A pictorial history of the United States of America, from the earliest discoveries, by the Northmen... to the present time ..

Front matter

BookJTA^.

Joseph Warren.

Nathaniel Greene.

Preface

The present work has been undertaken, to supply what has appeared to the author an important desideratum in American Hterature. Readers have long felt the want of a history of the United States, executed in a shape essentially different from any Avork yet placed in their hands ; namely, a volume at once comprehensive, accurate, and full, yet comprised within such moderate limits as to give it the advantage of cheapness. We have already many histories of the United States, all more or less valuable. But those which contain tjie proper fulness of narrative, are too bulky to be afforded at a moderate price ; and in those of smaller dimensions, it will be found that so many considerable portions of American history have been passed over without notice, and so many highly interesting topics either entirely neglected or dismissed with a brief and superficial allusion, that they are very little serviceable to a reader who wishes for a clear and comprehensive notion of his subject. Another objection to most works of this nature has been the harshness of their style, the dryness of their details in unimportant matters, and the general deficiency of spirit and picturesqueness in the narrative.

The author of the present volume has aimed, in his

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VI PREFACE.

performance, to produce something which shall be found free from the above defects. It has been his intention, throughout, to make the work serviceable in the highest degree, both as a school-book and as a volume adapted to the fireside and the student's closet; to relate everything necessary to be known in the history of our country, with the utmost accuracy in the narrative and precision in the dates ; and, at the same time, to preserve those interesting details, anecdotes, and illustrations, which constitute the life and soul of history, and without which such a work as this would become little better than a chronological table, or a dry and dull compilation of annals, difficult to read, and impossible to remember.

As a necessary introduction to the work, it has been judged requisite to give a pretty copious account of the original inhabitants of the western continent, and of the earliest conquests and settlements by other nations than the English, both in North and South America. It is believed that the present History comprises a more complete and accurate body of facts, in relation to the history of the United States and its subsidiary topics, than any volume of its size that has yet made its appearance among us. A plain and intelligible style of narration has been observed throughout the performance ; and the sentiments and moral reflections which occasionally fall from the pen of the narrator, will, we trust, be found true to virtue, patriotism, and philanthropy.

Chapter 1

The Aborioines or America. — Extent of the American aboriginal race — Speculations as to their origin — Identity of origin among all mankind — First peopling of America — Proximity of the. old to the new continent — Comparative antiquity of the eastern and western races — Date of the original peopling of America — Native origin of American civilization — Want of connection in the aboriginal histories of North and South America — Antiquity of the Mexican annals — Primitive American legislators— Asiatic origin of the American race — Ancient American tribes — The Toltecs — Their migration from the northwest — The Chechemecas — The Aztecs — Legend of Quetzalcoatl — Foundation of Mexico — Cosmogony and religion of the Mexicans — Toltec tribes in the United States- Traditions of these people, 19

Chapter II

Aborigines of America. — Different races of the Mexican conquerors- Origin of the custom of human sacrifices — Contrast with the Peruvians — Foundation of Mexico — Civilization of the Mexican people — Antiquities of Mexico — Destruction of the INIexican cities by the Spaniards — Population of the empire — Ancient ruins in Mexico — Palenque — Zacatecas — Copan — XJxmal — Chi-chen — Zayi, ....... 29

Chapter III

Aborigines of America. — ^Varieties of the native Americans — North American Indians — General description — The Esquimaux — The Blackfoot Indians — The Knisteneau.x — The Blandans — their dances — The Indian "medicine " charm — Mandan cemeteries — The Camanches — their expert horsemanship — The Chippeways — The Sioux — their ornamented cradles — The Kaskaskias — Indian robes — South American Indians — The Peruvians— The Araucanians — The Abipones — The Patagonians — extravagant stories respecting their enormous stature — Present state of these Indians — The Fuegians — their wretched life and barbarous manners — Horrible cannibalism of these savages, ... . . 40

Chapter IV

Discoveries and Conquests of the Spaniards. — Ideas of the ancients respecting a western continent — Tradition of the Welsh in America — Di-scovery of America by the Northmen — Colony of Northmen in Rhode Island — Columbus — His projects of discovery— His efforts at the Spanish court — He is patronized by Queen Isabella — He discovers America — Notions of the Spaniards respecting India — Tobacco discovered in Cuba

Vm CONTENTS

• — Return of Columbus — Exultation of the Spaniards — Second voyage of Columbus — Settlement made in the West India islands — Third voyage of Columbus — Discovery of the continent — Columbus arrested and sent to Spain — His fourth voyage — Ingratitude of the Spanish court toward Columbus — His death — Voyage and artifices of Amerigo Vespucci — Balboa discovers the South Sea — Invasion of Blexico by Cortez — He burns his ships and penetrates into the interior — Behavior of the Emperor Montezuma— The Spaniards enter the city of Mexico — Captivity and death of Montezuma— Disasters of the Spaniards — Siege and capture of Mexico ■ — Subjugation of the whole empire — Conquest of Guatimala, , . 54

Chapter V

Discoveries and Conquests of the Spaniards. — Expedition of the Spaniards into the South Sea — Invasion of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro — Civil war in Peru— Intrigues of Pizarro — Negotiations between Atahualpa and Pizarro — Arrival of the Spaniards at Caxamalca — Treachery of Pizarro — Atahualpa seized by the Spaniards — Cruelties of the Spaniards — They subjugate and plunder the whole country — Expeditions to Chili, La Plata and Paraguay — Extirpation of the natives in the West Indies — Las Casas — Importation of negroes from Africa — Expedition of Ponce de Leon — Discovery of Florida — The Fountain of Youth — Invasion of Florida by Soto — Adventures of the Spaniards — The Indian princess, Cofachiqui — The temple of Tolomeco — The Cacique Tascaluza — Bloody battle of Mauvila — The Spaniards cross the Mississippi — Death of Soto — Suflerings and losses of the Spaniards — They abandon Florida, . 71

Chapter VI

Discovery of the United States. — Voyage of the Cabots — Discovery of North America — Voyage of Cortereal — Voyage of Verazzani — Discovery of the whole coast of the United States — Voyage of Cartier — Discoveiy of the river St. Lawrence — Cartier ascends the river to Montreal — Expedition ol' Iiobcrval to Canada — Failure of the early attempts of the French at colonization, .......... 80

C PI AFTER VII.

Settlement of Virginia. — Sir Walter Raleigh's attempts to colonize Virginia— Voyage of Amidas and Barlow to North Carolina— Voyage of Grenville— Settlement at Roanoke — Prospects of gold in Virginia — The settlement abandoned — New colony at Ruunokc, and its disastrous fate — Voyage of Newport and Gosnold — Captain Smith — Settlement of Jamestown— Sullbiings of the colonists — Smith appointed to the command — His able conduct — Intrigues in the colony — Smith taken prisoner by the Indians — His life saved by Pocahontas — Vicissitudes of the settlers — • Reinforcements arrive from England — Gold dust supposed to be discovered— Dust and cedar shipped from Virginia to England — Smith explores the waters of the Chesapeake — Indians from Canada arrive in the neighborhood — New charter of Virginia — New arrival of settlers — Lord Delaware appointed governor — Shipwreck of Sir George Somers on the island of Bermudas, 88

Chapter VIII

Settlement of Virginia. — Government of Smith — Hostilities of the Indians — Smith departs for England — The " Starving Tune " — Despair of the colonists — Arrival of supplies from England — New charter of Virginia —

CONTENTS. IX

Capture of Pocahontas — Pacification with the savages — Use of tobacco in England — Administration of Argal — Yeardley's administration —A colonial assembly convoked — Emigration of females to Virginia — Transportation of convicts — Introduction of negro slavery — Virginia obtains a constitution — Conspiracy of Opechancanough — Massacre of the settlers — • The British government become jealous of the Virginians — Grievances of the colonists — Indian wars — Bacon's rebellion — Conduct of Governor Berkeley — Temporary pacification — Vacillation of the governor — Renewal of the troubles — Convention of Midiile Plantations — Further hostilities— Jamestown burnt — Sudden death of Bacon, and end of the rebellion — The royal authority restored — Disastrous consequences of these events to the Virginians, 105

Chapter IX

Settlement of New England. — Rise of the Puritans in England — Their emigration to Holland — They resolve to emigrate to America — Sail iVoni England — Their arrival at Cape Cod — Formation of a political compact — Landing at Plymouth — Hardships endured by them — Death of Governor Carver — Government of Mr. Bradford — Treaty with the Indian sachem, Massasoit — Scarcity of food in the colony — Severe drought, and providential relief — Origin of the New England thanksgivings — Foundation of the Massachusetts colony— Settlement of Salem — Arrival of Governor Winthrop — Boston founded — Suffierings of the colonists — Severe frosts — Foundation of the New England churches — Attempts of the king to check emigration to New England, . . . . .121

Chapter X

Settlement of New England. — Discovery of Connecticut river — Dispute with the Dutch — First settlement of Connecticut — Fort Good Hope erected by the Dutch — Quarrel between the Dutch and the Plymouth men — Settlement of Hartford and Wethersfield by the English — Expedition of Hooker — Sufferings of the colonists — Lords Say and Seal — Charter lor Connecticut — Breaking out of the Pequod war — Murder of Mr. Oldham — Expedition of the English against the Pequods — Barbarities of the savages — Mason's expedition — Alliance with the Narragansets — The forces march against the Pequods — Attack of the Indian fort at Mystic — Defeat and slaughter of the Pequods — General joy of the colony — Remarkable circumstances attending the victory, 131

Chapter XI

Settlement of New England. — Consternation and flight of the Pequods — Release of captives by the Dutch — Prosecution of the Pequod war — Capture of Pequods at Fairfield — Defeat and dispersion of the enemy — Treaty with Uncas and Miantoniinoh — Total extirpation of the Pequods — Pacification of the colonies — Connecticut frames a constitution — Foundation of New Haven, 149

Chapter XII

Settlement of New England. — New Hampshire explored by Captain Smith — Settlements made by Gorges and Mason — Portsmouth founded — Union of the colony with Massachusetts — Rf)ger Williams in Massachusetts— Settlement of Rhode Island — Anne Hutchinson and her adherents remove to Rhode Island — the colony obtains a ciiarter — Maine — Settlements on the Kennebec — Charter of Gorges — Union of Maine with

X CONTENTS.

Massachusetts — The English conquer New Netherlands — Attempt of Andros on Connecticut — State of religion in the colonies — Persecution of Quakers — Manners and customs — Commerce — Arts, manufactures, and education, ' . . .' 157

Chapter XIII

Settlement or New England. — Philip's war — Attack of Swanzey — Expedition of Captain Hutchinson against the Narragansets — Action of Pocasset — Fhght of Philip to the Nipmucks — Attack of Brookfield by the Indians — Attack of Hadley and Deerfield — Defeat of Captain Lathrop — Indian war in New Hampshire — Governor Winslow marches against PhiliiT — Attack of Philip's stronghold — Defeat of the savages — Flight, adventures and deatli of Philip — Sullerings and losses of the colonists — War with the eastern tribes — Interference of the English ministry in the government of JMassacluisetts — Adventures of the regicides. Gotle. Whalley and Dixwell, in New England — Condition of the Indians — John Eliot, the Indian apostle. ........ 109

Chapter XIV

Settleme.vt of New England. — Revocation of the charter of Massaciiusetts — Alarm of the inhabitants — Andros appointed governor — His tyninnical proceedings in Massachusetts — He assumes the government i.I' Rhode Island — He attempts to seize the charter of Connecticut — The charter oak — Oppressions ot Andros' government — He is made governor of New York — The Bostonians rise in insurrection and depose Andros — Enthusiasm of the people — Andros expelled the country — The charter governments restored — Fletcher, governor of New York, attempts to assume the military command in Connecticut — Resistance of the jieople — Barbarities of the French and Imlian war — Savnge murder of Major Waldron — Attack of Haverhill — Adventures of ]\Irs. Dusiau — Second French and Indian war — Attack and plunder of Deerfield — Captivity and adventures of I\Irs. Williams — Expedition of the New England colonies against Nova Scotia and Canada — Disasters in the St. Lawrence — Peace of Utrecht, 181

Chapter XV

Settlement of New Engl.wd. — Witchcraft — Delusion on this subject in Euro]ie — The Salem Wuchcraft — Witches at Boston — First execution for this olfence — Origin of the tionbles at Salem — Cause of the rapid increase of the imposture — Credulity of the public — Depravity of some of the persons concerned — Consternation of the people — Practice of confession and lis etfects — Absurdities published by the bewitcheil persons — Cotton blather a cliampion of the doctrine of witchcraft — Trial and execution of the witches — Progress of the delusion — Robert Calef writes against the imposture — Change in the popular mind — Arrival of the new charter — Reorganization ot" the courts — Decline and end of the delusion — Conduct of the chief instruments in these singular atl'airs, .... 200

Chapter XVI

Settle.ment of the INIiddle and Southern States. — New York — Influence of the Dutch in the colonizaiion of the United Stales — Voyage of Henry Hudson to the polar regions — Hudson enters the Dutch service — His voyage to America — Discovery of the Delaware — Hudson enters the bay of New York — He discovers the river Hudson — Returns to Europe ■ — His last voyage — Settlement of New Netherlands by the Dutch — New

CONTENTS. XI

York and Albany founded — Settlements on the Delaware — Colonization of New Jersey by the Dutch and Swedes — Settlements in Delaware — Maryland colonized by Calvert — Clayborne's rebellion — Indian war — ■ Settlement of North and South Carolina — William Penn leads a colony into Pennsylvania, and founds Philadelphia — Popular government in Pennsylvania — Colonization of Georgia — Disputes with the Dutch at New Netherlands — Conquest of that province by the English — Vicissitudes of the colony, 208

Chapter XVII

Settlement of the Middle and Southern States. — New York — Leisler's rebellion — Duplicity of James II. — Discontent of the people of New York — The government of the colony delivered up to Andros — Invasion of England by the Prince of Orange, and accession of William and Mary — Nicholson, the lieutenant-governor, refuses to acknowledge their authority — Leisler heads a revolt — The fort captured — Flight of Nicholson to England — Conduct of JMassachusetts and Connecticut — The royalists retire to Albauy — Leisler assumes the government — Dispersion of his enemies — Intrigues of Nicholson in England — Appointment of Governor Sloughter — Leisler's firmness — Arrival of Sloughter — Leisler's impolitic behavior — His capture, trial and execution — Final results of the rebellion. 218

Chapter XVIII

The Colonial Governments. — New York — Origin of the "Negro Plot" — Intrigues of the Spaniards — Unquiet condition of the slaves — Troubles in New York — Panic of 1741 — Apprehensions of a plot — Arrest of suspected persons — The Spanish negroes — General alarm — Confessions extorted • from the prisoners — Trials and executions — Violence of the law officers — Alarm on the subject of popery — Trial and execution of Uiy, the Catholic — Alarm of a plot on Long Island — Progress and character of the delusion — Remarks on domestic slavery, .... 224

Chapter XIX

Indian Wars at the South. — Disaffection of the Tuscaroras — Settlements of the Palatines — Capture of De Graflenreid and Lawson — Murder of Lawson — War with the Tuscaroras and Corees — Devastation of North Carolina — Expedition against the enemy on the Neuse — Internal dissensions in North Carolina — Pacification — Renewal of the war — Deplorable state of the count r}' — Divisions among the Tuscaroras — Bloore's expedition — Defeat of the Indians — The Tuscaroras expelled from the country and join the Five Nations of New York — Revival of trade in North Carolina — Condition of the Indian tribes — War with the Yamassees — General confederacy of the Indians — JMassacre at Pocotaligo and Goose Creek — Expedition of Governor Craven— Battle ol the Salkehatchie — Defeat and expulsion of the Yamassees — Revolution in Carolina — The colony made a royal province — Insurrection of the slaves, . . 235

Chapter XX

The Colonial Governments. — Extension of the settlements along the coast of the United States — The French on lake Champlain — First settlement in Vermont — Population in the middle and southern states — Labors of Bishop Berkeley in favor of the American colonies — Schools, colleges, newspapers — Tendencies of the colonies towards union — Aiiticipated

Xii CONTENTS.

taxation of the colonies — Policy of the English government with regard 10 manufactures — The slave-trade — Efforts for the continuance and extension of it made by the government and people of England — Slavery excluded from Georgia — Emigration of Moravians to Georgia — Settlement of Ebenezer — Wesley and Whitefield in America . . 241

Chapter XXI

French Discoveries and Settlements in America. — Voyage of De Monts — Settlement of Acadia and Canada — Adventures of Champlain among the Indians — Discovery of the great lakes — Vicissitudes of the French colonies — Expedition to the west by Joliet and Marquette — Adventures among the Indians — Discovery of the Mississippi — Voyage down that river — Return to Canada — Other expeditions of the French to the west and south, . . . . - 252

Chapter XXII

Settlements of the French in America. — Louisiana — La Salle's second expedition and death — Fate of the colony at St. Bernard — Punishment of the murderers of La Salle — Colony on the Arkansas — Singular death of Marquette — Jealousy of the Spaniards — Settlements made by them in Florida — Expedition of Ibberville to Louisiana — Intercourse with the savages — Ibberville ascends the JMississippi— Establishes a settlement at Biloxi — War with the Chickasaws — Arrival of French missionaries in Louisiana — Proposed emigration from Carolina — Bienville appointed lieutenant commandant — Mining schemes of the French — Intercourse with the Natchez — Expedition in search of mines. .... 265

Chapter XXIII

Settlements of the French in America. — Louisiana — Establishment of the French at Mobile — War with England — Siege of St. Augustine and Pensacola — Hostilities between the Choctaws and Chickasaws — Massacres by the savages — Abandonment of the settlements on the Illinois — Plunder of Isle au Daupliiue by a buccaneer — La Motte, governor of Louisiana — Encroachments by the English of Carolina — Expedition of the French to the Wabash — IMissions among the savages — L'Epignai, governor of Louisiana — Foundation of New Orleans — War with Spain — Pensacola taken by the French — Slaves imported into Louisiana — Recapture of Pensacola — Second capture of Pensacola by the French — Expedition of Bernard de La Harpe to the interior — Description of the Indian tribes, 277

Chapter XXIV

Settlements of the French in America. — Louisiana — Activity of the French adventurers — Unproductiveness of the colony of Louisiana — The patent of the colony granted to the Mississippi company — Law's celebrated Mississippi scheme — E fleet of it upon Louisiana — Massacres com mitted by the French upon the Natchez tribe — Plot of the Indians — Massacres and devastations retorted upon the French — War between the Natchez and the Chickasaws — The Natchez submit to the French — Total extirpation of that tribe — The French make war upon the Chickasaws— Ill-success of the French in their campaign against the Indians — Peace with the Chickasaws — General description of the colonists of Louisiana, 287

CONTENTS. Xlll

Chapter XXV

French and Indian Wars. — Jealousy between the French and English colonies — Hostilities of the savages towards the English — Intrigues of the French in Canada — Father Ralle — Incursions of the Norridgewock Indians — Expedition of Captain Westbrook — Flight of Kalle — Expedition of Moulton and Harman — Attack upon the Indians at Teconet — Defeat of the Indians, and death of Ralle — Barbarities of the English — Paugus, chief of the Pequawkets — Expedition to Salmon Fall river — Lovewell's expedition — Battle between the forces of Paugus and Lovc- •well — Death of Lovewell — The Androscoggin and Pequawket Indians abandon the country — War between England and France — Expedition against Cape Breton — Capture of Louisburg — Exertions of the French government — End of the war, 295

Chapter XXVI

French and Indian Wars. — Renewal of the war between Great Britain and France — Transactions with the Indians on the Ohio — Washington's embassy to the Ohio — Adventures on his return — Washington appointed to a command in the army — Marches against the French and Indians — Affair of the Red Stones — Washington builds Fort Necessity — He is attacked by Count Villiers — Evacuates the fort — Braddock's expedition — Imprudence and rashness of the British general — Defeat and death of Braddock — Retreat of the army — Shirley's expedition to Canada — Battle near lake George — Death of Colonel Williams — Retreat of Dieskau — ■ Battle of French Mountain — Indian incursions — Lord Loudon commander-in-chief— Loss of Oswego — Departure of the British army — Imbecility of Lord Loudon, 305

Chapter XXVII

French and Indian Wars. — Mi-sconduct of the British commander in America— Montcalm in Canada — Expedition of Colonel Parker against Ticonderoga — Miscarriage of the undertaking — The French besiege Fort William Henry — Inactivity of General Webb — Surrender of Fort William Henry — Perfidy and barbarity of the French and Indians — Alarm of the colonies — Disastrous end of the campaign of 1757 — Extension of the war between the English and French — Change of ministry in England — Mr. Pitt prime minister — His projects for the war in America — Efforts of the colonies — Expedition of Boscawen and Amherst against Cape Breton — Siege and capture of Louisburg, 315

Chapter XXVIII

French and Indian Wars. — Expedition of General Abercromble against Ticonderoga and Crown Point — Death of Lord Howe — Attack of Ticonderoga — Failure of the expedition and retreat of the army — Imbecility of General Abercrombie — Capture of Fort Frontenac by Colonel Bradstreet — Expedition of General Forbes against Fort Du Quesne — The French abandon the fort — Close of the campaign of 1759 — Success of the British army — Campaign of 1759 — New invasion of Canada — Expeditions of Amherst, Prideaux and Sir William John.son — Capture of Niagara by the British — Expedition against Quebec — Attack on the city by General Wolfe — Death of Wolfe and surrender of Quebec — Capture of Montreal — Final acquisition of Canada, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton by Great Britain, . 327

XlV CONTENTS.

Chapter XXIX

American Revolution. — Slate of feeling among the North American colonists— Loyalty of the Americans — Ertect of the peace of Paris — Political privileges of the colonies — Sclieme for taxing the Americans — Resolutions of the House of Commons — Imposition of duties on imports — Penal enactments — Remonstrances of the colonists — Scheme for a stamp act — Opposition in the House of Commons— Speech of Colonel Barre — The stamp act passed — Franklin's remark upon the stamp act — Consternation in America — General disaflection of the colonies — Resolutions in the legislature of Virginia — Speech of Patrick Henry — Combination among the colonies — Excitement on the subject of the stamp act — T)isturbances at Boston — Atiairs in Connecticut and the southern colonies — Stamped paper burnt at New York — General opposition to the stamp act — Discontent in England — Speech of Lord Chatham in parliament — Repeal of the stamp act — Farther designs of the British government — The tea tax — Proceedings in Massachusetts — Convention at Boston — British troops sent to Boston — Non-importation league — Boston Massacre — Discovery of the Hutchinson letters — Great excitement at Boston — Arrival of the tea ships — Ferment at Boston — Destruction of the tea, . . . 339

Chapter XXX

American Revolution. — Indignation of the British government at the destruction of the tea — Boston port-bill — General Gage governor of Massachusetts — The Quebec bill — General congress at Philadelphia — Further encroachments of the British in Massachusetts — Gage fortifies Boston Neck — General court at Concord — Outrage in Boston — Occurrences in Rhode Island and New Hampshire — Efforts of Lord Chatham and Dr. Franklin in behalf of the colonies — Gage's expedition to Salem — Exasperation of the people of Massachusetts — Battle of Lexington — Provincial congress in Massachusetts — Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point — Movements of the British at Boston — Battle of Bunker Hill, .366

Chapter XXXI

Washington appointed commander-in-chief — Siege of Boston — Perfidy of General Gage — Howe assumes the command — Siege of Boston — Burning of Falmouth — Confederation of the colonies — Sufferings of the inhabitants of Boston — Bombardment of the town — The Americans occupy Dorchester Heights — Evacuation of Boston by the British — Expedition of Sir Peter Parker against South Carolina — Defeat of the British at Charleston — Declaration of Independence — British expedition to New York — Battle of Long Island — Retreat of the Americans — Capture of New York — Disasters of the Americans — Conquest of the Jerseys, . . . 388

Chapter XXXII

American Revolution. — Project for the invasion of Canada by the Americans— Extraordinary inarch of Arnold through the woods of Maine — Expedition of Montgomery against Canada — Capture of Montreal — Siege and attack of Quebec — Death of INIontgomery — Perseverance of Arnold — Evacuation of Canada by the Americans — Desperate condition of the American camp — Fortitude and resolution of Washington — Captur»^of the Hessians at Trenton — Affair of Princeton — Successful movements of Washington — The British expelled from the Jerseys, . . 406

CONTENTS. XV

Chapter XXXIII

, MERicAN Revolution. — Labors of congress — Continental currency — Ravages committed by the British — Tryon's expedition to Connecticut — Adventures of Putnam — Campaign in the Jerseys — Expedition of the British against Philadelphia — Battle of Brandywine — Capture of Philadelphia— Battle of Germantown — The army at Valley Forge — Anecdote of Lydia Darrah — Campaign in the north — Burgoyne's expedition — Capture of Ticonderoga — Siege of Fort Stanwix — Defeat of Herkimer — Stratagem of the Americans — Murder of Miss M'Crea — Burgoyne's advance — Battle of Bennington — Gates commander of the northern army — Battle of Stillwater — Retreat of Burgoyne to Saratoga — Surrender of Burgoyne, 424

Chapter XXXIV

American Revolution. — Effects of the capture of Burgoyne in Europe — Astonishment and mortification of the British — Opposition in parliament —Obstinacy of the ministry — Treaty of alliance with France — War between France and England — Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British — Battle of Monmouth — Arrival of a French fleet in America — Campaign in Rhode Island — Ravages of the British — Anecdotes of the war— Thomas Paine — Intrigues of the British — Massacre at Wyoming — Surprise and massacre of Colonel Baylor's regiment — Savage warfare in Pennsylvania — Campaign in Georgia — Capture of Savannah by the British — Invasion of South Carolina— Peril of Charleston — Georgia overrun by the British — They retreat from Charleston — Devastations of the British in Virginia, . . 448

Chapter XXXV

American Revolution. — Tryon's marauding expedition to Connecticut — New Haven plundered — Barbarities of the British — Capture of Stony Point — Sullivan's expedition against the Indians — Exploits of PaulJones — Failure of the expedition to the Penobscot — War in the south — Arrival of D'Estaing's fleet— Siege of Savannah — Repulse of the French and Americans — Death of Pulaski — Gallant exploit of Colonel White — The British evacuate Rhode Island— Clinton invades South Carolina — Siege of Charleston — Surrender of the town — Defeat of Colonel Buford at the Waxhaws — General Gates appointed to the command in the south — Partisan war of Marion and Sumter — Knypliausen's excursion to New Jersey — Arrival of a French fleet and army, under DeTieriiay and Rochambeau — Lord Cornwallis in South Carolina — Battle of Camden — Disasters of the Americans — Cornwallis threatens North Carolina — Colonel Furguson's expedition to the north — Defeat of the British at King's Mountain — Atrocities of the war — Imprisonment and escape of General Wadsworth, 471