The works of President Edwards ..

Front matter

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CHAP. III. His General Deportment, particularly while at Northampton . 27

IV. His Dismission from Northampton, with the occasion and circumstances of it 35

V. From his Mission to the Indians until his death . . . .46 Sect. i. His Mission to the Indians at Stockbridge . . . , ib.

II. His being chosen President of New-Jersey College . . .48

CHAP. VI. His Publications, Manuscripts, and Genius as a Writer . . 53

II.' FAREWELL SERMON.

The Result of a Council ........ 81

in. INQUIRY CONCERNING aUALIFICATIONS FOR jCOMMUNION.

PART I. The Question stated and explained . • • . .89

II. Reasons for the Negative of the Question . . . . .94

III. Objections answered ........ 149

IV. MISREPRESENTATIONS CORRECTED AND TRUTH VINDICATED, IN REPLY TO THE REV. SOLOMON WILLIAMS.

PART I. General Misrepresentations by Mr. Williams • . . .197

S£CT. 1. Wliat is the Question . ... . • . . ib,

ir. Degree of evidence .....••. 200

PART. II. Examination of Mr. Williams's Scheme . . . .209

Sect. 1. His concessions ...••... t6.

II. Consequences . . . . . . . . 211

III. Of ungodly men's communing ...••» 216

IV. Of an indeterminate po'ofession . . • • • .219

V. Mr. W. inconsistent with Mr. Stoddard . . . . .223

VI. Visibility without probability^ ...... 229

VII. A converting influence ..••••. 231 viii. Of sincerity. . ...•••. 234 IX. Public covenanting ...••••• 241

PART lU. Remarks on Mr. Williams's Reasomiig • • . .249

Sbct. I. Method of disputing . . . . • . . tfr.

II. Misrepresentations ...••... 253

III. Irrelevant arguments .••••.. 254

IV. Extraordinaiy notions .•••••• 258

V. Assertions instead of argmnents ...... 260

VI. Sacramental actions ... . . • . . 261

VII. Begging the question ••..... 263

VIII. Mr. wTbegs the question . ' . • • • .266

If CONTENTS.

Sect. ix. Mr. W. is inconsistent with himself

X. Other inconsistencies

XI. Arguments hostile to both sides

XII. The passover and circumcision

XIII. or Judas's communicating

XIV. Of being bom in covenant

XV. Of coming without a known right

XVI. Tendency to perplexity

XVII. Of commandmg to partake

V. A HISTORY OF THE WORK OF REDEMPTION.

Advertisement .......

PERIOD I. From the Fall to the Incarnation

Part i. From the Fall to the Flood ....

II. From the Flood to the Calling of Abraham .

III. From the calling of Abraham to Moses iTt From Moses to David .....

V. From David to the Babylonish Captivity .

VI. From the Babylonish Captivity to the Coming of Christ . Iraprovementofthe First Period .....

PERIOD II. From Christ's Incarnation to his Resurrection Part i. Of Christ's Incarnation . . . » .

II. The Purchase of Redemption ....

Improvement of the Second Period .....

PERIOD III. From Christ's Resurrection to the End of the World Introduction . . . . . . ...

Part i. How Christ was capacitated for effecting his Purpose . II. Established Means of Success ....

Improvement ot the Whole . • . . .

VI. DISTINGUISHING MARKS OF A WORK OF THE SPIRIT OF GOD.

Mr. Cooper's Preface to the Reader Introduction . • . . ' .

Sect. i. Negative Signs of a Spiritual Work

II. Positive Signs

III. Practical Inferences .

. 519 , 625 . 526 . 538

. 546

VII. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ON IMPORTANT DOCTRINES.

CHAP. I. God's Moral Government, a Future State, and the Immortality of the Soul 565

II. Of the Necessity and Reasonableness of the Christian Doctrine of Satisfac-

III. Of the Endless Punishment of those who die Impenitent . . .612

VIIL AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE OF THE REV. DAVID BRAINERD

Closing Scene of his Life^ and Extracts fiom his Journal • Reflections and Observations on the Memoirs . •

645 657

MEMOIRS

OF THE LATE

REV. JONATHAN EDWARDS, A- M.

Chapter I

MR. Edwards's birth, parentage, education and entrance into the ministry.

Pbesident Edwards was one of those men of whom it is not easy to speak with justice without seeming, at least, to border on the marvellous, and to incur the guilt of adulation. The Christian Biographer labors under a difficulty, in describing the characters of extraordinary men, which the writers of other lives are but too generally allowed to forget ; for he is bound so to represent actions and motives, as to remind his readers, that the uncommon excellencies of a character, flow entirely from the bounty of heaven, for the wisest and best purposes, and are not the result of natural vigor and acumen. Otherwise, instead of placing these excellencies in a view advantageous for imitation, or describing a character attainable, as to its most valuable traits, only by gracious aids, there would be danger of setting up an idol, more precious indeed than gold, but still an idol, whereby the mind would be led astray from the one great object of the Christian life, Jesus Christ, whose fulness flleth all in all. While we have a just view of kirn, it is a privilege to hear of his wonderful works in and by his honored servants ; and to be enabled to imitate them is a great augmentation of the privilege. If their graces, exemplified in a variety of circumstances, in a manner force us to a throne of ^race, and thereby prove the means of quickening ours ; then do we make a right use of their history, and follow them who through faith and patience inherit the promises.

Mr. Jonathan Edwards was born on the 5th of October, 1703, at Windsor, in the then Province of Connecticut, North America. His father, the Rev. Timothy Edwards, was minister of that place almost sixty years, and resided there from November, 1694, till January, 1758, when he died in the 89th year of his age, not two months before this his only son Jonathan. He was very universally beloved and esteemed, as an upright, pious, exemplary man ; a faithful and very useful minister of the s;ospel4 A few more particulars of this excellent man will be acceptable. He was born at Hartford, in Connecticut, May 14th, 1669, received the honors of the college at Cambridge, in New England, by having the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts given him the same day, July 4th, 1694, one in the forenoon, and the other in the afternoon. On November 6th, 1694, he marrie<l Esther Stoddard, daughter ot the Rev. and celebrated Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, in the l^d year of her age. They lived together in the married state above sixty-three years. Mrs. Edwards, our author's mother, was born June 2d, 1672, and lived to about ninety years of age (some years after her son), a remarkable instance of the small decay of mental powers at so advanced an age. This venerable couple

Vol. L 1 bad eleven children ; one son, the subject of these Memoirs, and ten daughters, four of whom were older, and six younger than himself.*

I Mr. Edwards entered Yale College, when about twelve years of age; and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Sept. 1720, a little before he was seventeen. While at college, his character was marked with sobriety and improvement in learning. In the second year of his collegiate course he, read Locke on the Human Understanding with much delight. His uncommon genius, by which he was naturally formed for close thought and deep penetration, now began to discover and exert itself. From his own account, he was inexpressibly entertained and pleased with that book when he read it at college} more so than the most greedy miser,<when gathering up handfuls of silver and gold from some newly discovered treasure. Though he made good proficiency in all the arts and sciences, and had an uncommon taste for Natural Philosophy (which he cultivated to the end bf his life), yet Moral Philosophy, including divinity, was his favorite subject, in which he made great progress in early life. He lived at college nearly two years after he took his first degree, preparing for the work of the ministry. After which, having passed the usual trials, he was licensed to preach the gospel as a candidate. In consequence of an application from a number of ministers in New England, who were intrusted to act in behalf of the English Presbyterians in New-York, he went to that city the beginning of August, 1722, and preached there with great acceptance about eight months. But on accopnt of the smallness of that society, and some special diflBcultics that attended it, he did not think there was a rational prospect of answering the good end proposed, by his settling there as their minister. He therefore lelt them the next spring, and retired to his father's house, where he spent the summer in close stu(ly. He was earnestly solicited by the people to return again to New- York; but his former views were not altered, and therefore, however disposed to gratify them, he could not comply with their wishes.

* We shall here subjoin a sketch of Mr. Edwards's more remote ancestors, as it may enitify som« readers. Jonathan Edwards's grandfather was Richard Edwards, who married Elizabeth Tuttle, daughter of William Tuttle, of New Haven, in Connecticut, and Elizabeth his wife, who came from Northamptonshire, in Old England. By this connexion he had seven children, of whom the eldest was Timothy, ou^ author's father. His second marriage was to Mrs. Talcot, by whom he had six children. The father of Richard was William Edwards, Jonathan's great grandfather, who came from England young and unmarried. The person he married, whose Christian name was Agnes, and who had left England for America, haa two brothers in England, one of them Mayor of Exeter, and the other of Barnstable. The father of William, Richard Edwards, our author's great-^reat-grandfather, was minister of the goppel in London, in the reign of queen Elizabeth ; and his wife, Ann Edwards, was employed in makinc some part of the royal attire. After th«» death of Mr. Edwards, she married Mr. James Cole, who with her son William accompanied her to America, and all died at Hartford in Connecticut.

President Edwards's grandfather on the mother's side, Rev. Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, New England, married Mrs. Mather, the relict of the Rev. Mr. Mather his predecessor, who was the first minister at Northampton. Her maiden name was Ester Warham, daughter, and the voungest child of the Rev. Joim Warham, minister at Windsor, in Connecticut, and who, before he left England, had been minister at Exeter. This lady had three children by Mr. Mather, viz. Eunice, Warham, and Eliakim ; ancktwdve children by Mr. Stoddard, six sons and six daughters. Three of the sons died in infancy, aid three lived toaault years, viz., Anthony, John, and Israel ; the last of whom died a prisoner in France. Anthony was minister of the gospel at Woodbury, in Connecticut ; he was in the ministry about sixty years, and died September 6, 1760, in the 82a year of his age. John lived at Northampton, and often, especially in his younger years, served the town as their representative, at the General Court at Boston ; and was long head of the county of Hampshire, as chief colonel, and chief judge of the court of common pleas. He moreover served in the province of Massachusetts Bay, as one of his Majesty's council. He distinguished himself as an able politician, a wise counsellor, an upright and skilful judge; possessed in an eminent degree the spirit of government, and ever proved a great and steady friend to the interest of religion. He was a great friend and admirer of our Mr. Edwards, and to the time of his death, greatly strengthened his hands in the work of the ministry. A more particular account of the life and character of this truly great man, may be seen in the sermon which Mr. Edwards preached and published, on the occasion of his death. The father of Mr. Solomon Stoddard, and Mr. Edwards's great-grandfather, on the mother's side, was Anthony Stoddard, Esq., of Boston, a zealous congregational man. He had five wives, the first of whom was Mary Downing, sister to Sir George Downing, whose other sister married Governor Bradstreet. Solomon was the first child oi this first marriage. From these particulars it appears, that Mr. Edwards's ancestors were from

THE LIFE OP PRESIDENT EDWARDS. 7

In Sept 1723, he received his degree of Master of Arts. About this time several congregations invited him to become their minister ; but being chosen tutor of Yale College, he chd&e to continue in that retirement, and attended the business of tuition there above two years. During his stay there, he was applied to by the people of Northampton, who had some powerful motives to offer, in favor of bis exercising his ministry there ; and especially that his grandfather Stoddardy by reason of his great age, stood in need of assistance. He therefore resigned his tutorship in Sept. 1726, and accepted their invitation, and was ordained as colleague with his grandfather, Feb. 15, 1727, in the twentyfoorth year of bis age, and continued at Northampton twenty-three years and four months.

CHAPTER 11.

EXTRACTS FROM HIS PRIVATE WRITINGS.

Between the time of his going to New- York and his settlement at Northampton, Mr. Edwards formed a number of resolutions, which are still preserved. The particular time, and special occasion of making many of these resolutions, he has noted in a diary which he then kept ; where we also find many other observations and rules relative to his own exercises and conduct. As these private writings may be justly considered the basis of his conduct, or the plan accordinj^to which his whole life was governed, it may be proper here to give the reader some idea of them by the following extracts.

SECTION I. His Resolutions

Mr. Edwards was too well acquainted with human weakness and frailty, where the intention is most sincere, to enter on any resolutions rashly. He therefore looked to God for aid, who alone can afford success in the use of any means. This he places at the head of all his other important rules, that his dependence was on grace, while he frequently recurred to a serious perusal of them: — ** Being sensible that I am unable to do any thing without God's help, I do humbly entreat him by his grace to enable me to keep these resolutions so far as they are agreeable to his will, for Christ's sake. He then adds :

'* REMEMBER TO READ OVER THESE RESOLUTIONS ONCE A WEEK.''*

1. Resolved, that / unll do whatsoever! think to be most to God's glory and nj own good, profit and pleasure, on the whole ; without any consideration of the time, whether now, or never so many myriads of ages hence ; to do whateve^

ih'* vest of England, who, upon their emigration, allied themselves to some of the most respecttbie ^milies in America.

reffrences made to some of them in the Diary, as the reader will find in the subsequent part of iw-se Memoirs. It may be proper to add, that we should regard the spirit of these Resolutions, and of the following extracts from the Diary, without a minute attention to the critical nicety of na language. In fact, as these extracts were penned at a very early period of life, his stylo was D«i formed ; and his chief concern was to deal plainly with himself, in the presence of Gtod, and to record for his own private inspecUon what bethought might be of most use to him in future.

8 THE LFIE OF PRESIDENT EDWARDS.

I tbink to be my dtUy, and most for the good and adrantage of mankind in genera] — wbatever difficvlties I meet with, how many and how graat soever.

2. Resolved, to be continually endeavoring to find some new contrivance to promote the forementioncd things.

4. Resolved, never to do, be, or suffer, any thing in sou) or body, less or mofe, but what tends to the glory of God.

V 6. Resolved, never to lose one moment of time; but improve it in the most profitable way I possibly can. ^

1^. Resolved, to live with all my might, while I do live.* J 7. Resolved, never to do any thing, which I should be afiraid to do if it were the last hour of my life.

9. Resolved, to think much, on all occasions, of my own dying, and of the common circumstances which attend death.

11. Resolved, when I think of any theorem in divinity to be solved, immediately to do what I can towards solving it, if circumstances do not hinder.

13. Resolved, to be endeavoring to find out fit objects of charily and liberality. ^ 14. Resolved, never to do any thing out of revenge.

15. Resolved, never to suffer the least motion of anger to irrational beings.

17. Resolved, that I will live so as I shall wish I had done when I come to die.

18. Resolve*], to live so at all tiroes, as I think is best in my devout frames, and when I have clearest notions of the gospel and another world.

20. Resolved, to maintain the strictest temperance in eating and drinking.

21. Resolved, never to do any thing, which if I should see in another, I should count a just occasion to despise him for, or to think any way the more meanly of him.

^ 24. Resolved, whenever I do any evil action, to trace it back, till I come to the original cause ; and then both carefully endeavor to do so no more, and to fight and pray with all my might against the original of it.

^. Resolved, to study the Scriptures so steadily, constantly and frequently, as that I may find, and plainly perceive myself to grow in the knowledge of the same.

30. Resolved, to strive to my utmost every week to be brought higher in religion, and to a higher exercise of grace, than I was the week before.

32. Resolved, to be strictly and firmly faithful to my trust, that Prov. xx.6 {A faithful man who canjind 1) may not be partly fulfilled in me.

33. Resolved, always to do what I can towards making, maintaining, and establishing peace, when it can be done without an overbalancing detriment in other respects.

34. Resolved, never to speak in narrations any thing but the pure and simple verity.

^ 36. Resolved, never to speak evil of any person, except some particular good call for it.

37. Resolved, to inquire every night, as I am going to bed, wherein I have

* This is the full and exact import of the Latin motto, " Dum viotmua^ vivamus ;" which wae the motto of Dr. Doddridge's family arms, and which he paraphrased with so much heauty :

" Live, while you live, the Epicure would say, And seise the pleasures of the present day.

Live while you live, the sacred preacA«r cries, And give to Grod each moment as it flies.

Lord, in mv views let both united be; I live in pUasure when I live to thee."

THE UFE OF PRESIDENT EDWARDS. 9

been negligent, what sin I have committed, and wherein I have denied myself 9 also at the end of every week, month, and year.

38. Resolved, never to speak any thing that is ridiculous, or matter of laughter, on the Lord's day.

39. Resolved, never to do any thing that I so much question the lawfulness of, as that I intend, at the same time, to consider and examine afterwards, ^vhether it be lawful or no : except I as much question the lawfulness of the omission.

41. Resolved, to ask myself at the end of every day, week, month and year, wherein I could possibly in any respect have done better.

42. Resolved, frequently to renew the dedication of myself to God, which was made at my baptism ; which I solemnly renewed, when I was received ioto the communion of the church i and which I have solemnly ratified this twelfth day of January, 1723.

43. ResolvtKi, never to act as if I were any way my own, but entirely and altogether God's.

46. Resolved, never to allow the least measure of any fretting or uneasiness at my father or mother. Resolved, to suffer no eflfects of it, so much as in the least alteration of speech, or motion of my eye ; and to be especially careful of it, with respect to any of our family.

4t. Resolved, to endeavor to my utmost to deny whatever is not most agreeable to a good, and universally s\^eet and benevolent, quiet, peaceable, contented, easy, compassionate, generous, humble, meek, modest, submissive, obliging, diligent and industrious, charitable, even, patient, moderate, forgiving, sincere temper ; and to do at all times what such a temper would lead me to. Examine strictly every week, whether 1 have done so.

48. Resolved, constantly, with the utmost niceness and diligence, and the strictest scrutiny, to be looking into the state of my soul, that I may know whether I have truly an interest in Christ or no ; that when I come to die, I may not have any negligence respecting this to repent of.

50. Resolved, I will act so as I think 1 shall judge would have been best, and most prudent, when I come into the future world.

52. I frequently hear persons in old age say how they would live, if they were to live their lives over again : Resolved, that I will live just so as I can think I shall wish I had done, supposing 1 live to old age.

54. Whenever I hear any thing spoken in conversation of any person, if I think it would be praiseworthy in me. Resolved to endeavor to imitate it.

55. Resolved, to endeavor to my utmost to act as I can think I should do, if I had already seen the happiness of heaven, and hell torments.

56. Resolved, never to give over, nor in the least to slacken my fight with my corruptions, however unsuccessful I may be.

57. Resolved, when I fear misfortunes and adversities, to examine whether I have done my duty, and resolve to do it ; and let it be just as Providence orders it, I will, as far as I can, be concerned about nothing but my duty, and my sin.

62. Resolved, never to do any thing but duty ; and then, according to Eph. TL 6—8, do it willingly and cheerfully as unto the Lord, and not to man ; knowing that whatever good thing any man doth, the same shall he receive ojf the Lord.

65. Resolved, to exercise myself much in this all my life long, viz., with the greatest openness to declare my ways to God, and lay open my soul to him ; all my sins, temptations, difficulties, sorrows, fears, hopes, desires, and every thing, and every circumstance ; according to Dr. Manton's 27tb sermon on (he 119th Psalm.

67. Resolved, after afflictions, to inquire, what I am the better for them ; what good I have got, and what I might have got by them."

SECTION II. Extracts from his Diary

Though Mr. Edwards wrote his Diary for his own private use, exclusively, it is not apprehended that the following extracts are unfairly exposed to public view. Whatever is calculated to do good, and is perfectly consistent with an V author's real reputation, may be published with honor, whatever his design ^micht be while writing. Besides, what Mr. Edwards wished to have effectuaily concealed from every eye but his own, he wrote in a particular short-hand. After having written pretty much in that character, he adds this remark in long hand : '' Remember to act according to Prov. xii. 23, Jl prudent man amcedeth knowledge.**

Saturday^ Dec. 22, 1722. This day, revived by God's Holy Spirit. Affected with a sense of the excellency of holiness. Felt more exercise of love ' to Christ than usual. Have also felt sensible repentance for sin, because it '. was committed against so merciful and good a God. This night, made the 37th Resolution. ^

Sabbath nighty Dec. 23. Made the 38th Resolution.

Monday y Dec. 24. Higher thoughts than usual of the excellency of Jesus Christ and his kingdom.

Wednesday^ Jan. 2, 1723. Dull. I find by experience, that let me make resolutions, and do what I will, it is all nothing, and to no purpose at all, without the motions of the Spirit of God : for if the Spirit of God should- be as much withdrawn from me always, as for the week past, notwithstanding all I do, I should not grow ; but shoul(] languish, and miserably facfe away. There is no dependence upon myself. It is to no purpose to resolve, except we depend on the grace of God ; for if it were not for his mere grace, one might^be a very good man one day, and a very wicked one the next.

Sabbathy Jan. 6, at night. Much concerned about the improvement of precious time. Intend to live in continual mortification, without ceasing, as long as in this world.

Tuesdayy Jan. 8, in the morning. Higher thoughts than usual of the excellency of Christ, and felt an unusual repentance for sin therefrom.

Wednesday y Jan. 9, at night. Decayed. I am sometimes apt to think, I have a great deal more of holiness than I really have. I find, now and then, that abominable corruption which is directly contrary to what I read respecting eminent Christians. How deceitful is my heart ! I take up a strong resolution, but how soon does it weaken !

Thursdayy Jan. 10, about noon. Reviving. It is a great dishonor to Christ, in whom I hope I have an interest, to be uneasy at my worldly state and condition ; when I see the prosperity of others, and that all things go easy with them ; when the world is smooth to them, and they are happy in many respects and very prosperous, or are advanced to much honor, &c., to envy them, or be the least uneasy at it ; or even to wish for the same prosperity, and that it would ever be so with me. Wherefore concluded, always to rejoice in every one's prosperity, and to expect for myself no happiness of that nature as long as I live ; but reckon upon afflictions^ and betake myself entirely to another happiness.

I think I find myself much more sprightly and healthy, both in body and mind, for my self-denial in eating, drinking, and sleeping. I think it would be advantageous every morning to consider my business and temptations ; and what sins I shall be exposed to that day : and to make n resolution how to improve the day, and to avoid those sins. And so at the beginning of every week, month and year. I never knew before what was meant by not setting our hearts upon these things. It is, not to care about them, depend upon them, afflict ourselves much with fears of losing them, or please ourselves with expectation of obtaining them, or hope of their continuance. At night made the 41st Resolution.

Saturday^ Jan* 12, in the morning. I have this day solemnly renewed my baptismal covenant and self-dedication, which I renewed when I was received into the communion of the church. I have been before God ; and have given myself, all that I am and have, to God, so that 1 am not in any respect my own : 1 can claim no right in myself, no right in this understanding, this will, these affections that are in me ; neither have I any right to this body, or any of its members : no right to this tongue, these hands, nor feet ; no right to these senses, these eyes, these ears, this smell or taste. I have given myself clear away, and have not retained any thing as my own. I have been to God this morning, and told him that I gave myself vmolly to him. I have given every power to him ; so that for the future, I will challenge or claim no right in myself, in any respect. I have expressly promised him, and do now promise Almighty God, that by his grace I will not. I have this morning told him, that 1 di(i take him for my whole portion and felicity, looking on nothing else as any part of my happiness,* nor acting as if it were; and his law for the constant rule of my obedience ; and would fight with all my might against the ^orld, the flesh, and the devil, to the end of my life. And did believe in Jesus Christ, and receive him«as a Prince and a Saviour ; and would adhere to the faith and obedience of the gospel, how hazardous and difficult soever the pro* fession and practice of it may be. That I did receive the blessed Spirit as my teacher, sanctifier and only comforter ; and cherish all his motions to enlighten, purify, confirm, comfort, and assist me. This I have done. And I pray God, for the sake of Christ, to look upon it as a self-dedication ; and to receive me DOW as entirely his own, and deal with me in all respects as such ; whetherhe afflicts me or prospers me, or whatever he pleases to do with me, who am his. Now, henceforth 1 am not to act in any respect as my own* I shall act as myown, if I ever make use of any of my powers to any thing that is not to the glor}' of God, or do not make the glorifying of him my whole and entire business ; if I murmur in the least at afflictions ; if I grieve at the prosperity of others ; if I am any way uncharitable ; if I am angry because of injuries ; if I revenge my own cause ; if I do any thing purely to please myself, or avoid any thing for the sake of my ease, or omit any thing because it is great self-denial ; if I trust to myself; if I take any of the praise of any good that I do, or rather God does by me ; or if I am any way proud. This day made the 42d and 43d Resolutions.