The young voyageurs; or, The boy hunters in the North

Front matter

UC-NRLF

B 3 331 fifib

'i

Preface

In the "Boy Hunters" the Author endeaycred to ilkstrate the fauna of the temperate zone of the American Continent. In doing this, however, many animals, and particularly that interesting class known as the *♦ fur-bearing animals," could not be .ntroduced without "bringing the mountain to Mahomet." To aToid this, the "Boy Hunters" — under the name of the "Young Voyageurs" — have made a grand journey through the " fur-countries," where, as •will be seen, they have met with nearly all the wild creatures that inhabit that cold and desolate region. The Author begs leave here to repeat that he is " not conscious of having taken any liberty, for the sake oi effect, with the laws of nature — with its fauna or its fora. Neither plant nor tree, bird nor mammal, has been pressed into service beyond the limits of its (jeo(/raj)hical range ; although, in illustrating the habits oi history of God's wild creatures, he has often selected only theii more peculiar characteristics."

If the " Young Voyageurs " receive only as much applause m their new character, as they did in that of the " Boy Hunters," the Author will have no reason to complain of his ♦' boy public *'

London. November^ 1853.

Contents

L THE FUB COUNTRIES, . . , . . •

U. THE YOUNG VOYAGEUBS, . . 17

ni. THE TRUMPETER SWAN AND BALD EAGUB, . 31 IV. THE SWANS OP AMERICA, . . . . ; 44 V. A SWAN-HUNT BY TORCHLIGHT, .... 83

Chapter I. The Fur Countries

BcTf READER, you have heard of the Hudson*s Bay Company? Ten to one, you have worn a piece of fur, which it has provided for you ; if not, your pretty little sister has — in her muff, or her boa, or as a trimming for her winter dress. Would you like to know something of the country whence come these furs ? — of the animals whose backs have been stripped to obtain them ? As I feel certain that you and I are old friends, I make bold to answer for you. Yes. Come, then ! let us journey together to the " Fur Countries ; " let us cross them from south to north.

A vast journey it will be. It will cost us many thousand miles of travel. We shall find neither railway train, nor steamboat, nor stage coach, to carry us on our way. We shall not even have the help of a horse. For us no hotel shall spread its luxurious board; no road-side inn shall hang out its inviting sign and "clean beds " no roof of any kind shaH

It) THE FUR COUNTRIES.

offer us its hospitable shelter. Our table shall be a rock, a log, or the earth itself ; our lodging a tent ; and our bed the skin of a wild beast. Such are the best accommodations we can expect upon our journey Are you still ready to undertake it ? Do^s the prospect not deter you ?

No, I her; r, you. exclaim. I shall be satisfied with the table — what c^are I for mahogany ? With the l^ging-— I caii tent like an Arab. With the bed — fling feathers to the wind !

Enough, brave boy ! you shall go with me to the wild regions of the "north-west," to the far "fur countries" of America. But, first — a word about the land through which we are going to travel.

Take down your Atlas. Bend your eye upon the map of North America, Note two large islands — one upon the right side, Newfoundland ; another upon the left, Vancouver. Draw a line from one to the other ; it will nearly bisect the continent. North of that line you behold a vast territory. How vast .'' You may take your scissors, and clip fifty Englamls out of it ! There are lakes there in which you might drown England, or make an island of it I Now you may form some idea of the vastness of that region known as the " fur countries."

Will you believe me when I tell you that all this inunense tract is a wilderness — a howling wilder^ ness, if you like a poetical name? It is even so. From north to south, from ocean to ocean, throughout all that vast domain, there is neither town nor village — hardly any thing that can be dignified with the name of " settlement." The only signs of civilization niE FUlt COUNTKI^l,. H

to be seen are the " forts/' or trading pofits, of the llud- 6on*s Bay Company ; and these " signs " are few and far — hundreds of miles — between. For inhabitants the country has less than ten thousand white men, the employes of tha Company ; and its native people are Indians of many tribes, living far apart, few in numbers, subsisting by the chase, and half starving for at least a third part of every year 1 In truth, the territory can hardly be called " inhabited." There is not a man to every ten miles ; and in many parts of it, you may travel hundreds of miles without seeing a face, red, white, or black !

The physical aspect is, therefore, entirely wild. It is very different in different parts of the territory. One tract is peculiar. It has been long known as the " Barren Grounds." It is a tract of vast extent. It lies north-west from the shores of Hudson's Bay, extending nearly to the Mackenzie River. Its rocks are primitive. It is a land of hills and valleys — of deep, dark lakes and sharp-running streams. It is a woodless region. No timber is found there that deserves the name. No trees but glandular dwarf birches, willows, and black spruce, small and stunted. Even these only grow in isolated valleys. More generally the surface is covered with coarse sand, — the debris of granite or quartz rock, — upon which no vegetable, save the lichen or the moss, can find life and nourishment. In one respect these " Barren Grounds " are unlike the deserts of Africa ; they are well watered. In almost every valley there is a lake ; and though many of these are landlocked, yet do they contain fish of several species. Sometimes these lak'M

communicate with each other by means of rapid and turbulent streams passing through narrow gojges and lines of those connected lakes form the great riv ers of the district.

Such is a large portion of the Hudson's Bay terri tory. Most of the extensive peninsula of Labrador partakes of a similar cliaracter ; and there are other like tracts west of the Rocky Mountain range in the " Russian possessions."

Yet these " Barren Grounds " have their denizens. Nature has formed animals that delight to dwell there, and that are never found in more fertile regions. Two ruminating creatures find sustenance upon the mosses and lichens that cover their cold rocks : they are the caribou (reindeer) and the musk-ox. These, in theii turn, become the food and subsistence of preyin|. creatures. The wolf, in all its varieties of gray, black, white, pied, and dusky, follows upon their trail. Tht " brown bear " — a large species, nearly resemblhig the " grizzly " — is found only in the Barren Grounds , and the great " Polar bear" comes within their boi ders, but the latter is a dweller upon their shores alone, and finds his food among the finny tribes of the seas that surround them. In marshy ponds, existing here and there, the musk-rat {Fiber zihethicus) builds his house, like that of his larger cousin, the beaver Upon the waters edge he finds subsistence ; but his natural enemy, the wolverene ( Gulo luscus), skulks in the same neighborhood. The " Polar hare " lives upon the leaves and twigs of the dwarf birch-tree ; and this, transformed into its own white flesh, becomes the food of the Arctic fox. The herbage, sparse though it be,

THH FUR COUNTRIES. IS

does not grow in vain. The seeds fall to tLe earth, but tLey are not suffered to decay. They are gathored by the little lemmings and meadow-mice (arvicolce), who, in their turn, become the prey of two species of miLStelid(B, the ermine and vison weasels. Have the fish of the lakes no enemy? Yes — a terrible one in the Canada otter. The mink- weasel, too, pursues them ; and in summer, the ospray, the great pelican, the cormorant, and the white-headed eagle.

These are the fauna of the Barren Grounds. Man rarely ventures within their boundaries. The wretched creatures who find a living there are the Esquimaux on their coasts, and a few Chippewa Indians in the interior, who hunt the caribou, and are known as ** caribou-eaters." Other Indians enter them only in summer, in search of game, or journeying from point to point ; and so perilous are these journeyings, that numbers frequently perish by the way. There are no white men in ihe Barren Grounds. The " Company" has no commerce there. No fort is established in them ; so scarce are the fur-bearing animals of these parts, their skins would not repay the ex pense of a '* trading post."

Far different are the " wooded tracts " of the fui countries. These lie mostly in the southern and central regions of the Hudson's Bay territory. There are found the valuable beaver, and the wolverene that preys upon it. There dwells the American hare, with its enemy, the Canada lynx. There are the squirrels, and the beautiful martens (sables) that hunt them from tree to tree. There are found the foxes of every variety, the red. the cross, and the rare an^

14 THE FUK COUNTRIES.

highly-prized silver fox ( Vulpes argentatus)^ whv>s« shining skin ssUs for its weight .in gold I There, too, the black bear ( Ursus Americmius) yields its fine coat to adorn the winter carriage, the holsters of the dragoon, and the shako of the grenadier. There the fur-bearing animals exist in greatest plenty, and many others whose skins are valuable in commerce, as the moose, the wapiti, and the wood-bison.

But there is also a " prairie " district in the fur countries. The great table prairies of North America, that slope eastward from the Rocky Mountains, also extend northward into the Hudson's Bay territory. They gradually grow narrower, however, as you prO' ceed farther north, until, on reaching the latitude of the Great Slave Lake, they end altogether. This " prairie land " has its peculiar animals. Upon it roams the buffalo, the prong-homed antelope, and the mule-deer. There, too, may be seen the " barking wolf" and the " swift fox." It is the favorite home of the marmots, and the gauffres or sand-rats ; and there, too, the noblest of animals, the horse, runs wild.

West of this prairie tract is a region of far different aspect — the region of tho Rocky Mountains. This stupendous chain, sometimes called the Andes of North America, continues throughout the fur countries from their southern limits to the shores of the Arctic Sea. Some of its peaks overlook the wafers of that sea itself, towering up near the coast. Many of these, even in southern latitudes, carry the " eternal snow.'* This *' mountain-chain " is, in places, of great breadth. Deep valleys Jie in itf

THE FUK COUNTUI-IS. 15

embrace, many of which have never been visited by man. Some are desolate and dreaiy ; others ar« oases of vegetation, which fascinate the traveller whose fortune it has been, after toiling among naked rocks, to gaze upon their smiling fertility. These lovely wilds are the favorite home of many strange animals. The argali, or mountain-sheep, with hid huge curving horns, is seen there; and the shaggy wild goat bounds along the steepest cliffs. The black bear wanders through the wooded ravines ; and hia fiercer congener, the "grizzly," — the most dreaded of all American ani'nals, — drags his huge body along the rocky declivities.

Having crossed the mountains, the fur countries extend westward to the Pacific. There you encounter barren plains, treeless and waterless ; rapid rivers, that foam thi'ough deep, rock-bound channels ; and a country altogether rougher in aspect, and more mountainous, than that lying to the east of the great chain. A warmer atmosphere prevails as you approach the Pacific, and in some places forests of tall trees cover the earth. In these are found most of the fur-bearing animals ; and, on account of the greater warmth of the climate, the true f elides — the long-tailed cats — here wander much farther north than upon the eastern side of the continent. Even so far north as the forests of Oregon, these appear in the forms of the cougar (Felis concolor) and the ounce {Felis onza,)

But it is not our intention at present to cross the Rocky Mountains. Our journey will lie altogether on the eastern side of that great chain. It will extend

16 THB. FUR COUNTRIB**,.

from the frontiers of civilization to the shores of tht» Arctic Sea. It is a long and perilous journey, boy reader : but as we have made up our minds to it, let us WM/^te no more time in talking, but set forth at onc^ You are ready ? Hurrah I

YOUNG VOIA-GEIIBS *7

CHAPTER n.

THE YOUNG VOYAGEURS

There is a canoe upon the waters of Red River— • Red River of the north. Tt is near the source of the stream, but passing downward. It is a small canoe, a frail structure of birch bark, and contains only four persons. They are all young — the eldest of them evidently not over nineteen years of age, and the youngest about fifteen.

The eldest is nearly full grown, though his body and limbs have not yet assumed the muscular develop*- ment of manhood. His complexion is dark, nearly olive. His hair is jet black, straight as an Indian's, and long. His eyes are large and brilliant, and his features prominent. His countenance expresses courage, and his well-set jaws betoken firmness and resolution. He does not belie his looks, for he possesses these qualifications in a high degree. There is a gravity in his manner somewhat rare in one so young ; yet it is not the result of a morose disposition, but a sabdued temperament, produced by modesty, good sense, and much experience. Neither has it the air of stupidity. No : you could easily tell that the mind of this youth, if once roused, would exhibit both energy and alertness. His quiet manner has a far different expression. It is an air of coolness and conft 2

18 THE TOfTNG VOYAGECKS.

dence which tells you he has met with dangera in the past, and would not fear to encounter them again. It is an expression peculiar, I think, to the hunters of the " Far West," — those men who dwell amidst dai\gers in the wild regions of the great prairies. Their solitary mode of life begets this expression. They are often for months without the company of a creature with whom they may converse— months without beholding a human faceu They live alone with Nature, surrounded by her majestic forms. These awe them into habits of silence. Such was, in point of fact, the case with the youth whom we have been describing. He had hunted much, though not as a professional hunter. "With him the chase had been followed merely as a pastime ; but its pursuit had brought him into situations of peril, and in contact with Nature in her wild solitudes. Young as he was, he had journeyed over the grand prairies, and through the pathless forests of the West He had slain the bear and the buffalo, the wildcat and the cougar. These experiences had made their impression upon his mind, and stamped his countenance with that air of gravity we have noticed.

The second of the youths whom we shall describe is very different in appearance. He is of blonde complexion, rather pale, with fair silken hair that waves gently down his cheeks, and falls upon his shoulders. He is far from robust. On the contrary, his form is thin and delicate. It is not the delicacy of feebleness or ill health, but cnly a body of slighter build. The manner in which he handles his oar shows that he possesses both health and strength,

THE YOUNG VOYAGEUSS. IS

th3ugh neither in sucli a high degree as the dark youth. His face expresses, perhaps, a larger amouot of intellect, and it is a countenance that would strike you as more open and communicative. The eye is blue and mild, and the brow is marked by the paleness of study and habits of continued thought. These indications are no more than just, for the fair-haired youth is a student, and one of no ordinary attainmentSr Although only seventeen years of age, he is already well versed in the natural sciences ; and many a graduate of Oxford or Cambridge would but ill compare with him. The former might excel in the knowledge — if we can dignify it by that name — of the laws of scansion, or in the composition of Greek idyls ; but in all that constitutes real knowledge he y would prove but an idle theorist, a dreamy imbecile alongside our practical young scholar of the West.

The third and youngest of the party — taking them as they sit from stem to bow — differs in many respects from both those described. He has neither the gravity of the first, nor yet the intellectuality of the second. His face is round, and full, and ruddy. It is bright and smiling in its expression. His eye dances merrily in his head, and its glance falls upon every thing. His lips are hardly ever at rest They are either engaged in making words — for he talks almost incessantly — or else contracting and expanding with smiles and joyous laughter. His cq-p is (antily set, and his fine brown curls, hanging against the rich roseate skin of his cheeks, give to his countenance an expression of extreme health and boyish beauty. His merry laugh and free air tell you he !9

20 THE YOUNG VOTAGEURS.

not the boy for books. He is not much of a Luntef either. In fact, he is not particularly given to any thing — one of those easy natures who take th« world as it comes, look upon the bright side of every thing, without getting sufficiently interested to excel in any thing.

These three youths were dressed nearly alike. The oldest wore the costume, as near as may be, of a backwoods hunter — a tunic-like hunting-shirt, of dressed buckskin, leggings and moccasons of the same material, and all — shirt, leggings, and moccasons — handsomely braided and embroidered with stained quills of the porcupine. The cape of the shirt wag tastefully fringed, and so was the skirt, as well as the seams of the moccasons. On his head was a hairy cap of raccoon skin, and the tail of the animal, with its dark, transverse bars, hung down behind like the drooping plume of a helmet. Around his shoulders were two leathern belts that crossed each other upon his breast. One of these slung a bullet pouch, covered with a violet-green skin that glittered splendidly in the sun. It was from the head of the "wood-duck " (AncLS sponsa), the most beautiful bird of its tribe. By the other strap was suspended a large crescent-shaped horn taken from the head of an Opelousas bull, and carved with various ornamental devices. Other smaller implements hung from the belts, attached by leathern thongs: there was a picker, & wiper, and a steel for striking fire with. A third belt — a broad stout one of alligator leather — encircled the youth's waist. To »-hIs was fastened a holster, And the shining but of a pistol coulc be seen protrud*

THE YOUNG VOTAGEURS. 21

ing out ; a hunting-knife of the kind denominated "bowie" hanging over the left hip, completed his " aims and accoutrements."

The second of the youths was dressed, as already stated, in a somewhat similar manner, though his accoutrements were no* of so wailike a character. Like the other, he had a powder horn and pouch, but instead of knife and pistol, a canvas bag or haversack hung from his shoulder ; and had you looked into it, you would have seen that it was half filled with shells, pieces of rock, and rare plants, gathered during the day — the diurnal storehouse of the geologist, the palaeontologist, and botanist — to be emptied for study and examination by the night camp fii*e. Instead of the 'coon-skin cap he wore a white felt hat with broad leaf; and for leggings and moccasons he had trousers of blue cottonade, and laced buskins of tanned leather.

The youngest of the three was dressed and accoutred much like the eldest, except that his cap was of blue cloth — somewhat after the fashion of the military forage cap. All three wore shirts of colored cotton, the best for journeying in these uninhabited regions, where soap is scarce, and a laundress not to be had at any price.

Though very unlike one another, these three youths were brothers. I knew them well. I had seen them before — about two years before — and though each had grown several inches taller since that time, I had no difficulty in recognizing them. Even though they were now two thousand miles from where 1 had formerly encountered them, I could not be mistaken as to

22 THE YOUNG VOYAGEURS.

their identity. Beyond a doubt, they were the same brave young adventurers whom I had met in the swamps of Louisiana, and whose exploits I had witnessed upon the prairies of Texas. They were the ** Boy Hunters " — Basil, Lucien, Fran9ois ! I was right glad to renew acquaintance with them. Boy reader, do you share my joy ?

But whither go they now? They are full two thousand miles from their home in Louisiana. Tlie Red River upon which their canoe floats is not that Red River whose blood-like waters sweep through the swamps of the hot South — the home of the alligator and the gar. No, it is a stream of a far different character, though also one of great magnitude. Upon the banks of the former ripens the rice-plant, and the eugar-cane waves its golden tassels high in the air. There, too, flourishes the giant reed (Arundo ffigantea), the fan palm (Ckamcerops), and the broad-leafed magnolia, with its huge snow-white flowers. There the aspect is Southern, and the heat tropical for most part of the year.

All this is reversed on the Red River of the North. It is true that on its banks sugar is also produced ; but it is no longer from a plant, but a lordly tree — the great sugar-maple (^cer saccharinum). There is rice, too — vast fields of rice upon its marshy borders ; but it is not the pearly grain of the South. It is the wild rice, "the water oats" (Zizania aquatica)^ the food of millions of winged creatures, and thousands of human beings as well. Here for three fourths of the year the sun is feeble, and the aspect tliat of winter. For months the cold waters are

THE YOUNG VOTAGEUR8. 23

kxitrntf ap in ail icy embrace. The earth is co^^ered with thick snow, over whiv^h rise the needle-leafed conifercR — the pines, the cedars, the spruce, and the hemlock. Very unlike each other are the countries watered by the two streams, the Red River of the South and its namesake of the North.

But whither go our Boy Hunters in their birch-bark canoe ? The river upon which they are voyaging runs due northward into the great lake Winnipeg. They are floating with its current, and consequently increasing the distance from their home. Whither jjo they?

The answer leads us to some sad reflections. Our loy on again beholding them is to be mingled with grief. When we last saw them they had a father, but no mother. Now they have neither one nor the other. The old Colonel, their father — the French emigre^ the hunter-naturalist — is dead. He who had taught them all they knew; who had taught them "to ride, to swim, to dive deep rivers, to fling the lasso, to climb tall trees, and scale steep cliffs, to bring down birds upon the wing or beasts upon the run, with the arrow and the unerring rifle ; who had trained them to sleep in the open air, in the dark forest, on the unsheltered prairie, along the white snow-wreath — any where — with but a blanket or a buffalo robe for their bed ; who had taught them to live on the simplest food, and had miparted to one of them a knowledge of science, of botany in particular, that enabled them, in case of need, to draw sustenance from plants and trees, from roots and fruits, to find resources where ignorant men would starve .: had taught them to kindle a fire with

2i THE YOUI«G VOYAGEURS.

oist flint, steel, or detonating powder ; to discover theii direction without a compass, from the rocks and the trees and the signs of the heavens ; and in addition to al], had taught them, as far as was then known, the geography of that vast wilderness that stretches from the Mississippi to the shores of tlie Pacific Ocean, and northward to the icy borders of the Arctic Sea" — he who liad taught tliem all this, their father, was no more ; and his three sons, the " boy men," of whom he was so proud, and of whose accomplishments he was wont to boast, were now orphans upon the wide world.

But little more than a year after their return from their grand expedition to the Texan prairies, the " old Colonel " had died. It was one of the worst years of that scourge of the South — the yellow fever — and to this dread pestilence he had fallen a victim.

Hugot, the ex-chasseur and attached domestic, who was accustomed to follow his master like a shadow, had also followed him into the next world. It was not grief that killed Hugot, though he bore the loss of his kind master sadly enough. But it was not grief that killed Hugot. He was laid low by the same disease of which his master had died — the yellow fever. A week had scarcely passed after the death of the latter, before Hugot caught the disease, and in a few days he was carried to the tomb and laid by the side of his " old Colonel."

The Boy Hunters — Basil, Lucien, Francois — « became orphans. They knew of but one relation in the whole world with whom their father had kept up any correspondence. This relation was an uncle, and,

THE YOUNG V DYAGEURS. 25

Strange as it may seem, a Scotchman — a Highlander Avho had strayed to Corsica in early lii^, and had there married the Colonel's sister. That uncle had afterwards emigrated to Canada, and had become extensively engaged in the fur trade. He was now a superintendent or " factor " of the Hudson's Bay Company, stationed at one of their most remote posts near the shores of the Arctic Sea ! There is a romance in the history of some men wilder than any fiction that could be imagined.

I have not yet answered the question as to where our Boy Hunters were journeying in theii' birch-bark canoe. By this time you will have divined the anrwer. Certainly, you will say, they were on their way to join their uncle in his remote home. For no other object could they be travelling through the wild regions of the Red River. That supposition is correct. To visit this Scotch uncle (they had not seen him for years) was the object of their long, toilsome, and perilous journey. After their father's death he nad sent for them. He had heard of their exploits upon the prairies, and, being himself of an adventurous disposition, he was filled with admiration for his young kinsmen, and desired very much to have them come and live with him. Being now their guardian, ke might command as much, but it needed not any exercise of authority on his part to induce all three of them to obey his summons. They had travelled through the mighty forests of the Mississippi, and upon the summer prairies of the South. These great features of the earth's surface were to them familial things, and they were no longer curious about then^

20 THE YOUNG VOYAGEUBS.

But there lemained a vast country which they longed eagerly to explore. They longed to look upon iti shining lakes and crystal rivers ; upon its snow-clad hills and ice-bound streams ; upon its huge mamma' lia — its moose and its musk-oxen, its wapiti and its monster bears. This was the very country to which they were now invited by their kinsman, and cheerfully did they accept his invitation. Already had they made one half the journey, though by far the easier half. They had travelled up the Mississippi by steamboat as far as the mouth of the St. Peter's. There they had commenced their canoe voyage — in other words became " voyageurs " — for such is the name given to those who travel by canoes through these wild territories. Their favorite horses, and the mule " Jeannette," had been left behind. This was a necessity, as these creatures, however useful upon the dry prairies of the South, where there are few or no lakes, and where rivers only occur at long intervals, would be of little service to the traveller in the Northern regions. Here the route is crossed and intercepted by numerous rivers ; and lakes of all sizes, with tracts of inundated marsh, succeed one another continually. Such, in fact, are the highways of the country, and the canoe the travelling carriage; so tiiat a journey from one point of the Hudson's Bay aerritory to another is often a canoe voyage of thousands of miles — equal to a " trip " across the At* lantic !