, Reuben — Royall, R R.— Runnels.

Hiram G. — Runnels, Hardin R.— Rusk, Thomas Jefferson— Russell, Wm. J. - - - 59s S. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de. — Scurry, Richardson. — Scurry, William R. — Seguin, Don Erasmo. — Seguin, Juan N. — Shackleford, Dr. John. — Shaw, James. — Sherman, Sidney. — Smith, Dr. Ashbel. — Smith, Ben. Fort. — Smith, Erasmus (Deaf.) — Smith, Henry. — Smith, James. — Smith, Thomas I. — Smyth, George W. — Somervell, Alexander. — Stapp, Darwin M. — Sterne, Adolphns. — Stewart, Dr. C. B. — Sutherland, George. — Swisher, James G. PAGE. T. Tarrant, E. H— Teel, Henry.— Teran, J. Mier y— Throckmorton, J. W.— Toledo, Don Alvarez— Torry Family.— Travis, Wm. B— .... 625 Turner, Amasa. . - - - - V. - 629 Vanzant, Isaac. .------ W Walker, Samuel H.— Waller, Edwin.— Ward, Thomas William— Watrous, John C— Webb, James.— Wharton, Wm. H.— Wharton, John A.— White, S. Addison.— Wilbarger Family —Williams, Augustus W— Williams, Robert H.— Williams, Samuel M.— Williamson, R. M— Wilson, James C— Wilson, Robert— Wood, George T. - 629 Y. Yoakum. Henderson.— Young, William C. 635 Z. Zapata, Antonio. — Zavalla, Lorenzo de. - - - - * 635

Part IX. Histor

T—CO UNTIES. Contains a list of all the counties, alphabetically arranged ; with historical notes, brief descriptions, etc., etc. ..... 641

Part X. Miscellaneous Items

Alphhabetically arranged. — Agricultural Products.— Cotton, Corn, Oats, Potatoes, Sugar and Molasses, Tobacco, Wheat, etc. ; Reports from the Agricultural Department, Washington. Asylums. — Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Orphan, Lunatic. Buildings. — Public, Capitol, Supreme Court, Land Office, Treasury Building, Governor's House. Churches, their History etc. — Catholic, Baptist, Christian, Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, South, and M. E. Church, Protestant Methodist, African Methodist, Presbyterian, Presbyterian Cumberland. Census Statistics. Commerce. — Debt, State Education, its history in the State, Illiteracy, Scholastic Population, by Counties. Schools— Agricultural College, etc. Live Stock. — Cattle, Goats, Horses and Mules, Sheep. Penitentiary — Its history ; provision for a second. Population at different Periods.

Railroads — History and Progress of Railroads in the State ; their Stations. Statistics of Wealth at different Periods, Assessed Value of Property, Taxes, ad valorem and Poll in all the Counties, for 1877. Telegraph Lines. ... .723 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. REMNANT OF THE OLD FORT OP THE ALAMO Frontispiece. COLORADO RIVER, MATAGORDA COUNTY 3S SCENE ON THE CANADIAN RIVER 43 SCENE ON BRAZOS RIVER, NEAR MARLIN 53 FERRY, COMAL RIVER 63 SCENE ON THE MISSISSIPPI LN THE TTME OF LA SALLE 78 INDIANS 83 LA SALLE'S MAP OF TEXAS 86 MISSION OF SAN JOSE 93 INDIAN HORSEMEN 103 ■CYPRESS CREEK, NEWTON COUNTY 113 TRINITY RIVER, SCENE NEAR LIBERTY 123 LAFITTE 133 THE OLD CONCEPCION MISSION, NEAR SAN ANTONIO 143 CATHEDRAL DE SAN FERNANDO 153 BOWEN'S BEND, SAN ANTONIO RIVER 163 SANTA ANNA 173 FORT ON THE WESTERN BORDER 183 STEPHEN F. AUSTIN 193 MEXICANS 203 SAM HOUSTON 213 EDWARD BURLESON 223 RUINS OF THE SAN JOSE MISSION 233 GROUND PLAN OF THE ALAMO 240 STORMING OF THE ALAMO 243 SCOUTING 253 HOUSTON DICTATING ORDERS TO ADJUTANT HOCKLEY 263 BATTLE GROUND OF SAN JACINTO 269 DAVID G. BURNET 273 A MEXICAN JACAL 283 OLD CAPITOL, HOUSTON 293 MIRABEAU B. LAMAR XVUl.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. THE TOWN OF SAN ANTONIO DE BEXAR, TEXAS, 1840 313 DAVID CROCKETT 323 URSULINE CONVENT, SAN ANTONIO 333 ANSON JONES 343 INDIAN WAR DANCE 353 SCENE NEAR FORT MASON 363 E. M. PEASE 373 ELLIS P. BEAN 383 F. R. LUBBOCK 393 STERLING C. ROBERTSON 403 CADDO CHIEF .413 PLACIDO, CHIEF TONKAWAS 423 EDMUND J. DAVIS 433 COMANCHE WARRIOR 443 A CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS 453 BATTLE CREEK FIGHT, NAVARRO COUNTY, 1838 463 TRADING WITH THE INDIANS 473 RICHARD COKE 483 RICHARD B. HUBBARD 493 HOUSTON AND SANTA ANNA 503 TOM GREEN 513 THOS. F. MCKINNEY 523 JOHN CALDWELL 533 O. M. ROBERTS 543 THOS. J. RUSK 553 SIDNEY SHERMAN 563 THOS. WM. WARD 573 R. M. WILLIAMSON 5g3 HOUSTON PIERCED WITH AN ARROW 593 MONUMENT ERECTED TO THE HEROES OF THE ALAMO 603 PIONEER SUNDAY SCHOOL 6]3 CAPITOL AT AUSTIN, IN 1870 623 RUINS OF LAFITTE'S FORT 633 COURT HOUSE, PARIS g^ COURT HOUSE, SHERMAN LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XIX. Page. SCENE ON COMAL RIVER 663 COURT HOUSE, DALLAS 673 VIEW OF SAN ANTONIO, LN 1878 683 COURT HOUSE, AUSTIN 693 METHODIST CHURCH AND PARSONAGE, CORPUS CHRISTI 703 GOVERNOR'S MANSION, AUSTIN 713 COURT HOUSE, FORT WORTH 723 MASONIC TEMPLE AT PALESTINE, I. & G. N. R. R 733 VLEW OF AUSTIN FROM THE DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM 739 TEXAS MILITARY INSTITUTE, AUSTIN 745 OLEANDER GROVE, TEXAS 751 LAND OFFICE OF TEXAS, AUSTIN 757 MARKET HOUSE, HOUSTON 763 VLEW OF SAN PEDRO SPRINGS, SAN ANTONIO 769 FORMER MILITARY HEADQUARTERS, SAN ANTONIO 775 COMAL RIVER NEAR NEW BRAUNFELS 781 VLEW OF COMMERCE STREET, SAN ANTONIO 787 MASONIC HEADQUARTERS OF STATE, HOUSTON 793 POST OFFICE, GALVESTON 799 CORNFIELD, BRAZOS BOTTOM, ROBERTSON COUNTY, I. & G. N. R. R 805 TREMONT STREET, GALVESTON 811 STATE INSANE ASYLUM, AUSTIN 817 EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PALESTINE 823 SPANISH FANDANGO 829 RAILROAD BRIDGE, BRAZOS RIVER NEAR HEARNE, I. & G. N. R. R.835 ARANSAS BAY 841 COLORADO RIVER BRIDGE, AUSTIN, I. & G. N. R. R 847 BIRD'S EYE VLEW OF HOUSTON

PART I. General Description

CHAPTER I. NAMK

— TEXAS CLAIMED BY SPAIN AND FRANCES — BOUNDARIES — AREA — GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRY. n~\HE name of Texas was derived from an Indian tribe Jbelonging to the great Caddo family. The country now known as Texas has, at various periods, borne dif ferent names. In old maps that on the north is called Texas, or New Phillipines; while that farther to the west is marked as Coahuila or New Estremadura. For more than a century the territory was claimed both by France and Spain. The Spaniards were the first occu pants. In 1522 De Narves traversed the country from the Rio Grande to Mobile. Again, in 1537, De Nisa visited the Rio Grande, entering the village of Isleta, then inhabited by Puebla Indians ; and in 1540 Coronado took formal possession of the village, in the name of the Spanish crown.

Under the ministrations of the missionaries, the inhabitants readily embraced the Christian faith. In 1585 another company of missionaries, under Espejo, took possession of El Paso and Santa Fe. The claim of the French was based upon the landing of LaSalle, with his colony, on the coast, in 1685. On the old French maps Texas is put down as a part of Lou isiana. The old Spanish maps, however, claimed it as belonging to New Spain. In those old maps, the differ ent provinces of New Spain are marked as follows : The east line of New Mexico reaches to the Pecos River, in cluding part of the present counties of Tom Green and Crockett. The Medina river is marked as the east line of Coahuila, though a narrow strip attached to Texas ex tended to the mouth of the Rio Grande. In these old maps the Calcasieu is put down as the boundary near the coast, and the Hondo, a tributary of Red River, near Natchitoches, as the line between the possessions of the French and Spanish crowns.* The ownership of Texas had not been fully settled,, when, in 1803, France sold Louisiana to the United States.

The latter government wanted both Texas and Florida, neither of which Spain was willing to surrender. Finally, in 1819, February 22, an agreement was entered into between John Quincy Adams, on the part of the United States, and De Onis, on the part of Mexico, by which Spain transferred Florida to the United States, and the latter gave up her claim to Texas. At the period of the Texas revolution the northern boundary was still un defined ; several large settlements on the south side of Red river were claimed both by Arkansas and Texas. In a final adjustment in 1849, in which G-.W. Smyth represented Texas, and J. W. Overton the United States, the most of this disputed territory, including portions of Bowie and Red River counties, were conceded to Texas. At the period of annexation the boundaries of the re- *By a royal charter, dated Sept. 14, 1712, Louis XXV granted the whole of Louisiana to Anthony Crozat.