Piano and song. How to teach, how to learn, and how to form a judgment of musical performances

Front matter

LIBRARY

OF THE

Class

Preface To The First Edition

I HERE present to the musical public a book written in a style of my own, not a scientific and systematically well-arranged treatise. This no reasonable man would expect of an old musicmaster, who, in his long practice in the realm of tones, could not arrive at learned and too often fruitless deductions. Nature made me susceptible to that which is good and beautiful ; a correct instinct and a tolerable understanding have taught me to avoid the false and the vicious ; a desire for increased knowledge has led me to observe carefully whatever I met with in my path in life ; and I may say, without hesitation, that I have endeavored, according to my ability, to fill the position to which I have been called. This is no vain boast, but only the justifiable assertion of a good conscience ; and this no man needs to withhold. For these reasons, I have been unwilling to refrain from giving to the world a true expression of my opinions and feelings. I trust they will viii Preface to the First Edition.

meet with a few sympathizing spirits who are willing to understand my aims ; but I shall be still more happy if, here and there, a music-teacher will adopt the views here set forth, at the same time carefully and thoughtfully supplying many things which it did not enter into my plan to explain more in detail. Abundant material lay spread out before me, and even increased upon my hands while I was writing. Art is indeed so comprehensive, and every thing in life is so closely connected with it, that whoever loves and fosters it will daily find in it new sources of enjoyment and new incitements to study. The most experienced teacher of art must be a constant learner.

I have always held and still hold the opinions advanced in this work, and I have neglected no opportunity to impress them upon my pupils.

I may be allowed to mention here, with some satisfaction, my daughters Clara and Marie ; and, among mimerous other pupils, I speak with equal pleasure of the estimable Herr Waldemar Heller, of Dresden, and Prof. E. F. Wenzel, of Leipa^ig. I have always enjoyed their affection and gratitude, and I feel a pride that they continue to defend and to teach the principles which they have received from me.

This is not the first time that I have appeared as an author. The " Signale f iir die musikalische

Preface to the First Edition. ix

Welt," as well as the " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik," have published numerous essays from my pen under various titles. The approval which they met with, at the time of their appearance, has induced me to undertake this larger work. Several of those earlier writings are included in this book, but in a partially altered form. The frequently recurring character, the teacher Dominie, originated with these essays ; I need hardly say that he represents my humble self. Those who are otherwise unacquainted with me will through him understand my character, and will moveover see that a man of such caustic brevity can be, by no means, a master of polished style. May this last acknowledgment appease all those critics whose hair is made to Stan i on end by my inelegant mode of writing. I will make no further apology for my style. I have often availed myself of the dialogue form, because it was conducive to brevity ; not less frequently I have made use of the form of the epistle and of personal discourse, as being more congenial to my individual manner than that of a serious treatise. I have also undertaken to say something about singing! A piano-teacher, if he is possessed of mind and talent, as I suppose him to be, whether he teaches the elements or occupies himself with more advanced instruction, should understand the art of singing; he, at least, should show a warm

X Preface to the First Edition.

interest in it, and should have an earnest love for it. When I speak in general of singing, I refer to that species of singing which is a form of beauty, and which is the foundation for the most refined and most perfect interpretation of music ; and, above all things, I consider the culture of beautiful tones the basis for the finest possible touch upon the piano. In many respects, the piano and singing should explain and supplement each other. They should mutually assist in expressing the sublime and the noble, in forms of unclouded beauty. My book will make this evident to many ; but whether it will succeed with all, I doubt. Not a few will even be found who will lay aside my book with contempt, and who will scorn the zeal of the " man of the past age." I am quite prepared for this : it is the fashion at present to undervalue the old times and their defenders ; but I shall continue to be conservative, until the " men of the future " shall be able to show me results which shall excel those of the past, or at least shall equal them.

And now I commend my little book to the public, trusting that it will instruct the willing, correct the erring, incite the indolent, and chastise those who wilfully persist in the wrong.

The Author.

Contents

Chap. Pagi

I. On Elementary Piano-forte Instruction i II. An Evening Entertainment at Herr

Zach's 17

Chapter I. On Elementary Piano-forte Instruction

You ask, my dear friend, for some particular information about my piano method, especially with regard to my mode of elementary instruction, which differs essentially from that in common use.

I give you here the main points; and, if you place confidence in my experience of forty years, and if you will supply those details which I have omitted, your own varied experience as a thoughtful, talented, and earnest piano-teacher will enable you to understand my theory, from the following dialogue between my humble self under the title of Dominie, my friend, and the little Bessie: —

Dominie. My dear friend, how have you managed to make piano-playing so utterly distasteful to little Susie? and how is it that the instruction

I A which you have given her for the last three years actually amounts to nothing ?

Friend. Well, I will tell you how I have proceeded. First I taught her the names of the keys, that was pretty dull work for her ; then I made her learn the treble notes, which was a difficult matter ; after that I taught her the bass notes, which puzzled her still more ; then I undertook to teach her a pretty little piece, which she hoped to perform for the delight of her parents. Of course she constantly confused the bass and treble notes, she could not keep time, she always used the wrong fingers and could not learn it at all. Then I scolded her, — she only cried ; I tried a little coaxing, — that made her cry worse ; finally I put an end to the piano lessons,, and she begged me never to begin them again ; and there you have the whole story.

Dominie. You certainly might have begun more judiciously. How is it possible for a child to climb a ladder when not only the lower rounds, but a great many more, are wanting } Nature makes no leaps, least of all with children.

Friend. But did she not begin to cUmb the ladder at the bottom t

Dominie. By no means. She certainly never was able to reach th ?. top. I should say, rather,

On Elementary Piano-forte Instrtiction, 3

that she tumbled down head foremost. To speak mildly, she began to climb in the middle ; and even then you tried to chase her up, instead of allowing her, carefully and quietly, to clamber up one step at a time. Bring me your youngest daughter, Bessie, and I will show you how I give a first lesson.

Dominie. Bessie, can you say your letters after me 1 so, — Cf dy e^f.

Bessie, c, d, Cyf.

Dominie. Go on, — g^ a^ b^ c.

Dominie. Once more : the first four again, then the next four. That's right : now all the eight, one after the other, r, d, eyf gy ay by c,

Bessie, c, dy e,fy gy ay by c.

Dominie (after repeating this several times'). That's good : now you see you have learned something already. That is the musical alphabet, and those are the names of the white keys on the piano-forte. Presently you shall find them out, and learn to name them yourself. But, first, you must take notice (I strike the keys in succession with my finger, from the one-lined c to the highest treble) that these sounds grow higher and becDme sharper one after the other ; and in this way (I strike the keys from one-lined c to the lowest bass) you hear that the sounds grow lower and heavier. The upper half, to the right, is called the treble ; the lower half is the bass. You quite understand now the difference between the high sharp tones and the low deep ones ? Now we will go on. What you see here, and will learn to play upon, is called the key-board, consisting of white keys and black ones. You shall presently learn to give the right names both to the white keys and the black ; you see there are always two black keys and then three black keys together, all the way up and down the key-board. Now put the fore-finger of your right hand on the lower one of any of the two black keys that are together, and let it slip o£E on to the white key next below it ; now you have found the key called c ; what is the name of the next key above it ? Say the whole musical alphabet.

Bessie, c, d, e,f, gy a^ b^ c.

Dominie. Well, then, that key is called d.

Bessie. Then this one must be e.

Dominie. And now comes/! Anywhere on the key-board you can find / just as easily, if you put your finger on the lowest of any three black keys that are together, and let it slip off on to the

On Elementary Piano-fotte Instruction. ' 5

white key next below it. If you remember where these two keys, /and r, are, both in the treble and the bass, you can easily find the names of all the other keys. Now what is the next key above /.^

Bessie, gy and then a, by c.

Dominie. Now we will say over several times the names of the keys, upwards and downwards, and learn to find them skipping about in any irregular order. At the end of the lesson we will try them over once more, and before the next lesson you will know the names of all the white keys. You must practise finding them out by yourself ; you can't make a mistake, if you are careful to remember where the c and the / are.

I told you that the sounds this way (I strike the keys upward) grow higher, and this way (I strike them downwards) they grow lower. So you see no tones are just alike : one is either higher or lower than the other. Do you hear the difference } Now turn round so as not to see the keys ; I will strike two keys, one after the other ; now which is the highest (the sharpest), the first or the second } (I go on in this way, gradually touching keys nearer and nearer together ; sometimes, in order to puzzle her and to excite close attention, I strike the lower one gently and the higher one stronger, and keep on sounding them, lower and lower towards the bass, according to the capacity of the pupil.) I suppose you find it a Uttle tiresome to listen so closely ; but a delicate, quick ear is necessary for piano-playing, and by and by it will become easier to you. But I won't tire you with it any more now, we will go on to something else. Can you count 3,-1,2,3.?

Bessie. Yes, indeed, and more too.

Dominie. We'll see ; now keep counting i, 2, 3,

1, 2, 3, as evenly and regularly as you can. (I lead her to count steadily, and strike at the same time a chord in three even quarter-notes.) Now we'll see if you can count evenly by yourself. (I count

1 of the chord with her, and leave her to count

2 and 3 by herself; or else I count with her at

2, and let her count i and 3 alone ; but I am careful to strike the chord promptly and with precision. Afterwards I strike the chord in eighthnotes, and let her count i, 2, 3 ; in short, I give the chord in various ways, in order to teach her steadiness in counting, and to confine her attention. In the same way I teach her to count i, 2, I, 2 ; or I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ; at the same time telling her that music is sometimes counted in triple time, and sometimes in J or | time.) Now, Bessie, you

On Elementary Piano-forte Instruction. 7

have learned to count very well, and to know the difference in the tones. It is not every child that learns this in the first lesson. If you don't get tired of it, you will some time learn to be a good player. As soon as you are rested, I will tell you about something else, that you will have to listen to very carefully.

Bessie. But I like it, and will take pains to listen just as closely as I can.

Dominie. When several tones are struck at the same time, if they sound well together, they make what we call a chord. But there are both major and minor chords : the major chord sounds joyous, gay ; the minor, sad, dull, as you would say ; the former laugh, the latter weep. Now take notice whether I am right. (I strike the chord of C major ; then, after a short pause, that of C minor ; and try, by a stronger or lighter touch, to make her listen first to the major and then to the minor chords. She usually distinguishes correctly ; but it will not do to dwell too long upon these at first, or to try to enforce any thing by too much talk and explanation.) Now I will tell you that the difference in the sounds of these chords is in the third, counted upwards from the lower note r, and depends upon whether you take it half a tone higher or lower, ^ or ^ flat. I shall explain this better to you by and by, when you come to learn about the tonic, the third, the fifth or dominant, the octave, and so on. (It is advantageous and psychologically correct to touch occasionally, in passing, upon points which will be more thoroughly taught later. It excites the interest of the pupil. Thu% the customary technical terms are sometimes made use of beforehand, and a needful, cursory explanation given of them.) That is right ; you can tell them pretty well already ; now we will repeat once more the names of the keys, and then we will stop for to-day. Just see how many things you have learned in this lesson.

Bessie. It was beautiful !

Dominie. I hope you will always find it so. Bessie. When may I have another lesson } Dominie. Day ^afte^ tb^morrow ; at first, you must have ^least three lessons a week.

Bessie. What shall I do in the next lesson t Dominie. I shall repeat all that I have taught you to-day ; but I shall teach you a great deal of it in a different way, and every time I shall teach it to you differently, so that it-shaH always be interesting to you. In the next lesson we will begin to play, first on the table, and at last on the piano.

On Elementary Piano-forte Instruction, 9

You will learn to move your fingers lightly and loosely, and quite independently of the arm, though at first they will be weak ; and you will learn to raise them and let them fall properly. Besides that, we will contrive a few exercises to teach you to make the wrist loose, for that must be learned in the beginning in order to acquire a fine touch on the piano ; that is, to make the tones sound as beautiful as possible. I shall show you how to sit at the piano and how to hold your hands. You will learn the names of the black keys and the scale of C, with the half -step from the 3d to the 4th and also that from the 7th to the 8th, which latter is called the leading note, which leads into C. (This is quite important for my method, for in this way the different keys can be clearly explained.) You will learn to find the chord of C in the bass and the treble, and to strike them with both hands together. And then in the third or fourth lesson, after you know quite perfectly all that I have already taught you, I will teach you to play a little piece that will please you, and then you will really be a player, a pianist.

Friend. From whom have you learned all this } It goes like the lightning-train.

Dominie. A great many people can learn what lO Piano and Song,

is to be taught ; but how it is to be taught I have only found out by devoting my whole mind, with real love and constant thought, to the musical improvement and general mental development of my pupils. The advancement will unquestionably be rapid, for it proceeds step by step, and one thing is founded upon another; the pupil learns every thing quietly, thoughtfully, and surely, without going roundabout, without any hindrances and mistakes to be unlearned. I never try to teach too much or too little ; and, in teaching each thing, I try to prepare and lay the foundation for other things to be afterwards learned. I consider it very important not to try to cram the child's memory with the teacher's wisdom (as is often done in a crude and harsh way) ; but I endeavor to excite the pupil's mind, to interest it, and to let it develop itself, and not to degrade it to a mere machine. I do not require the practice of a vague, dreary, time and mind killing piano-jingling, in which way, as I see, your little Susie was obliged to learn ; but I observe a musical method, and in doing this always keep strictly in view the individuality and gradual development of the pupil. In more advanced instruction, I even take an interest in the general culture and disposition of the pupil,

On Elementary Piano-forte histruction. \ l

and improve every opportunity to call forth the sense of beauty, and continually to aid in the intellectual development.

Friend. But where are the notes all this time ?

Dominie. Before that, we have a great deal to do that is interesting and agreeable. I keep constantly in view the formation of a good technique ; but I do not make piano-playing distasteful to the pupil by urging her to a useless and senseless mechanical " practising." I may perhaps teach the treble notes after the first six months or after sixty or eighty lessons, but I teach them in my own peculiar way, so that the pupil's mind may be kept constantly active With my own daughters I did not teach the treble notes till the end of the first year's instruction, the bass notes several months later.

Friend. But what did you do meanwhile ?

Dominie. You really ought to be able to answer that question for yourself after hearing this lesson, and what I have said about it. I have cultivated a musical taste in my pupils, and almost taught them to be skilful, good players, without knowing a note. I have taught a correct, light touch of the keys from the fingers, and of whole chords from the wrist ; to this I have added the scales in all the keys ; but these should not be taught at first, with both hands togethei. The pupil may gradually acquire the habit of practising them together later ; but it is not desirable to insist on this too early, for in playing the scales with both hands together the weakness of the fourth finger is concealed, and the attention distracted from the feeble tones, and the result is an unequal and poor scale.

At the same time, I have in every way cultivated the sense of time, and taught the division of the bars. I have helped the pupils to invent little cadences with the dominant and sub-dominant and even little exercises, to their great delight and advantage ; and I have, of course, at the same time insisted on the use of the correct fingering. You see that, in order to become practical, I begin with the theory. So, for instance, I teach the pupil to find the triad and the dominant chord of the seventh, with their transpositions in every key, and to practise them diligently ; and to make use of these chords in all sorts of new figures and passages. But all this must be done without haste, and without tiring the pupil too much with one thing, or wearing out the interest, which is allimportant.

071 Elementary Piano-forte Instruction. 13

After that, I teach them to play fifty or sixty tittle pieces, which I have written for this purpose. They are short, rhythmically balanced, agreeable, and striking to the ear, and aim to develop gradually an increased mechanical skill. I require them to be learned by heart, and often to be transposed into other keys ; in which way the memory, which is indispensable for piano playing, is unconsciously greatly increased. They must be learned perfectly and played well, often, according to the capacity of the pupil, even finely ; in strict time (counting aloud is seldom necessary) and without stuml)ling or hesitating ; first slowly, then fast, faster, slow again, staccato, legato, piano, forte, crescendo, diminuendo, &c. This mode of instruction I find always successful ; but I do not put the cart before the horse, and, without preyious technical instruction, begin my piano lessons with the extremely difficult acquirement of the treble and bass notes. In a word, I have striven, as a psychologist and thinker, as a man and teacher, for a many-sided culture. I have also paid great attention to the art of singing, as a necessary foundation for piano-playing. T have devoted some talent, and at least an enthusiastic, unwearied love to the subject. I have never stood still; have learned something of teaching every day, and have sought always to improve myself ; I have always been something new and different, in every lesson and with every child ; 1 have always kept up a cheerful, joyous courage, and this has usually kindled the same in my pupil, because it came from the heart. Moreover, I have never been a man of routine, have never shown myself a pedant, who is obliged to hold fast to certain ideas and views.

I have lived up to the century, and have tried to understand and to advance the age ; have heard every thing great and fine in music, and have induced my pupils also to hear it. I have opposed with determination all the prejudices and false lendencies of the times, and never have allowed impatient parents to give advice about my lessons. I have insisted upon a good and well-tuned instrument for my pupils, and have endeavored to merit the love and confidence both of my pupils and of their parents. In fact, I have devoted myself thoroughly to my calling, and have been wholly a teacher, always fixing my eye on the true, the beautiful, and the artistic ; and in this way have been of service to my pupils.

Friend. But how do you find parents who sympathize with your ideas and with your lofty views ?

On Elementary Piano-forte Instruction. 15

Dominie. I have found that almost all the parents of my pupils have entered into my views, if not immediately, at least after they had been present at a few lessons. In the case of those few who would not enter into them, I have abandoned the lessons ; but, nevertheless, I have found that my time has been fully occupied. My friend, do you not think that views like these will assist in the training of young and inexperienced teachers, who are striving for improvement } and do you not think they will be useful even to those who already possess general mental culture, and who are animated by an ardent love for their calling } I especially avoid giving here any exclusive method, a servile following of which would be entirely contrary to my intentions, and, in fact, contrary to my method.

But as for the rest ! Alas, all those who do not understand me, or who choose to misunderstand me, those are the worst ! — especially the ill-natured people, the classical people who bray about music, stride straight to the notes, and have no patience till they come to Beethoven ; who foolishly prate and fume about my unclassical management, but at bottom only wish to conceal their own unskilfulness, their want of culture and of disinterestedness, or to excuse their habitual drudgery. Lazy people without talent I cannot undertake to inspirit, to teach, and to cultivate.

This chapter will, almost by itself, point out to unprejudiced minds my method of giving more advanced instruction, and will show in what spirit I have educated my own daughters, even to the highest point of musical culture, without using the slightest severity. It will, indeed, cause great vexation to the ill-minded and even to the polite world, who attribute the musical position of my daughters in the artistic world to a tyranny used by me, to immoderate and unheard-of "practising," and to tortures of every kind ; and who do not hesitate to invent and industriously to circulate the most absurd reports about it, instead of inquiring into what I have already published about teaching, and comparing it with the management which, with their own children, has led only to senseless thrumming.

An Evening Entertainment at Herr ZacUs. 17

CHAPTER 11.

AN EVENING ENTERTAINMENT AT HERR. ZACH'S.

DRAMATIS PERSON^E.

Herr Zacvl, formerly ajliite-player, not very wealthy. His Wife, of the family of Tz. {rather sharp-tempered). Stock, her soft, i y years old (is studying the piano thoroughly') . Mr. Buffalo, 7nusic-master of the family. Dominie, piano-teacher {rather gruff). Cecilia, his daughter ^ i^ years old {shy).

Zach {to Dominie). I regret that I was unable to attend the concert yesterday. I was formerly musical myself and played on the flute. Your daughter, I believe, plays pretty well.

Dominie. Well, yes ! perhaps something more than pretty well. We are in earnest about music.

Madame, of the Tz. family (envious because Cecilia received applause for her public performance y esterdayy and because Mr. Bitffalo had been unable to bring out Stock, — all iji 07ie breath) . When did your daughter begin to play } Just how old is she now t Does she like playing t They say you are very strict, and tie your daughters to the pianostool. How many hours a day do you make her practise ? Don't you make her exert herself too much ? Has she talent ? Isn't she sickly ?

Dominie. Don't you think she looks in good health, madam, — tall and strong for her years ?

Madame, of the Tz. family. But perhaps she might look more cheerful, if she was not obliged to play on the piano so much.

Dominie {bowing). I can't exactly say.

Zach (suddenly interrupting, and holding Dominie by the button-hole). They say you torment and illtreat your daughters dreadfully ; that the eldest was obliged to practise day and night. Well, you shall hear my Stock play this evening, who, some time, by the grace of God, is to take the place of Thalberg in the world. Now give me your opinion freely (of course, I was only to praise) ; we should like very much to hear what you think about his playing, though perhaps Mr. Buffalo may not agree with you.

(Mr, Buffalo is looking through the music-cas^' and picking out all the Etudes^ by listening to which Dominie is to earn his supper).

Dominie (resigned and foreseeing that he shall be bored). I have heard a great deal of the industry of your son, Stock. What are you studying now, Mr. Stock?

An Evening Entertainment at Herr ZacKs. 19

Stock (in proud self -consciousness y rather Sophomoric). I play six hours a day, two hours scales with both hands together, and four hours Etudes. I have already gone through the first book of Clementi and four books of Cramer. Now I am in the Gradus ad Pamassum : I have already studied the right fingering for it.

Dominie. Indeed, you are very much in earnest : that speaks well for you, and for Mr. Buffalo. But what pieces are you studying with the Etudes? Hummel, Mendelssohn, Chopin, or Schumann }