The story of two wars; an illustrated history of our war with Spain and our war with the Filipinos; their causes, incidents, and results. A record of civil, military, and naval operations from official sources ... including the life and career of Admiral Dewey ..

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Chapter II

SPAIN AT THE FEET OP NAPOLEON — HER DISASTROUS AND DISGRACEFUL FAILURES -EARLY RELATIONS BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES.

Napoleon's Ambition to Make Spain a Subject Kingdom— Ferdinand's Intrigues —Joseph Bonaparte on the Throne — Fall of Napoleon and Itestoration of Ferdinand — Revolt against Spain — Mesico and South American Colonies Become Independent — Spain's Weakness and Cruelty — Always Failed to Restore Her Flag When Once Torn Down — A Policy Culminating in Disaster and Disgrace — Spain's Posseasiona in Washington's Time — Owning Over Two-thirds of What Now Constitutes the United States — Spain Secretly Cedes Louisiana to Napoleon — JelTerson's Diplomacy — Napoleon Offers to Sell Louisiana — The Treaty Signed — Dispute Over Florida Boundaries — End of a Long Struggle, 59

X CONTENTS

CHAPTER m

*'THE EVER-FAITHFUL ISLE"— SPAIN'S SECRET ATTEMPTS TO SELL CUBA TO FRANCE — THE HOLY ALLIANCE AND THE FAMOUS MONROE DOCTRINE.

Cuba's Peculiar Position — Importance of Havana — An Early Cause of Ill-feeling — Cubans Remain Faithful to Ferdinand — Aponto's Uprising

— Agitation for the Suppression of the Slave Trade — Favorable Influence of English Intervention in Cuba — "A Softer Word for Despotism"— Help for the Bigoted Ferdinand — Discord in Cuba — Adams's Advice to President Monroe — The Famous Monroe Doctrine — Retreat of the Holy Alliance — The Captain-Qeneral Endowed with Extraordinary Authority — Powers Misused and Unrest Fostered — The " Black Eagle" — Discord Among the Planters — Inauguration of Spanish Venality in Cuba — No Reforms for Poor Cuba — Spanish Treasury Depleted — The Queen's Plan to Secretly Sell Cuba to France — Class Hatred Grows in Cuba, 67

Chapter IV Filibustering Expeditions And The Death Of Lopez

— THE BLACK WARRIOR — TH^ FAMOUS OSTEND CON- FERENCE - A CUBAN WARNING.

Buchanan's Efforts to Buy Cuba — Spain Refuses to Sell — Lopez and His Uprising — His Filibustering Attempts — Capture of Colonel Crittenden and His Men — Lopez Killed by a Spanish Garrote — Private Filibustering — Important Letter of Edward Everett — A Change in Party Government — Cuba and the Cause of Slavery — A Sympathizer with Filibusters — The Black Harrior Case — Feeling against Spain Intensified — Soul£ Threatens Spain — Conference of American Ministers at Oslend — Fixing a Price on Cuba — The Mani festo — Effort to Secure Cuba — Buchanan Advises Annexation — Arrogance of Spanish Authority — Liberal Sentiment Strengthened — Burdens Only Increased — A Cuban Warning 77

Chapter V

REVOLLT'ION IN SPAIN AND INSURRECTION IN CUBA — BEGINNING OF THE TEN- YEARS WAR — COURSE OF THE STRUGGLE — FORMATION OF THE REPUBLIC— THE PEACE OF ZANJON.

The Revolution at Cadiz — Wretched Condition of Spain — Plight of Isabella— Her Vain Appeal to Napoleon — Fires of Discontent

CONTENTS xr

Break out in Cuba — Promoters of the Insurrection — High Standing of the Leaders — The Proclamation at Yara — Beginning of the Ten- Years War— The Appeal to Arms — The Bui'den no Longer to be Endured — Rapid Growth of the Insurrection — Cuban Leaders Meet to Form a Government — Diminution of Spanish Forces — Disagreement among the Insurgents — Cisneros Succeeds to the Presi-. dency — Six Years of Desultory Fighting —The Rebellion Nearly at a Standstill — Campos sent to the Island — An Armistice — The Treaty of Zanjon — Concessions and Privileges, 86

Chapter VI

SPAIN'S STRAINED RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES DURING THE TEN-YEARS WAR— THE VIRO INI US AFFAIB,

— A RACE FOR LIFE — EXECUTION OF CAPTAIN FRY AND HIS COMPANIONS.

Situation Changed after the American Civil War — Spanish Fears — President Grant's Pacific Tenders — Significant Reply of Spain — Remarkable Decree of the Captain-General of Cuba — To be Shot Like Pirates — Methods of Spanish Warfare — The Virginius — Circumstances of Her Departure— Sighted by the Spanish Cruiser Tornado

— A Lively Chase — Burning Hams to Keep up Steam — Horses and Arms Thrown Overboard — A Race on the Moonlit Caribbean — Captured and Taken to Santiago — The First Execution of Prisoners — The American Consul's Messages Delayed — He Asks for an Explanation— An Impudent Note in Reply — Further Executions — Captain Fry's Death — Arrival of a British Gunboat, .... 92

Chapter VII

EFFORTS TO INDUCE SPAIN TO SETTLE - GENERAL SICKLES ASKS FOR HIS PASSPORTS AND SPAIN YIELDS — UNITED STATES INSISTS ON PACIFICATION OF THE ISLAND.

Minister Sickles Visits Castelar upon Hearing of the Virginius Affair — Curious Break-down of the Cables at a Critical Moment — Some Impolite Replies — General Sickles Demands his Passports — The Spanish Government Quickly Comes to Terms — The People Impatient to Recognize the Cubans — Fall of the Spanish Republic — America Insists that the Cuban War Must Cease — Intervention Threatened — Spain Makes Another Promise — Forbearance at Washington — Campos Ends the War by the Agreement at Zanjon — Canovas Refuses to be Responsible for the Cuban Settlement — Resignation of Canovas — Campos Forms a Ministry— Disagreements — A Reform Act Passed — Great Cost of the War to Spain — Cuba Still in a State of Insurrection, 104

Xll CONTENTS

Chapter VIII

CUBA AFTER THE TEN-YEARS WAR — THE CAPTAIN-GEN- ERAL AND HIS EXTRAORDINARY POWERS— A SWARM OF SPANISH VAMPIRES — '* CUBA IS UNDONE."

The Government Liberal Only on Paper — The Captain-General and His Extraordinary Authority — The Cuban's One Ambition — Cubans Excluded from Office — Discriminations in Provincial and Municipal Government — Spain's Deceitful and Crafty Policy — Replenishing the Treasury at Home and Enriching the Functionaries — Two-thirds of the Island Practically Ruined — Enormous Increase of Taxation — Remarkable Growth of Cuba's Debt — Pledging Cuban Revenues for Spanish Interest Payments — Not a Cent of it Spent to Improve Cuba — Excessive Import Duties — New Oppressions in New Disguises — The Prey of a Swarm of Vampires, Ill

Chapter IX

CUBAN EXILES, SECESSIONISTS, AND LEADERS — THE BAN- NER RAISED AT LAST-FIRST RESULTS UNPROMISING — SPREAD OF THE INSURRECTION.

Exile of Many of Cuba's Best Citizens — Jose Marti and His Early Life — Imprisoned When a Boy — Deported to Spain — He Vows to Free Cuba — Becomes the Leader of the Secession Party — His Impassioned Address and Eloquence — Many Rebuffs and Disappointments — An Influential Friend — His Trusted Friends in Cuba — Fostering the Spirit of Revolt — Relaxation of the Vigilance of the Captain-General — Marti Starts for Cuba — Stopped by United States Authorities — Martial Law Proclaimed — The Outbreak in Matanzas — An Apparent Failure — Natural Advantages of Santiago de Cuba — A Forbidding Shore— "The Garden of Cuba," 117

Chapter X

POLITICAL TROUBLES IN SPAIN — GENERAL CAMPOS SENT TO CUBA -LANDING OF MACEO AND CROMBET — DEATH OF CROMBET AND NARROW ESCAPE OF MACEO.

Spain Beset Within and Without — Officers Refuse to Volunteer — Sagasta Ministry Resigns — Canovas's Ministry — Campos Sent to Cuba — Maceo and His Record in the Ten -Years War — The Terror of the Spanish — How He Learned to Read — His Exile and Travels — A Hostler at West Point — An Ideal Guerrilla Chief — Crombet and His Record — An Obstinate Captain — Crombet Blows out the Captain's Brains — They Land on a Lonely Shore — Their Sufferings — Feasting on a Banana Plantation — Surprised — Crombet Surrounded

CONTENTS XIU

and Killed — Maceo Escapes — Wanders Alone in the Woods — Betrajed by an Indian Guide — A Friendly Negro — In an Insurgent Gamp — His Presence Works a Marvelous Change, . 132

Chapter XI

GOMEZ AND MACEO PERFECT THEIR PLANS— TRAGIC DEATH OF MARTI— MACEO'S BRILLIANT CAMPAIGN — NARROW ESCAPE OP CAMPOS,

ArriTal of Marti, President of the Cuban Republic, and Gomez, Commander-in-Cliief — Influence of Gomez in the Central Provinces — Arrival of Campos — His plan to Confine the Revolution to Santiago de Cuba

— Plan of Campaign Arranged by Gomez and Maceo — Qomez with Seven Hundred Cavalrymen Near the Enemy — A Wild Charge — The Spaniards Driven Back on their Reserves — Marti's Horse Be comes Unmanageable — Carried into the Ranks of the Enemy — They Fall upon Him — His Death — Campos Orders a Military Funeral — Barbers as Surgeons — Maceo Plans an Attack — Death of Goulet — Maceo Turns the Retreat into a Charge, 134

Chapter XII

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA — PECULIAR- ITIES OF CUBAN WARFARE — ONTO HAVANA! — THE FAMOUS JUCARO TROCHA.

Campos Sends for Reinforcements — Landing of Other Cuban Leaders — Gomez Enters Puerto Principe — His Order for the Destruction of Sugar Plantations — The Reasons for It — Campos Leaves Santiago for Santa Clara— Cuban Delegates Meet to Found the Republic — A (Government Largely on Paper— Gomez's Great Plan for a Westward March — Divisions of the Cuban Army — Gk>raez's Instmctions — Tactics of the Insurgents — Their Advantages — The Nature of Alleged Spanish Victories — Cubans Constantly Pushing Further Westward — Campos Reinforces the Jucaro Trocha — Fifty Miles of Forts and Barbed Wire

— Gromez's Plan to March 12,000 Men Over It — Maceo Deceives the Spaniards — Burning Sugar Plantations in Santa Clara — Insurgents Divide into Small Bands— All Cuba Under Martial Law, . . 144

CHAPTER Xni

THE ADVENT OF WEYLER, KNOWN AS "THE SPANISH BUTCHER" — HIS CRUELTY AND BARBARITY — THE FA MOUS $6,000,000 TROCHA— DARING EXPLOITS OF MACEO.

Campos Coldly Received at Havana — Spaniards Clamor for Sterner Methods — Campos Consults the Leaders — His Resignation — Weyler's

Arrival — His Infamous Reputation — Commissioned Because of It — Progress of Qomez and Maceo — Weyler's Immense Forces — Largest Military Expedition Ever Transported by Sea — Strength of the Insur gents — Object of Their Campaign — Weyler's Boastful Proclamations

— Civilized War Abandoned — Weyler's Ineffective Military Opera tions~His Big Fence — Maceo Crosses and Recrosses It Easily — Maceo Appears Where Least Expected — Turning Defeat into Victory

— Death of Maceo's Brother Jose, 158

Chapter XIV

DIPLOMATIC TROUBLES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND SPAIN — THE SANGUILY CASE — CAPTURE OP THE COMPETITOR.

A New Insurrection Proclaimed — Diplomatic Friction — The AUianca Affair — Rights of American Citizens Ignored — Sanguily and Aguirre Arrested — A Sharp Interview — Threatening to Shoot American Citizens— The Consul's Strong Reply — Release of Aguirre — Sanguil}' Sentenced to Imprisonment for Life — His Lawyer Arrested and Placed in the same Jail — Spain's Protests and Complaints — American Sympathy with the Cubans — Palma Appeals for Recognition of the Cuban Republic — U. S. Senate Favors Recognition of Belligerency — Indignation of the Spanish Populace — The Belligerency Question — The Capture of the Competitor — Penalty of Death, , ... 167

Chapter XV

WEYLER'S EFFORTS TO CAPURE MACEO — WEYLER PRO- POSES TO STRIKE A DECISIVE BLOW — THE NEW COMMANDER — DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE MACEOS.

Maceo the Terror of the Spanish Nation —Weyler's Futile Efforts to Capture Ilim — The Largest Body -Guard Known in the History of War —Maceo as Undaunted as Ever — He Leaves Pinar del Rio — Was it a Spanish Trap ?— Attack at Punta Bra va — How Maceo Fell — Gomez's Son Kills Himself at His Side — Cubans Rescue Maceo's Body

— Rejoicing of tlie Spanish People — Excursions to the Spot Where Maceo Fell — Hopes of Cuban Surrender Disappointed — Weyler's Campaign of Destruction — Prefering Death to Captivity, . 176

Chapter XVI

THE MURDER OF DR. RUIZ AND THE THREATENED RESIG NATION OF CONSUL-GENERAL LEE — RELEASE OF SAN GUILY— ON THE VERGE OF WAR — SPAIN ALARMED.

Congress Stirred by Stories of the Death of Maceo — The Cameron Resolu tion — Spanish People Aroused — Trying to Soothe the United States

— Spain Seeks European Support — " Independence or Death"** Weyler in Disfavor — The Murderous Fondeviela — Killing of Dr. Ruiz — No Notice Given to Consul-General Lee — Lee Not Supported at Washington in His Defense of American Citizens — Arrest of Scott

— Lee's Forceful Despatch — He Threatens to Resign — A Dramatic Climax — Cuban Sympathizers Classed as Jingoes — Senator Sherman's Defense — Its Significance — Demand for a Ship-of-War for Havana

— Sudden Release of Sanguily — Spain Alarmed, .188

Chapter XVII

THE CONDITION OF CUBA IX 18»7 — HELPLESS WOMEN AND CHILDREN— AWFUL SCENES OF SUFFERING AND WOE — FACING STARVATION AND DEATH.

Attitude of the McKinley Administration — Another Decree of Autonomy — Weyler's War on the Pacificos — On the Veige of Starvation — Unparalleled Scenes of Suffering — Weyler's Reasons for Concentrating — A Death Warrant to Thousands of the Innocent and Helpless — Driven from Burning Homes —Huddled in Swamps — A'Rlague Spot on Earth

— A Spanish Account of Misery — The Living and the Dead Together

— Scenes at the very Gates of Havana — Heaped Pell-mell like Animals

— The Dead in the Embrace of the Dying — Extermination the Real Object — Daily Execution of Captured Peasants — The Massacres of Pacificos — The Dead Carts on Their Rounds — Facts Impossible to be Exaggerated — Incredulity in the United States, .... 192

Chapter XVIII

RELIEF OF STARVING AMERICAN CITIZENS IN CUBA — FAIL- URE OF WEYLER'S CAMPAIGN — INCREASING MISERY ON THE ISLAND — ASSASSINATION OF CANOVAS.

Suffering among American Residents in Cuba — The President Asks for $aO,000 for Their Relief— Spain Watches Us Anxiously — The Mor gan Resolution — Exciting Debate in the Senate — Its Effect in Spain

— Sagasta Rebels — Canovas Resigns — Given a New Lease of Life — Reasons for His Continuance and for Weyler's Longer Stay in Cuba

— Political Conditions — Don Carlos — Canovas between Two Fires ^Madrid Opinion — Superior Tactics of Gomez — Return of Com missioner Calhoun — Gen. Stewart L. Woodford Appointed Minister to Madrid — His Instructions — Nothing to Humiliate Spain — A Season of Waiting — Death of Canovas — Party Quarrels Cease — Weyler Driven into Havana, 200

XVI CONTENTS

(^JIAPTER XTX

THE STORY OF MISS CISNEROS AND HER REMARKABLE ES- CAPE—RECALL OF WE YLER — PENALTY OF DEATH TO ALL INSURGENTS TREATING WITH SPANIARDS.

Weyler Retained by the New Premier — The Escape of Evangelina Cisneros — Her Romantic Story — Following Her Father to Jail — On the Isla de Pinos — Attracted by Evangelina's Beauty — Berriz in Close Quarters — Guerrillas Appear — Her Escape to a Cave — Found by the Guerrillas — Sent to Havana — Thrown into a Vile Prison — Sympathy Aroused in this Country — An Appeal to the Queen — Her Escape through a Barred Window — Smuggled on a Steamer in Boy's Clothes — Her Enthusiastic Reception in New York — The Queen Tired of Cuban Troubles — Her Farewell to Minister Taylor — Sagasta's Ministry—Arrival in Havana of Blanco, and Return of Weyler — Weyler's Grotesque Failure — Release of the Competitor Prisoners, . . 210

Chapter XX

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE — TRAGIC DEATH OF COLONEL RUIZ — RIOTS IN HAVANA— ARRIVAL OF THE MAINE IN THE HARBOR OF HAVANA.

The Administration's Cuban Policy Outlined — Possibilities of Interven tion — Opposition to Autonomy — Colonel Ruiz Hopes to Convert the Young Cuban Leader, Nestor Arauguren — The LatterJs Reply to Ruiz's Letter — Aranguren Warns Him — The Meeting — Arangu ren's Own Story of What Happened — Ruiz Shot — Organized Relief for the Reconcentrados — Military Operations in the East — Disquieting Reports — Lee Advises Having Warships in Readiness — A Deli cate Situation — Winter Drill of North American Squadron — The Storm Breaks in Havana — " Death to Autonomy!" — Lee's Message — Blanco's Prompt Action — Death-Blow to Autonomy — Protection of American Citizens — The Maine Ordered to Havana — Strange Action of the Havana Authorities — (Jen. Lee's Misgivings — The Maine Arrives Quietly — Demonstrations of Friendship, . . 218

Chapter XXI

THE STORY OF THE BATTLESHIP Jf^/A^^— THREATS AND WARNINGS — A STARTLING MIDNIGHT DISPATCH — THE MAINE BLOWN UP.

The Story of the Maine — The Maine in Havana Harbor — Captain Sigsbee's Precautions — Extraordinary Vigilance — The Hostility of the

CONTBNT8 XVU

Spanish Rabble — Warnings Handed to Captain Sigsbee — His OiBcial Relations — No Cordiality from Spanish Military Offlcers — Reporters at Hotel Ingleterra — Story of a Letter from Wcyler — Weyler's Mysterious Hints at Mines — General Aranguren Betrayed by a Negro Captive — Surrounded and Killed — Conditions Worse and Worse — Publication of the De Lome Letter — Characteristic Spanish Diplomacy — De Lome Admits His Authorship and Resigns — Spain's Disavowal— A Better Feeling — A Midnight Dispatch — Startling News

— "Maine Blown up" — An Awful Catastrophe, 229

Chapter XXII

THE NIGHT OP FEBRUARY 15, 1898 — A FEARFUL EXPLOSION AND SCENES OF HORROR— REMARKABLE ESCAPES — THE WORK OF RESCUE — THE NEWS AT WASHINGTON.

A Quiet Night in Havana Harbor — The ^faine Swinging at Her Chain — A Sudden Roar, a Crashing Explosion, and a Mass of Flying Flames and Debris — The Shrieks of Dyiag Men — The Silence of Death — Captain Sigsbee's Escape — Standing on the Sinking Ship — Lowering the Boats — The Officers in the Mess Room — Frightful Experiences — Lieut. Jenkins Groping in the Water— ** Which Way?" — Lieut. Hood's Graphic Story — The Work of Rescue — A Last Call but no Answer from the Burning Wreck — Spanish Delight — Captain Sigsbee Leaves the Stiip — Visits from Spanish Officers — Sigsbee's Dispatches to the Department—** Don't Send War Ve sels "— Excitement at Washington— Scenes at the White House — In the Cabinet Room — The Official Impression — The General Impression — Sympathy of Spanish Officials — Appointment of the Court of Inquiry 1^

chaptp:r XXIII

PREPARING FOR WAR — EVIDENCE OF SPANISH TREACHERY

— MILLIONS FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE -A HISTORICAL MOMENT - THE DRIFT INTO WAR.

Effect of th ; Afnine Incident upon Our Cuban Policy — A Plain, Concrete Case — The People Remain Patient — The President's Policy Interrupted — Reasons for the Accidental Theory — Not Really Believed in Official Circles — General Lee Informs the State Department that It Looked Like an Outside Explosion— Sudden Activity in Official Circles — Preparations for Wslv — Oregon Ordered Home — Dewey Ordered to Concentrate His Fleet — Arrival and Departure of the Vieeaya — Our Precautions for Iler Safety — Spain's Responsibility for the Safety of the Maine — Deeper and Deeper Misery in Cuba — Red 2

XVm CONTENTS

Croes Work — Spain's Request for the Recall of (General Lee -^ Her Reasons — Probing for the Weyler Letter — LainS's Arrest and Expulsion— Lee Finds a Weyler Telegram — Corroborative Evidence — The President Seeks Support in Congress — $50,000,000 for National Defense — a Critical Moment in Our National Life, . 263

Chapter XXIV

ATTITUDE OP EUROPEAN POWERS — INCREASING GRAVITY OF THE SITUATION — FINAL DIPLOMATIC EFFORT WITH SPAIN — REPORT OF THE COURT OF INQUIRY.

Sounding European Governments — Friendly Attitude of England — Reasons for Cherishing an Alliance — Moral Influence of the Attitude of the United States — The Spanish Court of Inquiry — Marked Impression Made by Senator Proctor's Speech — Differing Policies — Renewed Activity in War Preparations — Senator Thurston's Speech Enthusiastically Received — Spain's Torpedo Flotilla Departs from the Canary Islands — Hastening Diplomacy — A Critical Situation — Our Demands upon Spain — Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry Submitted — Its Conclusions — Significance of the Keel Plates in the Wreck — Evidence Entirely Conclusive of Outside Explosion — Efforts to Fix the Responsibility— Suggestive Phrase from Spanish Report, . . 263

CHAPTEK XXV

NEARINQ A CRISIS — " REMEMBER THE MAINE" — QFAIWB FINANCIAL STRAITS — HASTENING OUR NAVAL PREPA- RATIONS—SPAIN'S UNSATISFACTORY TACTICS.

Public Impatience Restrained with Difficulty — The President's Trying Position — I^dical Resolutions in the Senate — The President's Firm Hand — Liberal Victory in Spain — The Cuban Deputies — Arrival of the Vizcaya and Almirante Oquevdo in Havana — Spaniards in Hostile Mood — Spanish Torpedo Flotilla and Its Movements — Spain's Appeal to Europe — Suicide of the Dynasty — Desperate Financial Conditions — The Church as a Holder of Spanish Bonds — Putting the United States Navy in Readiness — The Key West Fleet and the Flying Squadron — Apparent Concessions — Only for Effect — The Proposed Armistice— Congress Becomes Impatient — The President's Reasons for Delay — Condition of Some of Our Battleships, .... 272

Chapter XXVI

THE COALING PROBLEM- SPAIN'S PRETENDED ASSISTANCE OF THE STARVING UECONCENTRADOS — AWAITING THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.

The Army Ready to Move — The Importance of the Coaling Problem — Spain's Small Supply— Coaling at Neutral Ports — Blanco's Orders to

Hdp the ReconoeDtradoe — No Charity Except Through Fear of War

— Spain Appropriates Money for Relief Fund — No Clumce for Money to Pass the Spanish Officials — Appeal of the Autononust Govern* ment — Position of the Self -prof essed Friends of Peace — The Influence of the Commercial Spirit — April 6th an Exciting Day — Waiting for the Message — It Fails to Arrive — Gkneral Lee's Request for Time to Get Out of Cuba — The President's Courageous Act — Bitter Attacks upon Him in Congress — Other Imix>rtant Reasons for Delay — The Presi dent's Expectation of War 288

Chapter XXVII

THE JOINT NOTE OF THE SIX POWERS — QUEEN CHRISTINA ACTS TOO LATE — THE PRESIDENTS MESSAGE AT LAST

— "THE WAR IN CUBA MUST STOP.*

A Little Play Behind the Scenes — Attempts of European Powers to Act — Austria's Interest in the Spanish Dynasty — The French Investment in Spanish Bonds — Plans for a Joint Appeal — An Impressive Moment in the White House — The European Note — The President's Reply — Humanitarian Considerations — Novel Proceedings in Our Diplomacy — Condition on which England and Russia Acted — A Goo<l Opportunity for the President — A Similar Request Made at Madrid — Spain Replies that She has Gone as Far as She Can — The Queen Takes Matters in Her Own Hand and Would Go Further — Too Late — Blanco Ordered to Suspend Hostilities — Riots in Madrid — General Lee and Many Americans Leave Havana — No further Postponement of Message Possible — Useless to Listen to Spain's Insincere Diplomacy — The Message Submitted — History of the Troubles Reviewed — Spain's Pro poeals as to the Meune — The Time for Action at Hand, 291

CHAPTER XXVm

RECEPTION OF THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE — ARRIVAL OP GENERAL LEE AT WASHINGTON -EXCITING DEBATES IN THE HOUSE AND SENATE — OUR ULTIMATUM TO SPAIN

— BREAKING OFF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS.

How the President's Message was Received — A Plain, Unimpassioncd Statement — Congress Expected Something More Fiery — General Lee's Arrival at Wasliin^n — Ovations on tlie Route — A Warm Welcome

— Resolutions for Intervention — The Question of Recognizing the Independence of Cuba — The Tension of Feeling — Coming Together on llie Final Vote — Report of the Senate Committee — A Time to Drop Party Differences — An Amendment to Recognize the Cuban Republic Passed — Disagreeing Action and a Conference — The Final Draft — Wisdom of Going to War Wilhout Recognizing Cuba — The President Prepares His Ultimatum — Signing the Resolutions — Minister Polo Demands His Passports — Spanish Ministry Witlibold the President's Despatch to Woodford — Riots in Madrid and Barcelona

— Woodford Given His Passports, 298

Chapter XXIX

OPENING OF THE WAR— THE SPANISH AND AMERICAN NAVIES — DEPARTURE OF AN AMERICAN SQUADRON FOR CUBAN WATERS — THE FIRST SHOT OF THE WAR — THE CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS.

Beginning Operations — Plans for Offensive and Defensive Action — Comparison of the Spanish and United States Navies — Spain's Armored Cruisers — Superiority of Our Guns and Gunners — The Spirit of the Navy — Lieutenant Commander Wainwright's Plea for a Chance to Fight — Peculiar Positions of Antagonists — Spain's Best Ships neither in Cuban nor Philippine Waters — The Cape Verde Squadron — Specu lations as to Naval Results — Spaniards Suspected of Dark Designs

— Commodore Howell's Auxiliary Fleet — Blockading Cuban Ports

— Departure of Admiral Sampson's Imposing Fleet — Commodore Dewey Ordered to Sail for Manila — Caution of the Naval Strategy Board — A Spanish Ship Sighted — The First Shot of the War — The Spanish Flag Comes Down — Other Prizes Captured — The Call for Volunteers — Prompt Resixjnse — Reorganizing the Army — A Cause of Delay 807

Chapter XXX

WAR FORMALLY PROCLAIMED — THE BOMBARDMENT OF MATANZAS - EXPERIENCES ON A MODERN WARSHIP — COMMODORE DEWEY SAILS TOWARDS MANILA.

Enthusiasm and Generosity among the People of the United States — College Patriotism — Prompt Action by the Women of the Country — Red Cross Nurses — The Dangers of Yellow Fever— Surgeon-Generars Warning — Rejoicing in Havana — Blanco's Grandiloquent Manifesto

— Congress Formally Declares War — Spain Talks of Scandalous Aggression — Troubles in the Cortes — Importance of Securing a Base on Cuban Coast — Havana Ignored — Advancing to Matanzas — The Nature of the Bay — Waiting for the Word to Fire — A Shot from the Batteries — Engagement Becomes General — A Thrilling Sight — Following the Powerful Projectiles to the Target — Clouds of Smoke — Three Hundred Shots in Eighteen Minutes — The Puritan's Remark able Shot — Terrible Destruction — The Concussion of Great Guns — General Blanco's Report of Casualties— " A Mule Killed " — The Cape Verde Spanish Fleet Sails — Commodore Dewey Points his Fleet to wards Manila — Significance of His Orders, .... 320

CONTENTS XXi

C^HAPTER XXXI

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS - THEIR EXTENT, CHARACTER, AND NATIVE UFE - REBELLION OF THE FILIPINOS AND ITS THRILLING INCIDENTS — THE TRAGIC DEATH OF DH, RIZAL — AGUINALDO AND COMAIODORE DEWEY.

Magellan the Navigator Hears of the Wonderful Spice I«land8 — Persuades the Simnish King that they Might Belong to Spuin — Sailing Westward Instead of Eastwaixi — Wonderful Voyage — Discovery of the Philippines— The Natives — Early Importance of Manila — The Slaughter of the Prosperous Chinese — Depressing Results — A Long and Ugly History— Character of the Islands — Peculiarities of Spanish Government

— The Uprising of 1896 — The Katapunan Society — Appealing to the Filipinos — A Bloody Conflict — Outrages on Both Sides — A Hundred Prisoners Suffocated in a Single Night — Public Executions — Dramatic Incidents — The Romantic Story of Dr. Rizal — His Love Affair — Sentenced to Death — His Death — Aguinaldo's Exile, 881

CHAPTER XXXIT

COMMODORE DEWEY AND HIS SQUADRON — INCIDENTS OF THE CRUISE TO MANILA — SEARCHING FOR THE ENEMY

— THRILLING SAIL PAST THE BATTERIES AND OVER THE MINES — ADVANCING TO THE BATTLE.

Commodore Dewey's Squadron — Its Guns and Armor — Dewey's Service in the Navy — Admiral Porter's Tribute — Proclamation of the Governor-General of the Philippines — Bf)mbastic Encouragement — Dewey's Cruise to Manila — Rolling in the China Sea — " Prepare for Action " — Practice on the Way — Stripping the Ships — All Unnecessary Articles Thrown Overboard — A Look into Subig Bay — Movements of the Spanish Admital — Why He Retired to Manila — The United Slates Squadron Holds a Council of War — Dewey Announces His Purpose to Enter Manila Harbor that Night — Engines Started Again — Men Quietly Sent to Their Guns — In Sight of the Forts — Increasing the Speed — Silent and Alert — Discovered at Last — Silently Onward — Breakfast at the Guns — Heading for Battle, 848

CHAPTER XXXIII

THE NAVAL BATTLE OP MANILA BAY— A TERRIBLE STORM OF SHOT AND SHELL — SCENES OP BLOOD AND CARNAGE

— ANNIHILATION OF THE SPANISH FLEET— COMMODORE DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY.

Commodore Dewey's Squadron in Battle . Array — Advancing Silently towards the Enemy — "Mines Exploded in Front of the (Hympia —

Xll CONTENTS

CHAPTER VIIT

CUBA AFTER THE TEN-YEARS WAR — THE CAPTAIN-GEN- ERAL AND HIS EXTRAORDINARY POWERS— A SWARM OF SPANISH VAMPIRES — " CUBA IS UNDONE."

The Government Liberal Only on Paper — The Captain-General and His Extraordinary Authority — The Cuban's One Ambition — Cubans Excluded from Office — Discriminations in Provincial and Municipal Government — Spain's Deceitful and Crafty Policy — Replenishing the Treasury at Home and Enriching the Functionaries — Two-thirds of the Island Practically Ruined — Enormous Increase of Taxation — Remarkable Growth of Cuba's Debt — Pledging Cuban Revenues for Spanish Interest Payments — Not a Cent of it Spent to Improve Cuba — Excessive Import Duties — New Oppressions in New Disguises — The Prey of a Swarm of Vampires, . .111

CHAPTER IX

CUBAN EXILES, SECESSIONISTS, AND LEADERS — THE BAN- NER RAISED AT LAST-FIRST RESULTS UNPROMISING — SPREAD OF THE INSURRECTION.

Exile of Many of Cuba's Best Citizens — Jose Marti and His Early Life — Imprisoned When a Boy — Deported to Spain — He Vows to Free Cuba — Becomes the Leader of the Secession Party — His Impassioned Address and Eloquence — Many Rebuffs and Disappointments — An Influential Friend — His Trusted Friends in Cuba — Fostering the Spirit of Revolt — Relaxation of tlie Vigilance of the Captain-General — Marti Starts for Cuba — Stopped by United States Authorities — Martial Law Proclaimed — The Outbreak in Matanzas — An Apparent Failure — Natural Advantages of Santiago de Cuba — A Forbidding Shore— ''The Garden of Cuba," 117