Front matter
THE
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
DENTAL SURGERY.
Preface
TO THE SEVENTH EDITION.
In revising his Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery for a Seventh Edition, the author trusts that no abatement of effort will be discovered on his part to render it every way worthy of a continuance of the approbation it has hitherto received. Nearly every page has been carefully revised, and additions have been introduced throughout the entire work. Three new chapters and a number of new illustrations have also been added. In short, he believes that no valuable improvement or discovery, coming within the scope of this work, has been omitted in the present edition.
Chapin a. Harris.
No. 51 North Charles Street,
Baltimore, September, 1858.
PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.
In submitting to the profession a Second Edition of his Dental Practice, the author is happy to avail himself of the opportunity to express his grateful appreciation of the approbation which the First has received. He trusts that the additions which he has made to the primary work will make the one now presented still more acceptable. The alteration in the plan, which has resulted from the effort at improvement, has, however, rendered a slight change of title necessary, in order to express the character of the present book.
In the First Edition, the Anatomy of the Mouth was omitted, because a thorough knowledge of it can be obtained from works on General Anatomy. But it has been suggested that such works may not be at hand when wanted by the dental student, and the author has thought it better to furnish a description of the several structures which enter into the formation of this cavity. He has, however, confined himself to brief expositions of the parts ; not wishing to incumber the work, or distract the student with the consideration of matters for-
Preface To The Second Edition. IX
eign to the purpose for which it was written, and for which, he trusts, it will be read. He is indebted to Bourgery's Anatomy, Quain and Wilson's Anatomical Plates, Wilson's Anatomy, and Smith and Horner's Anatomical Atlas, for a number of the illustrations used in this part of the work.
The Second and Fifth Parts embody the substance of two papers by the author, which were written subsequently to the publication of the first edition. The subjects of them came properly within the plan of the present work.
The object of the author in the preparation of this edition has been to provide a thorough elementary treatise on Dental Medicine and Surgery, which might be a text-book for the student and a guide to the more inexperienced practitioner ; and he hopes that the modifications he has introduced, and the additions he has made, will entitle it to be so considered, at least, until an abler hand shall prepare a better.
Contents
PAET FIEST.
PAOE
Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth, 27
CHAPTER SECOND. Passive Organs of Mastication, 31
The Superior Maxillary Bones, 31
Inferior Maxillary Bone, ........ 35
The Palate Bones, 38
The Teeth, 39
The Temporary Teeth, 40
The Permanent Teeth, 41
The Pulp, 41
The Dentine, 45
The Enamel, 51
The Cementum, 54 xii CONTENTS.
PAGE
Description of Teeth belonging to each Class, . . , .56
The Cuspidati, or Cuspids, 57
The Bicuspids, 58
The Molars, 60
Articulation of the Teeth, . • 61
Differences between the Temporary and Permanent Teeth, . . 62
Kelations of the Teeth of the Upper to those of the Lower Jaw, . 62
Active Organs of Mastication, ...... 64
The Temporal Muscle, 64
The Masseter Muscle, 65
Pterygoideus Externus, ....... 65
Pterygoideus Internus, ....... 66
CHAPTER THIRD. Organs of Insalivation, 67
The Parotid Gland, 67
The Submaxillary Glands, 68
The Sublingual Glands, 69
The Mucous Glands, 69
CHAPTER FOURTH. Orgaks of Deglutition, .70
The Pharynx, 70
Muscles of the Pharynx, ....... 71
The Soft Palate, 72
Muscles of the Soft Palate, 73
The Tongue, 74
Papillse of the Tongue, 75
Muscles of the Tongue, 76
The Mucous Membrane Lining the Mouth, . . . .77
The Gums 79
The Alveolo-dental Periosteum, 79
Chapter Fifth
Arteries Supplying the Organs of Prehension, Arteries Supplying the Organs of Mastication, Arteries Supplying the Organs of Insalivation, Arteries Supplying the Organs of Deglutition, Synopsis of the Branches of the External Carotid Artery, The Veins,
82 83 84 84 86 86
CHAPTER SIXTH. The Nerves of the Mouth, .87
Trigemini, or Fifth Pair of Cranial Nerves, . . . • . .87 Ophthalmic Branch, 88
CONTENTS. Xlll
PAQE
The Superior Maxillary Branch, ....... 89
Inferior Maxillary Branch, ........ 91
The Facial Nerve, or Portio Dura of the Eighth Pair, . . .93
Anatomical Eelations of the Mouth, 95
Physiological Eelations, 96
CHAPTEK SEVENTH.
Formation of the Enamel, ........ 113
Formation of the Cementum, or Crusta Petrosa, .... 116
CHAPTER TWELFTH. Irregularity of the Teeth, 144
Application of Vulcanite, 160
chapteA thirteenth.
Excessive Development of the Lower Teeth and Alveoli, 163 Treatment 163
CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.
Protrusion of the Lower Jaw, 166
CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.
Peculiarities in the Formation and Growth of the Teeth, 168
CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.
Osseous Union of the Teeth, 172 xiv CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTEK SEVENTEENTH.
SUPEBNUMEBABT TeETH, 174
CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH.
Third Dentition, 176
PAET SECOND.
Physical Characteristics of the Teeth, Gums, Lips, and Tongue; of Salivary Calculus and the Fluids of the Mouth, 183
CHAPTER SEVENTH. Physical Characteristics of the Tongue, 226
PAET THIED.
Diseases of the Teeth— Dislocation of the Lower Jaw, . 231 Diseases of the Teeth, 238
CONTENTS. XV CHAPTER FIRST.
PAGE
Caries of the Teeth, 234
Differences in the Liability of Different Teeth to Decay, . . 237
Prevention of Caries, 251
Treatment of Caries, 252
CHAPTER THIRD. Filling Teeth, 264
Gold Foil, 266
Sponge or Crystalline Gold, 268
Silver, Platina, and Aluminium, 269
Tin Foil, 269
Lead, 269
D'Arcet's and Dr. Wood's Fusible Alloys, .... 270
Gum Mastic, 271
Gutta Percha, 271
Instruments for Introducing Gold Foil, 281
Manner of Introducing, Consolidating and Finishing the Filling, 283
CHAPTER FOURTH Filling Individual Cavities in Teeth, Filling the Superior Incisors and Cuspids, Filling the Superior Molars and Bicuspids, Filling the Inferior Incisors and Cuspids, Filling the Inferior Molars and Bicuspids,
287 287 296 302 304
CHAPTER TENTH. Extraction of Teeth, 355
Indications for the Extraction of Teeth, 357
Instruments Employed in the Operation, ...... 359
Manner of Using the Key Instrument, 361
Porceps, 368
Manner of Using the Forceps, 370
Extraction of the Temporary Teeth, 378
Hemorrhage after Extraction, 378
CHAPTER TWELFTH. Atropht of the Teeth 387
CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.
Necrosis of the Teeth, 396
CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.
Exostosis of the Roots of the Teeth, 398
CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.
Spina Ventosa of the Teeth, 402
CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.
Denuding of the Teeth, 404
Treatment, 407 I
. CONTENTS. XVll CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH.
PAGE
Spontaneous Abrasion of the Cutting Edges of the Front
Teeth, 40a
CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH.
Mechanical Abrasion of the Teeth, 411
CHAPTER NINETEENTH.
Fractures and other Injuries to the Teeth from Mechanical Violence, 413
CHAPTER TWENTIETH.
Diseases of the Dental Pulp and Periosteum, . . . 417
Spontaneous Disorganization, ....... 433
Inflammation of the Dental Periosteum, ..... 437
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIRST. Salivary Calculus — Diseases of the Gums and Alveolar
Processes, 443
CHAPTER FIRST. Salivary Calculus, 445
Chemical Constituents of Salivary Calculus, .... 446
Origin and Deposition of Salivary Calculus, .... 447
Its Effects upon the Teeth, Gums, and Alveolar Processes, . . 451
Manner of Removing Salivary Calculus, 453
CHAPTER SECOND. Diseases of the Gums, 455
Acute Inflammation of the Gums, ...... 457
Chronic Inflammation and Tumefaction of the Gums, . . . 457
Mouth-washes, 464 xviii CONTENTS. ,
PAOE
Morbid Growth of the Gums, 466
Mercurial Inflammation of the Gums, 469
Ulceration of the Gums of Children, with Exfoliation of the
Alveoli, 471
Adhesion of the Gums to the Cheeks, 474
Chapter Sixth
Caries, Necrosis, and Softening of the Walls of the Maxillary Sinus, ^^^
Symptoms, 5ol
XX CONTENTS.
CHAPTEE SEVENTH.
FAG£
Tumors of the Membrane and Periosteum of the Maxillary
Sinus, 557
CHAPTEE EIGHTH.
Exostosis of the Osseous Parietes of the Maxillary Sinus, 574
Case 21st, 579
CHAPTEE NINTH.
Wounds of the Osseous Parietes of the 3Iaxillary Sinus, . 583
Treatment, . i 584
CHAPTEE TENTH.
Foreign Bodies in the Maxillary Sinus, 587
PAET SIXTH.
CHAPTEE EIEST.
Artificial Teeth, 592
CHAPTEE SECOND.
Substances Employed as Dental Substitutes, . . . .696
Human Teeth, 596
Teeth of Cattle, 597
Ivory of the Elephant and Hippopotamus, 598
Porcelain, or Incorruptible Teeth, 599
CONTENTS. XXI
CHAPTEE THIKD.
PAGE
Different Methods of Inserting Artificial Teeth, . . 601 Artificial Teeth Placed on Natural Boots, . . . . .601
Artificial Teeth Secured by Clasps, 603
Artificial Teeth with Spiral Springs, 604
Teeth Ketained by Atmospheric Pressure, 605
CHAPTEE FOUETH.
Preparatory Treatment of the Mouth, 609
CHAPTEE FIFTH.
Preparation for, and Manner of Inserting Pivot Teeth, . 612
CHAPTEE SIXTH.
Manner of Eefining, Alloying, and Estimating the Fineness
OF Gold, ■ 624
Manner of Eefining Gold, 626
Alloying Gold, 632
Eules and Tables for the Valuation of Gold, 635
CHAPTEE SEVENTH.
Manner of Making Gold into Plate Springs and Solder, . 637
Gold Solder, 641
CHAPTEE EIGHTH.
Cups and Materials for Impressions of the Mouth — Plaster
Models, 643
Impressions in Wax and Gutta-Percha, 645
Plaster Impressions, . . . . * 648
CHAPTEE NINTH.
Metallic Dies and Counter-dies, — Swaging Plates, . . 656
CHAPTEE TENTH.
Principles and Appliances of Soldering, 670
Soldering Lamps, .......... 671
Mouth Blowpipes, .......... 672
Self-acting Blowpipes, ......... 673
Bellows Blowpipes, ......... 674
Hydrostatic Blowpipes, 678
Gas Blowpipes, 679
Soldering Pan, 680
XXll
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER ELEVENTH. Antagonizing or Articulating Models
PAGE
CHAPTER TWELFTH. Adjustment of Porcelain Teeth to the Plate — Finishing
Process, C87
CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.
Artificial Teeth retained by Spiral Springs, Artificial Gum-Teeth, Single or in Sections, .
699 702
CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.
Artificial Teeth retained by Clasps,
Position and Shape of Teeth most suitable for Clasps,
Prevention of injury resulting from use of Clasps,
Central Incisor with one Clasp,
Central Incisor with two Clasps, .
Two Central Incisors with Clasps,
Incisors and Cuspids with Clasps, .
Bicuspids with one Clasp,
Bicuspids and First Molars, with Clas])S,
Incisors, Cuspids, and Bicuspids with Clasps,
Clasp-plate where only one Molar remains, .
Lateral Incisors, and Left Bicuspids with Clasps,
CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.
Artificial Teeth retained by Atmospheric Pressure, . . 717
CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.
Porcelain Block Teeth, 730
Silicious and Aluminous Materials, 730
Composition and Preparation of Body, 736
Composition and Preparation of Tooth Enamel, .... 737
Composition and Preparation of Gum Enamel, .... 739
Antagonizing Model for an Upper Set of Block Teeth, . . 741
Matrix for Moulding the Body, Preparatory to Carving the Teeth, 742
Moulding and Carving, 744
Crucing, or Biscuiting, 746
Enamelling, 747
Fitting and Attaching the Blocks to the Plate, . . . .749
CONTENTS. XXlll
CHAPTEE SEVENTEENTH.
PAGE
Teeth set upon Platina, avith a Coisttinuous Artificial Gum, 753
CHAPTEE EIGHTEENTH.
Application op Vulcanized India-Kubber to Dentistry, . 761
CHAPTEE NINETEENTH.
Cheoplastic Process, 783
PAETSEVENTH.
Diseases and Defects of the Palatine Organs, . . . 797
Preliminary Eemarks, . 799
CHAPTEE FIEST.
Diseases of the Palate, 800
Tumors of the Palate, 800
Caries, Necrosis, and Ulceration of the Palate, .... 806
Causes and Treatment, 808
Inflammation and Ulceration of the Velum and Uvula, . . 811
Causes and Treatment, 813
CHAPTEE SECOND.
Accidental Defects, 815
Congenital Defects, 816
Functional Disturbances caused by Defects of the Palatine Organs, 818
CHAPTEE TIIIED.
Manner of Eemedting Defects of the Palatine Organs, . 822
Staphyloraphy, 822
An Artificial Palate, with a Velum and Uvula, .... 836
Mr. Stearns' Method, 837
Dr. Hullihen's Method, 840
Dr. Kingsley's Method, 843
Combination with Artificial Teeth, 853
Part First. Anatomy And Physiology Of The Mouth
FIRST AND SECOND DENTITION.
IRREGULARITY OF THE TEETH.
DEFORMITY AND PROTRUSION OF THE LOWER JAW.
PECULIARITIES IN THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF THE TEETH.
OSSEOUS UNION OF THE TEETH.
THIRD DENTITION.
Part First. Anatomy And Physiology Of The Mouth
The Mouth, cavum oris, signifies in the human subject, the space included between the palatine arch above, the mjlo-hyoid muscles beneath, the lips in front, the velum palati behind, and the cheeks on either side. The teeth and closed jaws separate the inner portion, or lingual cavity, from the outer, or vestibular space ; and while that part of the latter bounded by the cheeks ought properly to bear the appellation buccal, the terra buccal cavity is not unfrequently employed with a signification so general as to comprehend the whole oral cavity.
In the mouth are the tongue, teeth, and the alveolar ridges invested by the gums : into it are poured the secretion of the parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands, as well as that of the ordinary mucous and of the special lingual follicles ; and in it the food is subjected to the processes of mastication and insalivation previous to deglutition.
It is farther concerned in the prehension of aliment ; and besides containing the organs of taste, is employed in articulation, expectoration, suction, &c.
The parts concurring to constitute the mouth, form a very complicated piece of mechanism ; through them it has a wide range of sympathies, and by them performs a great variety of functions.
The anatomical elements composing these parts, consist of Bone, Ligament, Muscle, Gland, Bloodvessel, Nerve, Areolar and Adipose tissues, and Mucous membrane.
These different elements combine together and form the various organs which constitute the mouth.
ORGANS OF PREHENSION.
These organs I shall consider in their physiological order : thus combining their anatomy and physiology, studying at the same time both their healthy structure and function — a plan practically taught by the late Professor W. R. Handy, in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and which commends itself as at once the most natural, interesting, and instructive.
Chapter First. Organs Of Prehension
Fig. 1.
This class of organs may be said to commence the digestive process, and it comprises those which seize the food, and introduce and partly retain it in the mouth.
They consist of the Elevators, Depressors, and Sphincter muscles of the mouth, which are as follows :
1. Levator labii superioris alseque nasi.
2. Levator anguli oris.
These tAvo muscles elevate the
Fig. 1 A Iront Tiew nf the muscles of the ,. , , -i n i
face: a a Antenoi belhesof occjpito-fronta- UppCr lip and the angle 01 thC lis; b bOrbicularis palpebrarum; c Pyrami-
dalisnabi, c/ Com ji lessor nasi, ceaud// mOUth. Levator labii superioris alajque nasi; g g o t\ , .. . ~ . .
Zygomaticiis minor; /i/i Zygomaticus ma- 3. DcprCSSOr labii infcriOriS
jor ; i i Masseter muscle ; jj Buccinator, or
trumpeter's muscle; kk Orbicularis oris; Or QUadratUS mCUti.
II Depressor labii inferioris; m Levator ^ triangularis oris.
These two muscles antagonize the first and depress the lower lip and angles of the mouth.
5. Zygomaticus major.
6. Zygomaticus minor.
7. Buccinator.
These extend from the angles of the mouth to the prominence of the cheek. Their use is to draw the angles of the mouth upwards and outward towards the ear.
8. Orbicularis oris.
This is the sphincter muscle which surrounds and closes the mouth. ~
9. Depressor labii superioris.
10. Levator labii inferioris.
The first depresses the upper lip against the teeth — the other raises the lower lip.
OKIGIN AND INSERTION OF THESE MUSCLES, OE THEIR ATTACHMENTS.
1. Levator Labii Superioris Alceque Nasi, arises by two heads : first from the nasal process of the superior maxillary bone ; second, from the edge of the orbit above the infra-orbital foramen. It is inserted into the ala nasi or wing of the nose and upper lip.
2. Levator Anguli Oris, arises from the canine fossa of the superior maxillary bone, immediately below the infra-orbital foramen. It is inserted narrow into the angle of the mouth.
3. Depressor Labii Lnferioris, arises from the side and front of the inferior maxilla at its base, and is inserted into the greater part of the lower lip.
4. Depressor Anguli Oris, arises broad and fleshy from the base of the lower jaw at the side of the chin. It is inserted into the angle of the mouth.
5. Zygomaticus Major, arises long and narrow from the malar bone, near the zygomatic suture. It is inserted into the angle of the mouth.
6. Zygomaticus Minor, arises from the front part of the malar bone, and is inserted into the upper lip, above the angle of the mouth.
This muscle is sometimes wanting, and is occasionally a simple slip from other muscles.
Buccinator, arises from the pterygo-maxillary ligament, and from the alveolar margin of upper and lower maxillary bones as far anteriorly as the first molar or last bicuspid tooth. Its fibres are inserted into, or become confluent with, those of the orbicularis oris.
8. Orbicularis Oris. This muscle has no bony attachments : it is circular, surrounds the mouth, and consists of two layers of fibres ; one for the upper, the other for the lower lip, which meet at the angle of the mouth.
9. Depressor Labii Superioris, arises from the alveolar processes of the incisive and canine teeth ; and is inserted into the upper lip and side of the ala nasi.
10. Levator Labii Inferioris, arises from the alveolar processes of the incisive teeth of the lower jaw. It is inserted into the lower lip and chin.
See Organs of Mastication for a description of the bones connected with these muscles.
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