Plays: Comrades, Facing death, Pariah, Easter;

Foreword

August Strindberg died at Stockholm on May 14, 1912, just ten days after the first of his plays given in English in the United States had completed a month's engagement. This play was " The Father," which, on April 9, 1912, was produced at the Berkeley Theatre in New York, the same little theatre that witnessed in 1894 the first performance in this country of Ibsen's " Ghosts."

It happened that August Lindberg, the eminent Swedish actor and friend of Strindberg (who, by the way, was the first producer of " Ghosts " in any language), was visiting this country and came to see a performance of " The Father." His enthusiasm over the interpretation given Strindberg, in the English rendering of the play as well as in the acting, led him to cable a congratulatory message to Strindberg; and upon departing for Stockholm, he asked for some of the many letters of appreciation from significant sources which. the production of "The Father" had called forth. These he wished to give to Strindberg as further assurance " that he has," to use Herr Lindberg's words, " the right representatives in this country." It is gratifying to those who esteem it a rare privilege to be the introducers of vi STRINDBERG

Strindberg's powerful dramatic art to the American stage to know that he finally found his genius recognized on this side of the ocean.

" Comrades," the first play in the present volume, belongs to the same momentous creative period as " The Father " and " Countess Julie," although there is little anecdotic history attaching to this vigorous comedy. It was written in Denmark, where Strindberg, after finishing "The Father" in Switzerland in 1887, went with his family to live for two years, and was pubhshed March 21, 1888.

Although the scene of the comedy is laid in Paris, all the characters are Swedish, which may be accounted for by the fact that the feminist movement, of which " Comrades " is a delicious, stinging satire, had been more agitated at that time in Scandinavia than elsewhere. That Paris was chosen as a background for this group of young artists and writers was probably reminiscent of the time, the early eighties, when Strindberg with his wife and children left Sweden and, after spending some time with a colony of artists not far from Fontainebleau, came to Paris, where there were many friends of other days, and established themselves in that " sad, silent Passy," as Strindberg's own chronicle of those times reads. There he took his walks in the deserted arcades of the empty Trocadero Palace, back of which he lived; went to the Theatre Fran9ais, where he saw the great success of the day, and was startled that " an un-

STRINDBERG vii

dramatic bagatelle with threadbare scenery, stale intrigues and superannuated theatrical tricks, could be playing on the foremost stage of the world ; " saw at the Palais de I'Industrie the triennial exhibition of art works, " the creme de la creme of three salons, and found not one work of consequence." After some time he came to the conclusion that " the big city is not the heart that drives the pulses," but that it is " the boil that corrupts and poisons," and so betook himself and his family to Switzerland, where they lived in the vicinity of Lake Leman, which environment was made use of years later in the moving one-act play, " Facing Death," presented herewith.

" Pariah," the other one-act play appearing in this volume, is the generally recognized masterpiece of all the short one-act plays. The dialogue is so concentrated that it seems as if not one line could be cut without the whole structure falling to pieces, and in these terse speeches a genius is revealed that, with something of the divine touch, sounds the depths of the human heart and reveals its inmost thoughts. " Pariah " was published in 1890 and " Facing Death " in 1893.

The period of Strindberg's sojourn In Switzerland, 1884-87, was most important In the evolution of the character and work of the man who, throughout his career, was to engage himself so penetratingly and passionately In the psychology of woman, and love, and the probviii STRINDBERG

lems of marriage, as to acquire the reputation, undeserved though it was, of woman-hater. That this observation and analysis of woman was not induced by natural antipathy to the sex, nor by unhappiness in his own married experience, is made clear by the facts of his life up to the time when such investigation was undertaken. What, then, did sway him to such a choice of theme? Examination of the data of this period from Strindberg's own annals reveals the following influences: Ibsen from his Norwegian throne had hailed woman and the laborer as the two rising ranks of nobility, and Strindberg asked himself if this was ironic, as usual, or prophetic. Feminine individualism was the cult of the hour. The younger generation had, through the doctrines of evolution, become atheistic. Strindberg tells of asking a young writer how he could get along without God. " We have woman instead," was the reply. This was the last stage of Madonna worship ! And how had it happened that the new generation had replaced God with woman ? " God was the remotest source ; when he failed they grasped at the next, the mother. But then they should at least choose the real mother, the real woman, before whom, no matter how strong his spirit, man will always bow when she appears with her life-giving attributes. But the younger generation had pronounced contempt for the mother, and in her place had set up the loathsome, sterile, degenerate amazon — the blue-stocking ! "

STRINDBERG ix

Earnestly pondering these matters, Strindberg at length decided to write a book about woman, a subject, he declares, which up to this time he had not wanted to think about, as he himself " lived in a happy erotic state, ennobled and beautified by the rejuvenating and expiatory arrival of children." But nevertheless he decided to write such a book, and so with sympathy and much old-fashioned veneration for motherhood the task was undertaken.

Regarding the mother as down-trodden, he wanted to think out a means for her deliverance. To obtain a clear vision he chose as a method the delineation of as large a number as possible of marriage cases that he had seen — and he had seen many, as most of his contemporary friends were married. Of these he chose twelve, the most characteristic, and then he went to work. When he had written about half that number, he stopped and reviewed the collection. The result was entirely different from what he had expected.

Then chance came to his aid, for in the pension where he was living, thirty women were stopping. He saw them at all meals, between meals, and all about, idle, gossiping, pretentious, longing for pleasure. " There were learned ladies who left the Saturday Review behind them on the chairs; there were literary ladies, young ladies, beautiful ladies." When he saw their care-free, idle life, with concern he asked himself: "Whom do these parasites and

X STRINDBERG

their children live on ? " Then he discovered the bread-winners. " The husband sat in his dark office far away in London ; the husband was far away with a detachment in Tonkin; the husband was at work in his bureau in Paris ; the husband had gone on a business trip to Australia." And the three men who were there gave him occasion to reflect about the so-called female slave. " There was a husband who had a fiercely hot attic room, while the wife and daughter had a room with a balcony on the first floor. An elderly man passed by, who, although himself a brisk walker, was now leading his sickly wife step by step, his hand supporting her back when making an ascent; he carried her shawls, chair, and other little necessities, reverently, lovingly, as if he had become her son when she had ceased to be his wife. And there sat King Lear with his daughter, — it was terrible to see. He was over sixty, had had eight children, six of whom were daughters, and who, in his days of affluence, he had allowed to manage his house and, no doubt, the economy thereof. Now he was poor, had nothing, and they had all deserted him except one daughter who had inherited a small income from an aunt. And the former giant, who had been able to work for a household of twelve, crushed by the disgrace of bankruptcy, was forced to- feel the humiliation of accepting support from his daughter, who went about with her twentynine women friends, receiving their comfort and

STRINDBERG xi

condolence, weeping over her fate, and sometimes actually wishing the life out of her father."

The immediate result of all this observation and consequent analysis was the collection of short stories in two volumes called " Marriages," the first of which, published in 1884, gave rise to Strindberg's reputation of being a pessimist, and the second, two years later, to that of woman-hater, which became confirmed by the portrayals of women in his realistic dramas that soon followed, notably that of Laura in "The Father." That part of the woman-hater legend which one encounters most often is that Strindberg was revealing his own marital miseries in the sex conflicts of these dramas, particularly in " The Father," notwithstanding the fact that this play was written five years before his first marriage was dissolved, and little more than two years after his avowed hesitancy to undertake the dissection of womankind on account of the " happy erotic state " in which he was living.

And that his analytical labors and personal experiences, far from bringing about an acquired aversion for woman, never even let him be warned, is attested by the fact of his having founded three families. One is forced to suspect that instead of being a woman-hater, he was rather a disguised and indefatigable lover of woman, and that his wars on woman and his fruitless endeavors to get into harmony with the xii STRINDBERG other half of the race were, fundamentally, a warrmg within himself of his own many-sided, rich nature. He said of himself that he had been sentenced by his nature to be the faultfinder, to see the other side of things. He hated the Don Juans among men as intensely as he did the lazy parasites among women — the rich and spoiled ones who declaimed loudest about woman's holy duties as wife and mother, but whose time was given up to being hysterical and thinking out foolish acts, — these women enraged him.

However, the psychology of woman represents but one phase of Strindberg. In a book called " The Author," styled by him " a selfevolutionary history," which was written during the germinating period of the realistic dramas, but was not given out for publication until 1909, there is a foreword which contains the following significant avowal from the Strindberg of the last years : " The author had not arrived in 1886; perhaps only came into being then. The book presented herewith is consequently only of secondary interest as constituting a fragment; and the reader should bear in mind that it was written over twenty years ago. The personality of the author is consequently as unfamiliar to me as to the reader — and as unsympathetic. As he no longer exists, I can no longer assume any responsibility for him, and as I took part in his execution (1898) I believe I have the riglit to regard the

STRINDBERG xiii

past as expiated and stricken out of the Big Book." The " execution " in 1898 referred to was the spiritual crisis through which Strindberg passed when he emerged from the abysmal pessimism of " The Inferno ; " then began the gradual return to spiritual faith which, in the end, caused him to declare himself a Swedenborgian.

The play, " Easter," included in the present collection, belongs to this period ; it is a.&trange jningUng. of symbolism and realism, bearing the spiritual message of the resurrection. It was the most popular play produced at the Intimate Theatre in Stockholm, having been given there over two hundred times ; and in Germany, also, it has been one of the plays most appreciated. That " Easter " is representative of the last phase, spiritually, of the great man is evidenced by the closing incident of his life. His favorite daughter, Kirtlin, was in the room as death approached. Strindberg called to her, and asked for the Bible; receiving the book, he opened it, and placing it across his breast, said, " This is the best book of all," and then, with his last breath, " Now everything personal is obliterated." E. O. and W. O.

COMRADES Comedy in Four Acts

CHARACTERS

AXEL, an artist BERTHA, his wife, artist ABEL, her friend WILLMER, litterateur OSTERMARK, a doctor MRS. HALL, his divorced wife THE MISSES LIALL, her daughters by a second marriage CARL STARCK, heutenant MRS. STARCK, his wife MAID

Scene for the whole play. — An artisfs studio in Paris; it is on the ground -floor, has glass windows looking out on an orchard. At hack of scene a large window and door to hall. On the walls hang studies, canvases, weapons, costumes and plaster casts. To right there is a door leading to AxeVs room; to left a door leading to Bertha's room. There is a model stand left center. To right an easel and painting materials. A large sofa, a large stove through the doors of which one sees a hot coal fire. There is a hanging-lamp from ceiling. At rise of curtain Axel and Doctor Ostermarh are discovered.

AXEL [Sitting, painting^. And you, too, are

in Paris !

DR. OSTERMARK. Everything gathers here as the

center of the world ; and so you are married

— and happy?

AXEL. Oh, yes, so, so. Yes, I'm quite happy.

That's understood.

DR. OSTERMARK. What's uuderstood .'' AXEL. Look here, you're a widower. How was

it with your marriage?

DR. OSTERMARK. Oh, Very nice — for her. 1

AXEL. And for you?

DR. osTERMARK. So, SO ! But jou See onc must compromise, and we compromised to the end.

AXEL. What do you mean by compromise .f^

DR. OSTERMARK. I mean — that I gave in!

AXEL. You?

DR. OSTERMARK. Yes, you wouldu't think that of a man like me, would you?

AXEL. No, I would never have thought that. Look here, don't you believe in woman, eh?

DR. OSTERMARK. No, sir ! I do uot. But I love her.

AXEL. In your way — yes !

DR. OSTERMARK. In my way — yes. How about your way?

AXEL. We have arranged a sort of comradeship, you see, and friendship is higher and more enduring than love.

DR. OSTERMARK. H'm — SO Bertha paints too. How? Well?

AXEL. Fairly well.

DR. OSTERMARK. We Were good friends in the old days, she and I, — that is, we always quarreled a little. — Some visitors. Hush ! It is Carl and his wife !

AXEL lRising~\. And Bertha isn't at home! Sacristi! \_Enter Lieutenant Carl Starch and his wife.} Welcome! Well, . well, we certainly meet here from all corners of the world! How do you do, Mrs. Starck? You're looking well after your journey.

MRS. STARCK. Thanks, dear Axel, we have certainly had a delightful trip. But where is Bertha?

CARL. Yes, where is the young wife.^^

AXEL. She's out at the studio, but she'll be home at any moment now. But won't you sit down ?

\_The doctor greets the visit ors.~\

CARL. Hardly. We were passing by and thought we would just look in to see how you are. But we shall be on hand, of course, for your invitation for Saturday, the first of May.

AXEL. That's good. You got the card then.?

MRS. STARCK. Yes, we received it while we were in Hamburg. Well, what is Bertha doing nowadays ?

AXEL. Oh, she paints, as I do. In fact, we're expecting her model, and as he may come at any moment, perhaps I can't ask you to sit down after all, if I'm going to be honest.

CARL. Do you think we would blush, then.?

MRS. STARCK. He isu't nude, is he?

AXEL. Of course.

CARL. A man ? The devil ! — No, I couldn't allow my wife to be mixed up with anything of that sort. Alone with a naked man !

AXEL. I see you still have prejudices, Carl.

CARL. Yes, you know —

MRS. STARCK. Fie!

DR. osTERMARK. Yes, that's what I say, too.

AXEL. I can't deny that it is not altogether to my taste, but as long as I must have a woman

model — MRS. STARCK. That's another matter. AXEL. Another?

MRS. STARCK. Yes, it is another matter — although it resembles the other, it is not the

same. [There is a knock. ~\

AXEL. There he is !

MRS. STARCK. We'll go, then. Good-bye and au

revoir. Give my love to Bertha. AXEL. Good-bye, then, as you're so scared.

And au revoir.

CARL and DR. osTERMARK. Good-bye, Axel. CARL \_To Axel^, You stay in here, at least,

while — AXEL. No, why should I.'' CARL [Goes shaking his head~\. Ugh!

[Axel alone starts to paint. There is a knock. ~\ AXEL. Come in. [The model enters.^ So, you

are back again. Madame hasn't returned

yet.

THE MODEL. But it's almost twelve, and I must

keep another appointment.

AXEL. Is that so.f^ It's too bad, but — h'm —

something must have detained her at the

studio. How much do I owe you.^^ THE MODEL. Five fraucs, as usual. AXEL [Paying him~\. There. Perhaps you'd

better wait awhile, nevertheless. THE MODEL. Ycs, if I'm needed.

AXEL. Yes, be kind enough to wait a few minutes.

[^The model retires behind a screen. Axel alone, draws and whistles. Bertha comes in after a moment.^

AXEL. Hello, my dear! So you're back at last.?

BERTHA. At last.?

AXEL. Yes, your model is waiting.

BERTHA [Startled^. No! No! Has he been here again?

AXEL. You had engaged him for eleven o'clock.

BERTHA. I .? No ! Did he say that ?

AXEL. Yes. But I heard you when you made the engagement yesterday.

BERTHA. Perhaps it's so, then, but anyway the professor wouldn't let us leave and you know how nervous one gets in the last hours. You're not angry with me. Axel.?

AXEL. Angry? No. But this is the second time, and he gets his five francs for nothing, nevertheless.

BERTHA. Can I help it if the professor keeps us? Why must you always pick on me?

AXEL. Do I pick on you?

BERTHA. What's that? Didn't you —

AXEL. Yes, yes, yes ! I picked on you — forgive me — forgive me — for thinking that it was your fault.

BERTHA. Well, it's all right then. But what did you pay him with?

AXEL. To be sure. Gaga paid back the twenty francs he owed me.

BERTHA [Takes out account-bookl. So, he paid you back? Come on, then, and I'll put it down, for the sake of order. It's your money, so of course you can dispose of it as you please, but as you wish me to take care of the accounts — [Writes] fifteen francs in, five francs out, model. There.

AXEL. No. Look here. It's twenty francs in.

BERTHA. Yes, but there are only fifteen here.

AXEL. Yes, but you should put down twenty.

BERTHA. Why do you argue .^^

AXEL. Did I — Well, the man's waiting —

BERTHA. Oh, yes. Be good and get things ready for me.

AXEL. [Puts model stand in place. Calls to model] . Are you undressed yet ?

THE MODEL [Fvom back of screen]. Soon, monsieur.

BERTHA [Closes door^ puts wood in stove]i There, now you must go out.

AXEL [Hesitating]. Bertha!

BERTHA. Yes.?

AXEL. Is it absolutely necessary — with a nude model ?

BERTHA. Absolutely!

AXEL. H'm — indeed !

BERTHA. We have certainly argued that matter out.

AXEL. Quite true. But it's loathsome nevertheless— [Goes out right.]

BERTHA [Takes up brushes and palette. Calls to model]. Are you ready .'^

THE MODEi.. All ready.

BERTHA. Come on, then. \^Pause.^ Come on.

[There is a knock.^ Who is it.? I have a

model. wiLLMER [Outsidel, Willmer. With news

from the salon.

BERTHA. From the salon ! [To mo del. ^ Dress

yourself ! We'll have to postpone the sitting.

— Axel ! Willmer is here with news from the

salon.

[Axel comes in, also Willmer; the model goes out unnoticed during the following scene. ^ WILLMER. Hello, dear friends ! Tomorrow the

jury will begin its work. Oh, Bertha, here

are your pastels.

[Takes package from pocket. 1 BERTHA. Thanks, my good Gaga; how much

did they cost.'' They must have been expensive.

WILLMER. Oh, not very.

BERTHA. So they are to start tomorrow. So

soon.? Do you hear. Axel.?

AXEL. Yes, my friend.

BERTHA. Now, will you be very good, very,

very good?

AXEL. I always want to be good to you, my

friend.

BERTHA. You do ? Now, listen. You know

Roubey, don't you?

AXEL. Yes, I met him in Vienna and we became

good friends, as it's called.

BERTHA. You know that he is on the jury?

AXEL. And then what.?

BERTHA. Well — now you'll be angry, I know you will.

AXEL. You know it.^^ Don't prove it, then.

BERTHA [Coaxing]. You wouldn't make a sacrifice for your wife, would you?

AXEL. Go begging? No, I don't want to do that.

BERTHA. Not for me? You'll get in anyway, but for your wife !

AXEL. Don't ask me.

BERTHA. I should really never ask you for anything !

AXEL. Yes, for things that I can do without sacrificing —

BERTHA. Your mau's pride!

AXEL. Let it go at that.

BERTHA. But I would sacHfice my woman's pride if I could help you.

AXEL. You women have no pride.

BERTHA. Axel!

AXEL. Well, well, pardon, pardon!

BERTHA. You must be jealous. I don't believe you would really like it if I were accepted at the salon.

AXEL. Nothing would make me happier. Believe me, Bertha.

BERTHA. Would you be happy, too, if I were accepted and you were refused?

AXEL. I must feel and see. [Puts his hand over his heart.'] No, that would be decidedly disagreeable, decidedly. In the first place, because I paint better than you do, and because —

3ERTHA [Walking up and down~\. Speak out. Because I am a woman !

AXEL. Yes, just that. It may seem strange, but to me it's as if you women were intruding and plundering where we have fought for so long while you sat by the fire. Forgive me. Bertha, for talking like this, but such thoughts have occurred to me.

BERTHA. Has it ever occurred to you that you're exactly like all other men?

AXEL. Like all others ? I should hope so !

BERTHA. And you have become so superior lately. You didn't use to be like that.

AXEL. It must be because I am superior ! Doing something that we men have never done before!

BERTHA. What ! What are you saying ! Shame on you !

wiLLMER. There, there, good friends ! No, but, dear friends — Bertha, control yourself. [He gives her a look which she tries to make out.'\

BERTHA [Changing^. Axel, let's be friends! And hear me a moment. Do you think that my position in your house — for it is yours — is agreeable to me ? You support me, you pay for my studying at Julian's, while you yourself cannot afford instruction. Don't you think I see how you sit and wear out yourself and your talent on these pot-boiling drawings, and are able to paint only in leisure moments? You haven't been able to afford models for yourself, while you pay mine five hard-earned francs an hour. You don't know how good — how noble — how sacrificing you are, and also you don't know how I suffer to see you toil so for me. Oh, Axel, you can't know how I feel my position. What am I to you.'' Of what use am I in your house.? Oh, I blush when I think about it!

AXEL. What, what, what ! Aren't you my wife ?

BERTHA. Yes, but

AXEL. Well, then.?

BERTHA. But you support me.

AXEL. Well, isn't that the right thing to do?

BERTHA. It was formerly — according to the old scheme of marriage, but we weren't to have it like that. We were to be comrades.

AXEL. What talk! Isn't a man to support his wife ?

BERTHA. I don't want it. And you, Axel, you must help me. I'm not your equal when it's like that, but I could be if you would humble yourself once, just once! Don't think that you are alone in going to one of the jury to say a good word for another. If it were for yourself, it would be another matter, but for me — Forgive me ! Now I beg of you as nicely as I know how. Lift me from my humiliating position to your side, and I'll be so grateful I shall never trouble you again with reminding you of my position. Never, Axel!

AXEL. Don't ask me ; you know how weak I am.

BERTHA [Embracing him'\. Yes, I shall ask you — beg of you, until you fulfil my prayer. Now, don't look so proud, but be human! So! \_Kisses him.~\

AXEL [To Willmer^. Look here. Gaga, don't you think that women are terrible tyrants?

wiLLMER [Pained], Yes, and especially when they are submissive.

BERTHA. See, now, the sky is clear again. You'll go, won't you, Axel.^* Get on your black coat now, and go. Then come home, and we'll strike out together for something to eat.

AXEL. How do you know that Roubey is receiving now.?

BERTHA. Don't you think that I made sure of that.?

AXEL. What a schemer you are !

BERTHA [Takes a black cutaway coat from wardrobe]. Well, one would never get anywhere without a little wire-pulling, you know. Here's your black coat. So !

AXEL. Yes. But this is awful. What am I to say to the man?

BERTHA. H'm. Oh, you'll hit on something on the way. Say that — that — that your wife — no — that you're expecting a christening—

AXEL. Fie, Bertha.

BERTHA. Well, say that you can get him decorated, then.

AXEL. Really you frighten me, Bertha!

BERTHA. Say what you please, then. Come, now, and I'll fix your hair so you'll be presentable. Do you know his wife.^^

AXEL. No, not at all.

BERTHA ^Brushing his hair'\. Then you must get an introduction to her. I understand that she has great influence, but that she doesn't like women.

AXEL. What are you doing to my hair?

BERTHA. I am fixing it as they are wearing it now.

AXEL. Yes, but I don't want it that way.

BERTHA. Now then — that's fine. Just mind me. \^She goes to chiffonier and takes out a case which contains a Russian Annae order. She tries to put it in AxeVs buttonhole.^

AXEL. No, Bertha. You've gone far enough now. I won't wear that decoration.

BERTHA. But you accepted it.

AXEL. Yes, because I couldn't decline it. But I'll never wear it.

BERTHA. Do you belong to some political party that is so liberal-minded as to suppress individual freedom to accept distinctions?

AXEL. No, I don't. But I belong to a circle of comrades who have promised each other not to wear their merit on their coats.

BERTHA. But who havc accepted salon medals !

AXEL. Which are not worn on their coats.

BERTHA. What do you say to this, Gaga?

wiLLMER. As long as distinctions exist, one does one's self harm to go about with the mark of infamy, and the example no one is likely to follow. Take them away for all of me — I certainly can't get them away from the others.

AXEL. Yes, and when my comrades who are more deserving than I do not wear them, I would lower them by wearing the emblem.

BERTHA. But it doesn't show under your overcoat. No one will know, and you won't brand any one.

wiLLMER. Bertha is right there. You'll wear your order under your coat, not on your coat.

AXEL. Jesuits ! When you are given a finger, you take the whole arm.

[Abel comes in wearing fur coat and cap.~\

BERTHA. Oh, here's Abel! Come on, now, and settle this controversy.

ABEL. Hello, Bertha! Hello, Axel! How are you. Gaga? What's the matter?

BERTHA. Axel doesn't want to wear his order, because he daren't on account of his comrades.

ABEL. Comrades come before a wife, of course — that's an unwritten law. [She sits by table, takes up tobacco and rolls a cigarette.}

BERTHA [Fastens ribbon in AxeVs buttonhole and puts the star back in case} He can help me without hurting any one, but I fear he would rather hurt me!

AXEL. Bertha, Bertha! But you people will drive me mad! I don't consider it a crime to wear this ribbon, nor have I taken any oath that I wouldn't do so, but at our exhibitions it's considered cowardly not to dare to make one's way without them.

BERTHA. Cowardly, of course! But you're not going to take your own course this time — but mine !

ABEL. You owe it to the woman who has consecrated her life to you to be her delegate.