Spirit & matter before the bar of modern science

Front matter

2;»ii«j5Mt«M««MaB«Kaieks%j«».a!.t.***ii lliif ' A fi^M Matter

^^lModern'Mience-:.

. v. HEYSINGER

Preface

The time seems to have come for a clear and dispassionate statement of the inevitable trend of Psychology, as it now is, and as it is reaching out to newer and grander fields of discovery in the realms of life, mind and spirit. We have passed the regions of darkness and doubt, and to-day it is true, in all its fulness and strength, that the greatest and profoundest students of Psychology, and of its kindred sciences, most of these sciences new, and all of them reconstructed by fuller knowledge, are agreed, with practical unanimity, that the old past theories, or hypotheses rather, of materialism, of nihilism, of empiricism, have been proven untenable and altogether worthless, and that the so-called physical sciences have never been at all capable of taking sides in the controversy which is now about ended. We have advanced so far and so surely, now, that the alternatives presented are few, as regards the general outcome, and that these are non-physical, in any sense in which the term physical has ever been legitimately employed. In other words, the transcendental has been the final victor, and we are dealing to-day with the various phases of transcendentalism, and even here we have reached a plane in which serious conflict has terminated, and psychical students are searching out, with perfect and friendly interest, the solution of the still remaining open questions. We are clearly able to see that the final conclusions lie along lines already far advanced, and that the future advances will be to still higher planes, which we already clearly see, and can more or less definitely follow and map out.

These advances are to be found described or indicated in many, many standard books, in the re-

615-850 vi PREFACE

ports and papers of many able investigators, in the work of many world-famous students and experts, but they have not, as yet, been brought together and co-ordinated, so far as I know, in a single compact volume.

With much diffidence I have endeavoured, in these chapters, to do this, and I have sought to make the book readable and interesting as well. If I have in any wise succeeded, my work will have been well done ; if not, rest assured that others will take up the task and carry it on until all the world, even the uncultured world, as it is called, will witness its triumph and look back with horror upon those bad, old, dark, blind days —

" When metes and bounds were set which none might pass, When Science closed her eyes, and could not see, When truth was lumped, and measured in the mass, And mind and matter seemed a great morass ^

Where self-engendered monsters chanced to be, — Behold 1 and lo, the vast inflowing sea ! " ^

The Author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I

Chapter I

The time has arrived when the subjects of this work can be properly treated — ^The older theologies becoming displaced — ^The sharp divisions between science and religion disappearing — ^New conceptions of mind and consciousness — ^The spiritual basis of religion becoming universally recognised — ^The whole subject being considered now from a new standpoint — Advances in all directions — Christianity the great gainer — ^The foundations of Christian belief being supported to absolute demonstration by the latest science and psychology

Psychology as a science — Dependent on the newer sciences for evidence — Until recently impossible to fully demonstrate — Has been opposed by an a priori — Physical research insufficient — Transcends a material basis for its evidence — The basis of psychology is the transcendental, the superphysical — Definition of the term psychology

Herbert Spencer — Professor Shaler — Professor James — Rev. Dr Davies — Canons Church of England — Max Miiller — Rev. Dr Gladden — Romanes — Huxley — ^ Locke — Hammond — Haeckel

Chapter II 15

Argument for spirituaUsm — Not certain that these phenomena in general are spiritualistic — ^May be a greater integration, including all psychical phenomena — Natural science has failed to investigate these phenomena — Had it done so, great results would have followed long since — The transcendent importance of genuine psychology — The connections of mind and matter — The attitude of primitive Christianity — The revolt of Luther

Romanes — Lamarck — Richet — Sir W. Crookes — Tyndall — Davies viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PACK

Chapter III 21

Spiritualism in the church — Original reformers all spiritualistic — Catholic church spiritualistic — Reformation abandoned direct spiritualism, in order to secure standing against the older church — Left Bible as historic record — Yet canon of Scripture itself was from spiritualistic revelation to the old church in comparatively recent times — Imperfection of the Bible as a merely historic record — Errors of translation ; validity of the books themselves — The record demands continuous spiritualistic control and revelation

Luther — Zwingli — Melancthon — Westcott — Dr Roberts — Lardner — Farrar — Religious Tract Society

Chapter IV 28

Results of despiritualising the church — Decay of vital Christianity — Contrast with the earlier ages — Christian miracles ; when, if at all, and why, were they discontinued ? — The resurrection — Scientific evidence in its favour — Anecdote of an apparent resurrection

Moody — Bishop Bradley — Tertulhan — Irenaeus — Orton — Sir John Franklin — Romanes

Chapter V 36

The spiritual conflict within the church — ^The triumph of Christianity in earlier ages — Its permanent spiritualising power — Lost in sacerdotalism — Its spiritualistic phenomena identical with the universal spiritualistic experiences of all mankind in all ages — The revolt in the i6th century — Surrender to and incorporation with materialism — An absentee God ; and an impersonal Nature in control

Du Prel — St Paul — Herron — Canon Barnett — Jesus — ^Montucci

Causality — The fatal mistake of sectarian theology — Relegation of God and Christ to another sphere, and substitution of a blind Nature — We have no knowledge of causes except of volitional causes — Only intelligent design, and divine volition constantly acting, can explain the universe — The nearly fatal error of theology, *' If there be a personal God, He is not immediately concerned with natural causation "

Authorities Cited Romanes — Sir John Herschel — Lamarck — Sir Isaac Newton — Cicero — Lyte — Chopin — Newman — Romanes

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

PAGE

Chapter VII 52

The psychism of the universe — Protoplasm a machine intelligently designed and constructed — Living organisms are also intelligent designers and constructors — A constant interchange between these psychisms

Romanes — Conn — Dr Bingham

Chapter VIII 55

Spiritualism the basis of all religions, present or past, and among all peoples — All religion depends on revelation— Religion extends back to the origin of human existence — Spiritualism extends back equally, and is the means by which religions became revealed to mankind— Religious spiritualism identical at all times and among all peoples — These have been the great factors of human advancement — Intercommunion between the living and the surviving spirits of the dead never denied until recently, and then only by a few who have never studied the phenomena, or the principles on which they have been demonstrated — Spiritualism not a new thing ; its denial is the new thing — It challenges investigation at all times — If it ever existed it must and does exist now

Brinton — "The Supernatural in Nature" — Tylor — Sargent — Sir Charles Lyell — Dr Davies — Rev. Dr Ellin wood — Shaler — Professor William James

Chapter IX .61

Spiritualism before the bar of science — Has the same right to fair investigation as have other phenomena — In all experimentation conditions must be observed — Science has, however, approached these phenomena in a hostile spirit — An unbiassed mind is the first prerequisite of anyone claiming to be a man of science

New Testament — Mrs Ross Church — Sir William Crookes

Chapter X . .68

Experimental psychology — Spiritualism among the Chinese — Time, patience, and continued labour, and some expense required to investigate spiritual phenomena — The same is true of chemistry, geology and all other pursuits — A whole literature to be studied — Materials to be procured — Mediums to be consulted and often rejected — Times and conditions must be observed — ^There must be thought, study, comparison and investigation — An education is requisite before this study can be intelligently pursued — The same is true of chemistry, mathematics, geology.

X TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Chapter X — continued

astronomy, biology and other sciences — Science has until recently discredited such education — Impossible to pursue any study under the conditions formerly demanded in the name of science — It began with an a priori judgment against the whole case — This attitude concededly unscientific

Rev. Dr Nevius — Rev. Dr Ellinwood — Kepler — Newton

Chapter XI 73

The ban of a priori — Franklin's experiments in electricity — Herbert Spencer met the facts by saying that he had settled the question on a priori grounds — Alfred Russel Wallace on a priori

Tyndall — Huxley — Gladstone — Davies — Franklin — Spencer — Wallace — Tennyson

Chapter XII 81

Summary of Part I. — The basis of all religions the same — Identical with the claims and practices of modern spiritualism — ^This universality is valid evidence of their truth — Revelation from the supernormal the common factor — Rehgion defined — Ethics insufiicient, and of itself baseless, and will land us in misery — The integrating principle of the universe — Chief argument for the existence of God — Science the new-comer — It abandoned its own principles in professing to deal with the supernormal — The concrete results of science considered

Tylor — J ; Estlin Carpenter — Romanes — Charles Darwin — Professor Momerie — Huxley

Chapter XIII

Miracles — Hume's argument — Fallacies in Hume's definitions — Fallacy in his argument — Huxley denies Hume's argument on grounds which " Knock the bottom out of all a priori objections to miracles " — Wallace and Romanes demonstrate worthlessness of the position of Hume, and many other scientific men, toward miracles and spiritualism — Miracles defined — The New Testament miracles considered in the light of scientific discovery — Examples, the Resurrection considered— Living and dead protoplasm — The principle

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

PAGE

Chapter XIII — continued

of continuity — An intelligent agent operating in the universe — " Miracle " may be, not in defiance of, but in fulfilment of, law — The parthenogenetic conception ascribed to Jesus — Such instances numerous and physiological — Examples cited among lower animals and from surgical and medical cases among mankind — *' Spontaneous generation " — The first creation narrative in Genesis — Miracles in organic life ; metabolism ; mental phenomena ; somnambules ; MoUie Fancher ; X+Y=Z — Christianity a system of intellectual liberty ; afterwards restricted and perverted by theology — An avenue between the seen and the unseen worlds

Hume — Wallace — Huxley — Romanes — Professor W. H. Thomson — Professor Michael Foster — Von Hartmann — Balfour Stewart — Tait — Dr Gould's "Curiosities of Medicine" — Dr Eve's "Remarkable Cases in Surgery'* — Tacitus — Pliny the Younger — Kidd — G. H. Lewes — Comte — Lord Kelvin — Haeckel — Rev. Dr Sanders — Elizabeth Stuart Phelps

Chapter XIV no

The limitations of physical science — Huxley's statement of its narrow boundaries — Jevons on the unwarranted claims of scientific writers — The unfairness of many writers on scientific subjects — Concealment of discordant facts — Scope of science far narrower than often claimed — An infallible test of a genuine man of science — The proof of unworthiness and charlatanry — The fate of the latter — The claim that our knowledge is assuming an approximately complete character erroneous — We never can comprehend more than an infinitesimal part — New and unexplained facts are divergent in extent ; the more science explains the more \ it has to explain — The advances of science have always

been made from the study of discordant and rejected residua

Huxley — Jevons — Gladstone — St John Stock

Chapter XV ii6

The dark days of psychology — Ignorance regarding force and matter — Belief that religion was about to disappear — Only recently has science taken cognisance of anything non-material- — New sciences were necessary to prepare the way — ^The observer of mere physics must see mind at a great disadvantage — Spiritual truths in the universe

Balfour Stewart— P. G. Tait— Sir John Herschel— Romanes — Lord Kelvin — Sir Oliver Lodge — The Society for Psychical Research — Dean Swift — Mallock — IngersoU — Shaler — Sir William Crookes xii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Chapter XVI 124

The credulity of incredulity — A priori the only fatal attitude — The scientific method — Science when fairly pursued makes absurd drafts, says Jevons, upon our powers of comprehension and belief — De Morgan on science assuming a priest's cast-off garb dyed to escape detection — Arago on scientific doubt as contrasted with incredulity — The dangers of unlimited scepticism — The dogmatism of theology compared with that of science — Ignoring undesirable facts — The gross credulity of ignorant spiritualists finds its counterpart in the gross increduhty of ignorant scientific specialists — The passing away of the dark days of psychology

Chapter XVII 131

Physical science cannot explain its own bases — Deals only with properties and physical manifestations — Every new discovery in fundamentals shifts the whole attitude of science — Natural history was formerly but a descriptive science of forms, structures and habits — When biology arose, and was pushed to its logical end, a whole new world of nature appeared — Laboratory work grotesquely insufficient — The passage from the physics of the brain to the corresponding facts of consciousness unthinkable — The phenomenal world of lower animals, as shown in their behaviour, does not contradict our own views of the same — Appears to be a basis of independent reahty to which each sentiency helps itself

Lamarck — Cuvier — Darwin — Graham — Warschauer — ^Tyndall — Biichner — Masson

Chapter XVIII 136

The modern patent systems founded on supernormal phenomena — Cash value of patented inventions as an evidence of the economic value of supernormal revelations — Invention does not depend upon reason ; nor upon what science deals with ; nor upon what observations of physical phenomena deal with — It comes like ** a bolt from the blue " ; " it is creation ab initio '^ ; it is not scientific ; it is instantaneous, and not only different from but opposed to reason — It is the imaging, in practical and useful form, of the unseen and unknown from a world of the unseen and unknown — A single indecomposable mental act

TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

PAGE

Tennyson — Merwin on " Patentability of Inventions " — Herschel — Ladd — United States Circuit Court decisions — United States Supreme Court

Chapter XIX 144

The workshop in the subconscious department of the mind — Telepathy will not account for invention — Comes, like genius and inspiration, from a non-human psychical source — Tennyson on guardian spirits of the dead — Spiritual manifestations always with us, but we see them not because blinded with other things — Their source in an intellectual beyond — ^Many examples of the subconscious manifesting through the conscious mind — ^They emerge unsolicited, and respond to undefined wants — Error in analogy of " thresholds of consciousness " or ■' higher and lower " or -' strata '* as applied to mental phenomena — These terms useful if we use them merely as formal expressions — The scope and source of the subconscious realm considered — Found among all animals, and also in plants — Found also in the morphology of growing organisms — Sympathy universal in extent

Swedenborg — Von Hartmann — Newman — Tennyson — Romanes — Huxley — Locke — Bowen — Kipling — Archimedes — Newton — Ladd — Schofield

— Montgomery — Wundt — Waldstein — Holmes

— Dr G. Thompson — Barker — Agassiz — Ward — Darwin — Orton

Chapter XX ^ . 152

Memory the final battleground of empiricism — The physical theory of memory untenable — ** Impressions " cannot serve, if cerebral or material — Use of these terms admissible, if we understand that they are merely used as terms and not as explanations — A dialogue involving many phases of memory — Association of ideas inadequate — A body of memories must have a single intelligence which constantly comprehends each one — Professor Bowen 's example of the memory of a hundred thousand words in various languages in which a -' picker," who knows each one, must bring the word to the surface as soon as needed, in its etymology, its English equivalent, its grammatical relations to other groups, etc., etc. — Analogy of a librarian finding a book desired by means of a catalogue — In case of the memory, if it is but a collection stored away, then the subconscious or conscious desire for the word must bring the word out of the collection ; hence must have known what to bring beforehand ; hence the collection of them is unnecessary — Physical theory breaks down, in every shape — Allied to instinct, and immaterial ; and would be seen to be supernormal unless so common as to escape notice xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lord Bacon — Tennyson — Von Hartmann — Professor Bo wen — Sir John Herschel — Kant

Chapter XXI 159

The sole alternatives : deity and spiritualism, or else zero and Nihilism — Encounter to-day the old odium iheologicum, and opprobrium scientice — Science degraded by refusal to investigate every disputed scientific question — Its only enemy is a priori y which is the refusal of the will to believe, and the refusal to investigate lest it will believe — Psychology does not properly deal with how fast nerve sensations travel, or how far apart pin-pricks can be distinguished as one or two ; but what it is that travels, and what it is that perceives — Shall philosophy and science pretend to deal with mentality and life, and yet not know, or seek to learn, what they are ; and should science not wait to argue about them until it does know ? — Behind the nebula is either God or nothing — From nothing nothing can proceed — If the psychism of man exists, then we know that there must exist a greater psychism — The '- Spirit of the Universe '' — It must be akin to our own

Masson — Wordsworth — Emerson — Newton — Le Conte — Professor James— Ladd

Part III

Summary of Parts I. and II. — The principles of religion the outcome of spiritual revelation — It has always been universal — All rehgions embody the same principle — Moral and spiritual loftiness not confined to any — ^The materialistic ideas of the derivation of religion fallacious, and now abandoned — Consequences of the ecclesiastical revolt in the sixteenth century — The abandonment of continuous spirituahsm in favour of " natural law '- ; the result — Failure of science to investigate due to a baseless a priori — ^These fields outside the natural sciences — Popular error as to attitude of great teachers of science and philosophy

Authorities Cited Luther — Romanes — Haeckel — Herbert Spencer

Chapter XXIII 173

The methods and acquisitions of science ; the former beyond all praise, the latter limited — Scientific judgment changes with every decade — It does not comprehend the principles on which it is founded — Ex-

TABLE OF CONTENTS xv

rAGE

Chapter XXIII — continued

amples cited — Does not touch the real or vital problems of life and mind, nor of the universe — Even mathematics extremely limited — Failure of scientific men largely due to a desire to find a single cause, for which they do not go back far enough — The data not in possession of physical science — Intolerance wholly unjustifiable in present state of scientific knowledge — Psychism the factor which alone will interpret the universe — Just as scientific as light, heat, electricity or gravitation — ^The problems become simpler as the base is broadened — ^The greatest men of science always opposed to materialism or empiricism — The advent of new sciences recently which make the solution clear ; disappearance of the dark days of psychology which prevailed thirty years ago

Flammarion — Nus — Kant — Sir W. Crookes — Lord Kelvin — Sir John Herschel — Lagrange — Romanes — Herbert Spencer — Paul Janet — Huxley — De Morgan

Chapter XXIV i8i

The new psychology — Catalogue of names of authorities in Great Britain, America, France, Italy, Germany, etc. — A victory and demonstration of the higher over the lower ; a vindication of both philosophy and science — God's fatherhood and man's brotherhood mutually dependent on each other — ^The Hfe-study of micro-organisms — Their psychology — Romanes* change of view with larger knowledge — His new treatise " A Candid Examination of ReUgion, ■* to oppose his earlier -- Candid Examination of Theism '-■ — His reasons for his former error — His new studies — His final conclusion in favour of Theism, God, Spirit, revelation and psychism — Materialists nearly all miserable, though often unconscious of the cause — -' Moral satisfactions '-'- insufi&cient — The converse among the spiritualists — Self-sacrifice — *' The least important thing does not happen except as God wills it -'

Long Hst at beginning of chapter ; also Romanes — Bmet — McCosh — Wordsworth — S. R. Crockett — Max Miiller— The Author

Chapter XXV 191

Sectarian theology in the light of universal religion — Results of '- begrudging God His own universe," and substituting - Natural Law,'- for God's ever-present voUtion and control — The fatal error of the belief that God worked once, long ago, to create, and will come again, some time in the indefinite future, to judge ; and meanwhile has left the universe to -- Nature,' ■ as a substitute — Sectarian creeds of this type have never xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter XXV — continued

been really believed by their sincere Christian followers, but have nevertheless stood as barriers against any defence on their part against materialism — Have indeed allied the churches with it — ^The origin of " gods ■' ; idols representative only — Absurdity of any other position — Inherent beHef in and knowledge of God among primitive peoples — Always a spirit — Psychology of the Eskimo, and of other ancient American peoples — The American race not derived, at least since the glacial period, from the Eastern continent

Jesus — Le Bon — Maya Codices — Dr Cyrus Thomas — Captain Dennett, R.N. — Parry — First Missionaries to the Eskimo — Newton — Lamarck — Sir John Herschel — Romanes — Brinton

Chapter XXVI 199

Spiritualism the substratum of reUgion, but not identical with it — They often overlap each other — Sources of both in the spiritual beyond — Continuance of Ufe after death the basis of both — Demonstrated by spiritualism applying scientific methods to the evidence — Mankind immutably allied with spirit universal and eternal — We are here in a state of probation and training for a spiritual individuaUty hereafter — ^The alternative of belief in a future existence

Christ — Stewart and Tait — Romanes — Sir John Herschel — Lamarck — Lord Kelvin

Chapter XXVII 205

Popular error regarding modern writers who have been assumed to teach empiricism — Locke, Hume, Comte, John Stuart Mill, Huxley, Tyndall, Herbert Spencer and Haeckel — Majority of these not men of science — Locke totally misunderstood ; he taught Christianity, God, spirits and revelation, and a future life — His attack was against the " innate principles " of Descartes, and for direct revelation — The ancient Chinese philosophy identical with Locke's view of our ■-faculties" — Hume's reduction to absurdity and nihilism was a joke on the defects of Locke and Berkeley — Hume believed in God — " There can be no belief that there can be no belief '■ — Comte abandoned his atheism in favour of what Huxley called the worship of a wilderness of apes — John Stuart Mill carried his system to an • - inexplicabihty '- of the whole, and surrendered it there

Locke — Descartes — Leibnitz — Haeckel — ^Wordsworth — Huxley — Hume — Berkeley — Churchill— Morell — Mackintosh — Frederic Harrison — Comte — St Simon — Mill -- Sir W. HamUton

TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

PAGE

Chapter XXVIII 212

Tyndall, Huxley, Spencer, Haeckel — Tyndall's concession, " The passage from the physics of the brain to the corresponding facts of consciousness is unthinkable " — Huxley's concession that any argument which leads to materialism " inevitably carries us beyond it " — Hammond on somnambulism — Herbert Spencer's final concession just before his death — " Consciousness is specialised and individualised " — Empiricism and transcendentalism — To handle these questions a writer must be fully equipped — Haeckel concedes that his " command of the various branches of science is uneven and defective " — This is demonstrated in his " Riddle of the Universe " — Examples cited — He deals principally with heredity and environment, neither of which he understands — His argument falls of itself

Tyndall — Huxley — Berkeley — Hammond — Herbert Spencer — Tennyson — Mrs Browning — Murdock — Haeckel — Charles Darwin

Chapter XXIX 226

Heredity — ^The psychology of Zoospores — ^Must have come with a leap — High-class mentality in progeny of lowest seaweeds — Endowments as contrasted with heredity — Haeckel's scheme of heredity erroneous, and now abandoned — There is no basis known, or which can be suspected, to account for heredity by physical means or processes — Heredity is psychical — With the development of man came a new endowment, and not a physical survival — Pangenesis insufficient, and has been abandoned — The development of latent powers psychically directed and controlled — The subconscious department of the mind — The whole of no man is incarnated in his terrestrial body — Telepathy from the infinite — The infinite energy of the universe — Protoplasm a machine, Uke a steam-engine, instead of a chemical product, like a jelly — Physical heredity discussed and disproven, so far as scientific knowledge can go — Examples — Haeckel relied upon Romanes — Romanes discredits Haeckel, and, on further knowledge and investigation, takes the opposite side — . He had hitherto been " too deeply immersed in merely

I physical research " — Romanes demonstrates, in his

j^ latest work, the entire invalidity of Haeckel's theories

I and conclusions — Metamorphosis of insects ; partheno-

I genesis ; birth-marks

Lord Kelvin — Shakespeare — Newton — Copernicus — Wordsworth — Haeckel — Weismann — Sandeman — Professor Shaler — Darwin — Sir John Herschel — Professor James — Myers — Sir Oliver Lodge — Professor Barrett — Nikola Tesla — Prof. William H. Thomson — Professor Conn — Bateson — Romanes — Orton — Oliver W. Holmes

b xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGB

Chapter XXX 231

Spiritualism pursues the methods of science — Sir W. Crookes' Presidential Address before the British Association — Professor De Morgan on supernormal phenomena — Modern spiritualism has never ceased to advance — Persecution has not affected the movement — Men of science have recently taken it up with triumphant results — The French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1831 — The Dialectical Committee of London in 1872 — The great Society for Psychical Research in 1882 — Brief description of the latter — The great change in the public and scientific attitude since 1872 — The investigations of Sir W. Crookes — Rejected with contempt in 1872 by the Royal Society, and twenty-five years later he was elected President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science — His remarkable address — " I have nothing to retract — I adhere to my already published statements — Indeed I might add much thereto "

Professor De Morgan — French Academy — Dr Carpenter — Dialectic Committee — A. R. Wallace — Society for Psychical Research — Sir W. Crookes — Quarterly Review — Dr Huggins — Sir Oliver Lodge

Chapter XXXI 240

The only scientific basis of evolution is volition — Spiritualism coincident with a universe controlled by a psychism — Theology threw away its charter when it took up Nature as a substitute for God, whereby •* God is still grudged His own universe " — But for this fatal error, there never could have been anything for religion and science to fight about — When divine volition, constantly operative, is granted, all difficulties disappear of themselves, and agnosticism becomes a mere superstition of credulity — The only tenable theory is that of Lamarck, that " there is an intelligent power which transcends nature, which was before nature, and is independent of nature, and controls nature to do its will — and this is what we call God "

Herbert Spencer — Romanes — Sir John Herschel — Lamarck — Longfellow — Olive Schreiner — Professor William James — Jalalu'd-Din (author's translation)

PART IV Chapter XXXII 245

Review of Parts I., II., and HI. — Religion uniformly found among all peoples — The cognition of the co-ordinated presence of the individual body, the individual spirit, the spirit of nature, and the spirit of