The races of the Old world: a manual of ethnology

Front matter

Book Xll

I

THE RACES -^f^

CHAPTER I. INTBODirOTOBT

Ethnology defined— Races as a po-wer in History — Language the basis of classification— Why better than physical divisions — Answer to Agasslz's objection — The evidence of common descent in roots and grammatical structure — Table of Numerals — Examples of roots ; of grammatical separation — The Basques ; the Lithuanians ; the Turks ; the Persians — An advantage that historical evidence is required — Some apparent exceptions to this classification— Explanations — Objection that Ethnology is an incomplete science; answer pp. 13—25.

PAET HRST.

PISST SISTOBICAL RACES.

CHAPTER IL

THE TTTKANIANS AND HAMITEB.

The great divisions : Aryan, Semitic, Turanian, Hamitic ; explanation of the names— Characteristics of the Turanian languages : agglutination ; integrity of roots; facility in producing new forms, &c. — The first supposed migrations of Turanians in Asia •, their remains in Europe — First historical appearance in Scythian Empire of Babylonia ; its date — China — Present extent of the Turanian family— Their ancient religion— Uncertainty of Turanian classification — Hamitic tribes ; relation to Semitic — Probable origin in Asia— Hamitic traces in Asia pp. 26—37.

CHAPTER IIL

THE CHEOKOLOGT OF EGYPT.

Necessity of the investigation — Doubts of the received Chronology ; reasons- Sources of evidence on Egyptian Chronology : (1) The ancient writings — (2) The monuments of contemporaneous events — (3) The records of Egyptian historians — Value of this evidence ; its weak points — The two schools on this Chronology— The dates under the difibrent systemB- The conclusion

Vm CX>NTENT8.

uncertain, but in favor of the presumption of great antiquity— Physical type of Egyptians ; three types — The Hamitic Chaldees — Supposed Hamitic invasions of Asia ; Hamitic Empire in Asia ; its date — Second Chaldeean Empire ; date —The language ; uncertainty— The Kabathseans— Characteristics of Hamitic civilization pp. 38—61.

CHAPTER IV.

THE SBUITES.

Their contributions to mankind- Characteristics of their langniages — First historical appearance — Early emigrations— The Semitic area— The three great branches : Aramaians, Arabians, and Hebrews — Their territories — Sinaitio inscriptions — African colonies — The Jews, Canaanites, Phoenicians, and the Hyksos — The Semitic physical tjrpe— Mental characteristics — The three great Religions, Semitic pp. 52 — 59.

CHAPTER V.

THE AEYANS.

Indo-European classification— The primitive condition of Aryans shown by language — Their historical centre — Persian traditions — Indian — Supposed early migrations — The Vedic hymns — Zend Avesta— Descendants of Indian Aryans — of Persic Aryans— Dates of early migration — Aryan contribntiona to History — Meeting of two branches in modern India pp. 60 — 65.

CHAPTER VI.

THE ETJLING BACKS- 1300— 500 B. O.

The Phcenicians- Their commerce and manufacture — The Arabian djTiasty of Babylonia — The Assyrian Empire — Its extent and culminating point — Its art, Hamitic— The fall of Nineveh — Second Empire of Babylon— Its end, the end of Semitic greatness— The Median and Lydian Kingdoms — Opening of a new Aryan period in the Persian Empire — Cyrus — The taking of Babylon and the extent of the Empire— Cambyses — Darius — The Minor tribes of j4«ia— The Turanians : Parthians, Moschi, Tibareni, and others — The Semites : Canaanites, Ishmaelites, Cyprians, Solymi, and others — The Aryans : Carians, Mysians, Hyrcanians, and others — The Cimmerians, Treves, and Scythians ; the race of the latter ; probable explanation— The Graeco- Italian race ; two streams ; the Pelasgians, origin and characteristics ; entiro uncertainty — Geographical considerations in regard to the earliest countries inhabited pp. 66 — 77.

PAET SECOND.

THE PSIMITIVE RACES OF EUROPE.

CHAPTER VII.

THE TCEANIANS.

Turanians— Archffiological evidences ; the probable migrations ; the physical type ; the legends— The Finnish hypothesis— The Basques— Territory and traits— The Finnish race— The « Ages" of antiquaries ; value as a classilication pp 78_gi.

CONTENTS. IX

CHAPTER VIII.

THE AEYAN EACE8 OF BXTKOPB.

2'Ae Kelts — First historical appearance — Their area and possible migrationB— Their appearance in Spain, France, and Italy ; exploits— Greece • Galatia— The"Cimbri— The ancient Gaels ; the Cymric Belgians— Keltic characteristics—Physical traits— Remains and arts— The Britons— Keltic Religions-, language — The Cymric and Gaelic branches — The Etruscans — probable migrations— Original abodes ; history ; race — The Japygians ; abodes and race — The Italicans ; the Latins and Umbrians — Aryan origin — Latin influences on the world pp. 85—94.

CHAPTER IX.

KABLT TBTJTONIO TKIBES.

Teutonic wanderings— Causes of migrations — Earliest probable date — Eirst historical appearance— Goths— East Goths— Gepidas— Vandals— Alemanns— Franks — Saxons — Burgundians — Longobards — Thuringians- Bavarians— Saxons— Teutons after the destruction of Roman Empire— European races in Charlemagne's era— Teutonic traits— Influence on the world — ^Language- Three divisions pp. 95—108.

CHAPTER X.

THE EAKLY SLAVONIANS.

Their tenacity— Antes and Sclavens— First historical accounts— West Slaves- Divisions of dialects — A peaceful race- -Holding no slaves— Traits — The Lithuanians — uEstui and Venedi — Resistance to Christianity — Three branches — Language pp. 109—116.

CHAPTER XL

TURANIAN EACE8 IN EITKOPE.

The Huns — Uncertain origin— Invasions — Attila — Khazars — Pechenegs— Komanes — Avars — Bulgarians — Magyars — Absorption of other tribes— Their vigor pp. 117 — 122.

PAET THIED.

LBADINO SAGES OF ASIA IN TBE MIDDLE AOES.

CHAPTER XII.

THE SEMITES.

Semitic uprising under Mohammed— Vast conquests — ^Arabian Empire— Art and science — Lack of tempered imagination — The Turanians — Tatar only applied to Mongolians — Origin of Turks in the Hiungnu — The Tukiu — Oighours — Osmanlis — Their conquests- Mongol Empire — Turkish language — The Mongols — Confusion of Tatar and Turkish— Mongolian tjrpe belonging to many peoples — Mongol Empire — Tamerlane — Poverty of language pp. 123—134.

X CONTENTS.

Part Fourth

ilODERN ETHNOLOGY OF ASIA.

CHAPTER XIII.

THB EACE8 OF INDIA.

Hill-tribes— Turanian type— Mode of life— Customs and institutions— Diflference from Brahmans— Evidences of Turanian origin— Vindhya and Dekkan tribes— Aryan boundaries— The Bhills— The Miua— Kolas— Munda-Paharia — Khonds— Tamulian type— The Gonds— Tuluva— Malabars- Tamuls— Telinga — Todar — Tamul— Language— BhotIta races — Differ from Tamulic races— Physique— Other related tribes— Swamp Tribes— Tibetic language — Miris, Karens, and others— Tai tribes— Physique — Aryan type — Black Aryans— Five Divisions — The Eastern, the Middle Hindus, the Southern, 'Western, and Orissa- Color not decisive of origin— Effects of climate pp. 135 — 153.

CHAPTER XIV.

EA0E8 OF CHINA AND COCHIN CHINA.

Uncertain connection of Chinese with other races— Physique— Language — No grammar — Defects in the language — The Mandchus — Aboriginal tribes — Anamese — Japan— The Ainos — Probably Tungusian — Japanese physique — Turanian peculiarities of language — Prof. Pott's objections. ..pp. 154 — 163.

CHAPTER XV.

THE TIBETANS, TUNGUSIANS, MONGOLS, AND SAM0IED8.

The Tibetans— Polyandry— Language— Tungusiaus — Area— Mandchus— Physique—Different tribes— Tungus of the Amour — The Mongols — Territory — Physique of Kalkas— Mongol-tribes— Buriats, Songarians, Kalmucks, and others— Hue's description— Growth of Mongol language — The Samoieds — Mode of life — Divisions of tribes — Physique — Relation to the Einns-.pp. 164—174.

CHAPTER XVI.

TTJEKIBH EACE8.

Yakuts — Turks of Siberia — Kazan Turks— Kirgis— Turkomans— TJsbecks—Nogais — Turkic tribes— Osmanlis — Turkish dialects — Change of physique probably due to intermarriage pp. 175—181.

CHAPTER XVIL

EACE8 OF PEK6IA, AFGHANISTAN, AND BILT7CHISTAN.

Two divisions of Persian tribes— Tdjiks— Persian type— Language— Iliydha — Not always a name of race — Gipsies— The Br.ihui— The Afghans — Language—Physique— Tribes— Conquest of India— KnRDS-Territory-Featurea —Language Iranian— Tezidis— Dr. Grant's theory— Resemblances to ancient Assyrians— Probably Persian— Divisions of tribes— Gradual extinction— Nks- TORiANS— Semitic— Probably Aramsean- Nestorian territory— Dr. Grant's theory pp. 182— 194.

CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER XVIII.

Mixtures of languages in the Caucasus— Ossetians— Aryan in race — Turanian tribes— Beauty of Georgians and Circassians — Caucasian Races- Lesghlans — TBetsh-CircasBians—Abassians— Doubtful race— Population of Caucasian tribes— Political relations— ReUgions-Costximes- Armenians — Dispersion — Boundaries of Armenia— Of Aryan race— The physique pp. 195—205.

PAET FIPTH.

OCEANIC ETBNOGRAPBT.

CHAPTER XIX.

EAOES or OOEANIOA.

Uncertainty of race— Two theories— General divisions-Malaisia— Melanesia, Australia — Micronesia— Polynesia— Determining causes of race— Principal migration eastward- Links between Tai and Malay languages— Malays — Area — Physique— Polynesians — History obtained from language — Crawfurd's theory— MiCKONESiANS— Physique, art, remarkable ruins — Mela- NESiANS — Andaman blacks — Condition and physique- Negritos — One race of oriental negroes — Character of black tribes — Probable connection with Asia — Papuas — Feejees a mixture of Papuans and Polynesians — Physique — Gabelentz's views — Melanesians of one race— Australians — Different accounts of physique — Capacities — Favorable accounts— Tendency to new dialects— Effects of climate— Asiatic origin pp. 206—224.

PAET SIXTH.

ETHNOLOGY OF AFRICA.

CHAPTER XX.

THE SEMITIC TEIBES.

The tenacity and antiquity of the Berbers— Libyans— Zouaves— TawSrek—Kabyls— Supposed descent from Vandals— Varying physique— Black Tawdrek — Intermarriage with blacks — Kanuri — Language — The Tibboo — The Haus- SA— Semitic negroes— The Semites of Eastern Africa— Semitic JEthiopians — The Gheez — Color of Abyssinians varying with altitude — Geography — Physique of Amharas — Color dependent on diet — Darkening of skin — Characteristics of Abyssinians— Ealashas not Hebrew — Somauli — Steatopyge — Semitic origin— Pagan tribes— Arabs— Three divisions— Arabian mixtures—Moors—Arabs in Egypt— No permanent settlements— Change of physique— Population of Berbers and Arabs— The Jews— Black Jews— Two Jewish types— Eound in all climates— The Moors— Semitic origin— Mixed blood pp. 225—245.

Xil CONTENTS.

CHAPTEK XXI.

IIAMITIO TRIBES OF AFRICA.

Definition of Hamitic— Probable future identifying with Semitic— The Kopts — Roeemblancea in features to old Egyptians— Creed— The Fellahs— Physical traits— Only race adapted to climate— Antiquity of— Process of acclimation by natural selection— Return to original type— Eastern Nubians— Probably Hamitic— Very ancient— Gallas— Different tribes — The heathen tribes — People of Sbnnaar- Probably Hamitic— Black races of uncertain origin — Berbbeins— Physical type— Character— Ancient Christian nations now become Pagan or Mohammedan — Causes — Origin of Berberins doubtful —People of Whitq Nile — Proportion of different races in Egypt. pp. 246—257.

CHAPTER XXII.

Geographical divisions—" Pure Negro type " — Senegambia—Fellatah— Brown — Contrast with other Africans — Their empire— Benefits of Mohammedanism—Tor6de — Origin of Fellatah — Never engaged in slave-trade — Language — Mandinooes — African belief of a Deity — Civilization of Mandingoes — The Bambarras — Jolofs — Color affected by climate — Northern Guinea — Tribes of— Low type— Veys — Invention of an alphabet— Krus-Progress of^ Fanti or Ashanti races- Progress— Otshi language — Avekwoms — Yebus — Ibos — Dahomey — Abeokuta — Jewish customs — Singular African custom pp. 25S— 273.

CHAPTER XXIII.

BA0E8 OP S O IT T n E B N AFBIOA.

Great South African race— Alliterative languages— Physical type not characteristic of race— Kaffir Family— Southern Guinea- Traits of people— Mpongwes— Pangwes- Congos formerly Christian— Physique of inland tribes Bonda— Nations— Congo— Languages— Black Jews pp. 274—282.

CHAPTER XXIV.

DAMAKAS AND OVAMPOS.

Religion— Condition of Ovampos— Remarkable custom— Bechuanas— Geographical position— Character— Livingstone's classification— Grant on the Bech- Uana language — Kaffirs — Amazulus — Fingoes — Language — Dialects — Remarkable migrations in Africa — Recently Explored Districts — The Balonda— Various tribes— Three classes on eastern coast-The Wanika— Spiritual condition-Grant on the other tribes of the coast- Sawdhili— Wakamba— Spiritual ideas— Other tribes pp. 283—299.

CHAPTER XXV.

HOTTENTOTS.

Most ancient people-Evidence of-Power of race-" Bastards "—Their migrations-Bushmen-A nation of Hottentot race-Artistic talent-Egyptian origin of Hottentots probable-Physique-Causes of degradation-" Clicks" -Namaqua-Language— High position of Hottentots-Five physical divi-

CONTENTS. XUl

sions— Negro-type exceptional— Minglings of types— No fixed line between brown and black — No evidence in language of radical difference in negro from white — Semitic negro — Hamitio negro— Progress of black races — Causes of degradation — Not lower than Aryan races formerly — Future development of Africa pp. 300—313.

PAET SEVENTH.

ETBNOLOGT OF HODMSN EUROPE.

CHAPTER XXVI.

TTTEANIAN9.

Finnic Races— Effect of circumstances on physique— Contrast between Einns and Magyars— Tchudic tribes — Russian Einns— Quaens — Traits— Language — Agglutination — Lapps — European nomads — Territory — Esthonians — Livonians — Bulgaric branch — Permic branch and Ugric — Magyars, their achievements— Kossuth — A table of Numerals — Hungarian language much developed — TuKKS — European Turk— Physique— Changed type of Osmanli— Selection of best type — Mixture of Turks with Negroes, prolific — Governing power of Turks— Basques — Antiquity of— Language probably Finnic — Description of— Provinces— Singular traits— Iberian love of mining— Resemblances to Finns pp. 314— 333.

CHAPTER XXVIL

ARYANS OP ETTBOPE.

Slavonians — Pan-Slavonism — Russian influence on Europe — Tenacity — Language— Southeastern division and Western — Great Russians — Number — No dialect — Little Russians — White Russians — Cossacks — Bulgarians— Illyrian branch — Servians— Slovens— Krgats — Western Slavonians — Poles — Bohemians— Tchechs — Wends— Pkysical traits — Tables of Slavonic races ac. cording to religion and states pp. 334—345.

CHAPTER XXVIIL

THE ALBANIANS.

Probably descendants of ancient Illyrians — Leake's account of the Albanian — Slavonian mixture — Character — Physique— Greeks — Degeneracy — Change of climate— The modern Greek — Albanian settlers — Physique — Ancient types — Phanariotes — Pallicares — Slavonic influences — Maniotes — Geography pp. 346—357.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE ROMANIC OK LATIN KACE8.

The Wallaohs : Direct descendants of the ancient Romans — Divisions — Daco- Romanic — Macedo-Romanio — Wallachian language — Italians — Teutonic mixture— Genoese — Venetians — Etruscan traits — Greek blood in Naples — Sicily — Sardinia — Corsica — Mingling of races — Gajani's theory — Objections to it — Spaniards — Latin elements — Formation of modern languages from

XIV CONTENTS.

Latin— Moorish mixtures— Spanieh traits traced to race— Dialects— Modern evidences of race — French — Keltic the principal race — Evidences of race — French race— New dialects- Different physical types— French physique — Race in the provinces pp. 358—376.

CHAPTEK XXX.

THE KELTS.

Two branches of Kelts— Keltic mixtures with Teutonic— The Tkutonio Family -Scandinavian Branch— Germans— High and Low German— Great names —Early German area — Bohemians — Saxons — Thuringians — Hessians — Austrians— Slavonians in Germany— AJemanns—Burgundians— Physique— Dutch, Teutonic and Keltic— Three dialects— The English Kace— Great mixtures of blood— Ethnological history— Keltic elements— Geographical names in Keltic— Teutonic names of places- Scandinavian names— Evidence from dialects— South-Saxon and Anglian words— Historical names — Norse words— Norse resemblances— Norse customs- Scandinavian phrases— Norse slang words— Norse words in Scotland— Physical race-marks— Slight Roman influence pp. 377— 40O.

CHAPTEK XXXI.

WANDERING RACES.

The Gypsies— Hindu in race— Low morality— Tenacity of race— Physique- Language pp. 401—404.

PAET EIGHTH.

GENERAL QUESTIONS IN ETHNOLOGY.

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE ANTIQUITY OP MAN.

Uncertain evidence as to Time in all historical records— Hebrew and Inspired — Egyptian— Assyrian— Chinese— Hindu— Earliest indications In Europe— Peat-deposits in Denmark— AniSqwij at least of 4,000 years— Changes in physical geography of 'BaWic— Kitchen-leavings— ArticXea found in them — Probable age — Lake-dwellings of Switzerland — Picture — Population — Remains- Stone Age — Troyon's method of determining their age — Age of pile-village at Pont de Thi61e — Evidence from fauna and flora— Few human bones— Probably near 4,000 years old— Previous improbability of the fossil man — Negative evidence open to doubts — Description of Drift-Period- Man probably escaping— Boucher de Perthes' discoveries — Drift near Abbeville — Long period necessary for the physical changes — Lyell's views— Evidence from the peat — Flint implements — Lyell's hypothesis — Objections to their antiquity— Answer— Absence of human bones— Causes — Scarcity of animal bones— Lake of Haarlem — Want of human bones in Pile-villages — Lartet's discovery in Pyrenees — Human bones — Animal remains — Conclusions on palaeontology and chronology — Lyell's description — Flint implements at St. Acheul— In Suffolk— The cave evidence— Bones of men and extinct quad-

COKTEjSTTS, XV

rupeds at Arcy sur Yonne — Long Hole — LiSge Cavern— Neanderthal skull — Brixham Cave— General conclusion in favor of the existence of the Fossil Man pp. 405—440.

CHAPTEK XXXIII.

■p N I T Y OK DITBRSITT OF OEIGIN.

Irrelevant topics in the discussion— Language not proving unity though pointing toward it— Gaps between languages— Gradual process of change in language going on now — Borrowing of words — Links of connection — Traces of agglutination in Chinese— Growth in Mongol — Change in Turkish from agglutination toward Inflectional — Also in language of Samoieds — Roots of Semitic and Aryan probably of one origin— Miiller's statement— Principles of inheritance and variation — Two forces acting on each life-germ — Natural selection — Phenomenon of sporting — Formation of a new variety — Statement of the physiological argument in favor of unity — A priori probability of human variation — Animals vary as much as men — Variations in swine transported to South America and forming of new breeds — In hogs — In sheep — goats — cattle — Change from wild to tame breeds — Variation from food in cats and dogs according to St. HUaire — In greyhounds in Mexico— In fowls in South America — In tame geese and ducks — Origin of all these known — Gradations in human varieties — Variation in color— No difference in structure of skin of the negro and the white — Bachman's explanation of color — Draper's — Change of color in Abyssinia — in Western Africa and other places — Variation in hair— Negro's hair not wool — Variation in size and structure —In skulls — Tiedemann's views of the negro skull — Other negro features not peculiar — Flexible toes — Human and animal variations compared — Steatopyge — Variations in Indo-Europeans — In the same race — Instances — Afghans— Guebres— Magyars and Finns — No race-mark in the skull — Dr. Meig's conclusion — Prof. Huxley's comparison — Physical degeneration — Mayhew's remark — Dr. Tvans' description of Portuguese degeneracy — Degeneracy of Europeans — Of Arabians — Of Irish — Change of type — Differences in the same race — Not to be accounted for by Diversity of Origin — Acclimation — Acclimation dependent on moral causes — Endurance of Teutonic race — Vigor of American physique — Hybridity — Question of sterility of mulattoes — Statistics of mulattoes in Cuba — Mulattoes in Mexico — In Brazil— Crosses of various races — Vocabulary of mixtures in Mexico— Probability of mulattoes being weaker — Explanation of weak races dying out — No mystery — Causes of extinction — Two races in contact — Vigor of mixed races — Objection to unity from Egyptian monuments— More time needed — Formation of a black race by natural selection — Correlating features— Climate not sole cause of variation — Exceptions to climatic influence — Formation of permanent types — Ke-statement of argument for unity — Dr. Smyth's statement— Descent from one pair more philosophical— Unity a cause of defects of classification — Language best test of race — Apparent exceptions — Pott's objections — Conclusion — Races not permanent .—Moral destiny of man — A perfect race possible — Inheritance of goodness pp. 441— 513.

Notes p. 514.

List op Aitthorities p. 523.

Index p. 633.

THE

EACES OF THE OLD WORLD;

A MANUAL OF ETENOLOGT.

CHAPTEE I.

INTEODUCTORT.

Ethnology, according to its literal derivation, means the Science of IsTations ; but in tlie more comprehensive modem classification, nations have been divided according to descent or race, and Definition of the word has come to mean the Science of '^^^^^^°^- Maces. Perhaps for a treatise like the present, if the word were not strange to common usage, Ethnography, or a Description of Eaces, wonid be a more appropriate title. The term " Eace " has been chosen by writers on this subject, because it leaves unsettled the great question at the basis of the Science — ^the Unity or Diversity of Origin of Mankind ; the word designating, groups of individuals who are united by the bond of Conmmnity of Descent, but not determining whetlier the races themselves are Varieties, that is, branches from one stock, or Species, which are distinct in origin.

The mysterious and far-reaching property of blood — of Race, is becoming more and more recognized in modern Science. That power, whereby the most dis-

Eace. tant ancestor shall influence his remotest descendant, and — still more wonderful — that accumulated effect of a line of ancestors on the final progeny, so that a clear stream of inherited physical and mental peculiarities can flow unmingled through human history in every variety of external circumstances and internal influences — is something not to be lightly weighed in the philosophy of man or in the history of his actions.

"Whether races have always been distinct from one another, or whether they are to remain distinct and permanent, is not here in question. In the existence of mankind, so far as it is known to us, Human Races evidently play separate and powerful parts, disentangling for us something of the confusion of historic annals, and (each contributing its share toward the progress and the final perfection of humanity. ; In contemplating them, the mind rises above the arbitrary divisions of name and locality and forms of government to the truer classification of common descent and mutual brotherhood ; and each group becomes in this mTKODUCTOKY. 15

aspect, like each, individual, an expression of tlie wonderful variety in the Divine works, and a separate manifestation of moral powers or qualities, and of the ever-acting Spirit of God.

"We do not propose, however, in this treatise so much to examine the philosophy of Race — its influence upon the world and human development — as to describe briefly the prominent races classifled in some cases on a new basis. Modern scholarship has been gradually approaching the conclusion that among all the tests of community of descent in a ^^^^ ^^ given group of human beings, the best is ''i^^'^*'^****"- the evidence of Xcmguage, connecting with it also the testimony of history.

Physical resemblances or diversities are not found to present so ultimate a ground of classification as those of the human speech. The "Word is the highest outward expression for the soul ; and the properties of the immaterial part of man — ^his unconscious instincts, his hopes, his passions, his imaginings, his tendency of thought, his general habit of nature, appearing in language and its forms — are transmitted more entirely from generation to generation, and are Language the

® ° ' ^ best mark of

less liable to be changed by external in- '^^<=^- fluences than any features of the face or the body. It is well known that time and external circumstances and the mingling with other stocks, can change to a considerable degree (how far, is not here in consideration) the color, the hair, the shape of the skull, and the size of the body. Yet, after many generations, when the physicist could scarcely, by external signs, recognize the bonds of common blood binding different peoples together, the student of language discerns the clearest and most irrefutable proofs of their common descent. "What scholar doubts now the brotherhood of descent, at a remote period, between the Hindoo and the Englishman ? and yet how few physical ethnologists could discover it by any bodily features ! It is as if the more intangible properties of man's nature were those most acted on by the principle of inheritance, and the last to be changed or destroyed by external physical influences.

A distinguished naturalist, Professor Agassiz, has A assiz's *^^® remarked on the evidence from lanobjections. guago, ui a preface to the work of Messrs. Gliddon and Nott, upon " Indigenous Races : "

"Let any one follow upon a map exhibiting the geographical distribution of the bears, the cats, the hollow-horned ruminants, the gallinaceous birds, the ducks, or of any other families, and he may trace, as satisfactorily as any philological evidence can prove it for the human language, and upon a much larger scale, that the brumming of the bears of Kamtchatka is akin to that of the bears of Thibet, of the East Indies, of the Sunda Islands, of Kepaul, of Syria, of Europe, of Siberia, of the United States, of the mTEODtrCTORY. 17

Bocky Mountains, and of tlie Andes, thougli all tliese bears are considered as distinct species, wlio have not any more inherited their voice one from the other than the different races of men. The same may be said of the roaring and miawing of the cats of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America ; or of the lowing of the bulls, the species of which are so widely distributed nearly over the whole globe. The same is true of the gackeling of the gallinaceous birds, and of the quacking of the ducks, as well as of the song of the thrushes, all of which pour forth their gay and harmonious notes in a distinct and independent dialect, neither derived nor inherited one from the other, even though all sing thrushish. Let any philologist study these facts, and learn at the same time how independent the animals are one from the other, which utter such closely allied systems of intonations, and, if he be not altogether blind to the significance of analogies in nature, he must begin himself to question the reliability of philological evidence as proving genetic derivation." (p. 15.)

These criticisms — and we quote them as best embodying the popular objections to this source of evidence— show such an extraordinary want of appreciation of the very nature of the evidence on this subject, that we could hardly reply to them seriously but for their source. If the students of language derived their conclusions of the common bonds of different forms of speech from the similar articulate Answer. soTinds uttcrcd hj different nations, if they classed together all those, for instance, who gave a like soimd to their vowels or their consonants, there might be some force in these objections ; but so far is this from being the case, that even the like words in different tongues, caught from the sounds of nature, or which are the natural and almost necessary expressions of human feeling, are not considered at all in the evidence of a common descent. It is first the Primitive Words and Roots of a language ; and secondly, and of more importance, the Grammatical Sources of Structure, which are the especial proofs Evidence. ^^ ^^^ relation of two tongues. Take the numerals, for instance. How immense the chances are — ^millions to one — with a score of different tribes, such as the Indo-European, that they would not accidentally hit upon even one numeral which should be alike in all their different tongues ; but if it was discovered that most of their numerals were alike, and if it were remembered that, of all words, numerals are the least likely to be lost by an ignorant people, or borrowed by a cultivated one, how great the probability would be of a common origin to these various peoples !

"We append as an illustration the following tables of numerals, taken from Max Miiller's excellent work, " Languages at the Seat of "War : "

INTKODUCTOKY.

NUMERALS.

LATIN.

SPANISH.

POETTJGTTESE.

ITALIAN.

WALLACHIAW.

FBENOH.

1 Unu3

uno

hum

uno

unu

un

2 Duo dois

due

doi

deux

3 Trea

tres

tres

tre

trei

troia

4 Quatuor

quatro

quatro

quattro

patru

quatre

5 Quinque

cinco

cinco

cinque

quinqu6

cinq

6 Sex

seia

seis

sei

sese

i

six

Y Septem

siete

sete

sette

septe

sept

8 Octo

ocho

oito

otto

optu

huit

9 Novem

nueve

nove

nove

> noTe

neuf

10 Decern

diez

dez

dieci

dece

dix

LATIN.

SANSKRIT.

PERSIAN.

OLD SLATONIO

ANGLO-SAXON

WELSH.

1 IJnus

eka

yek

yedino

an

un

2 Duo

dyau

du

dova

tva

dau

3 Tres

tri

sih

tri

>ri

tri

4 Quatuor

Aratvar

Arehar

Aetoiriye

feover

pedwar

6 Quinque

panian

pen^r

pamte

fif

pump

6 Sex

shash

ses

seste

six

chwech

1 Septem

saptan

heft

sedme

seofon

saitb

8 Octo

ashman

hest

osm§

eahta

wyth

9 IToTem

navan

nuh

devamtS

nigon

naw

10 Decern

dasan

deh

desamte

tyn

deg

But when, still farther, we find such primitive words as Father^ Fadar (Germ.), Pater (Lat.), Pita/r (Sansk.); or Widow^ Viduvo (Germ.), Vidua (Lat.), Yidha/vd (Sansk.), as well as many others, so similar ; or when we see the names of animals, such as Sow, 8u (Germ.), Sua (Lat.), Su-Tcaras (Sansk.), or Mouse, Mas (Germ.), Mus (Lat.), Mush (Sansk.), Common indo- with innumerable similar, so nearly alike,

European

words. the probability of a common source to

these tribes is still farther strengthened. This evidence is stiU more increased by the similarity of roots, underlying many words, apparently different; and it may be raised as nearly to complete demonstration as the case will admit, by the more refined resemblances in grammatical structure.

I do not propose at this point to give illustrations of the latter, or full examples of the former, as my object is merely to show the nature of the evidence on which classification of races is based in this treatise.

Grammar is no doubt the most subtile and enduring token of race. We cannot, at this point, of Grammar as a coursc, prcscut full illustratious of this ;

token of Kace. . ,-i • , n i i» i

yet the existence, tor example, oi such a people as the Basques, in Spain, preserving themselves separate in habits, institutions, and costume, for so many centuries, on a soil where innumerable tribes of Kelts and Eomans and Teutons have become mingled in almost inextricable confusion, and marking their ex-