The outline of history : being a plain history of life and mankind

Front matter

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Book I The World Before Man Chapter 1. The Earth In Space And Time

§ 1. The great expansion of men’s ideas of space and time. 4 11 § 2. The earth in space. : A ; -: , ‘ 13

§ 3. How long has the earth Bn ater : ° ; : . 15

Chapter 2. The Record Of The Rocks

§ 1. The first living things . + ° : 17 § 2. Natural selection and the changes Se aa : : ‘ 20 CHAPTER 3. LIFE AND CLIMATE § 1. Life and water: water plants . 3 5 ; : ; BD § 2. The earliest land animals : : ; ; : s a § 3. Why life must change continually . : ; hi : 29 CHAPTER 4. THE AGE OF REPTILES § 1. The age of lowland life . : : ¢ f : 5 Be § 2. Dragons ‘ é ; : , i : 5 ; 36 § 3. The first birds : i 4 ; ; ; 36 § 4. An age of hardship and deat ; : ; ‘ ‘ 38 § 5. The first appearance of fur and feathers . Fs : : 41 CHAPTER 5. THE AGE OF MAMMALS § 1. A new age of life . R « i 7 = > 43 § 2. Tradition comes into the word d , : ‘ . 44 § 3. An age of brain growth. sisithob 7 ; : ; 47

§ 4. The world grows hard again . iS é ‘ ‘ 3 48 iv SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE BOOK Il THE MAKING OF MAN

CHAPTER 6. APES AND SUB-MEN § 1. The origin of man. : j ; : : § 2. The first implements . : ; 2 . § 3. Fossil sub-men . : ; c § 4. The Piltdown forgery . : js 2

CHAPTER 7. THE NEANDERTHAL MEN, AN EXTINCT RACE (THE MIppLE PALAOLITHIC AGE)

§ 1. The genus Homo appears : ; ‘ § 2. The world 50,000 years ago . ; : § 3. The daily life of the Neanderthal men . : § 4, The last Paleolithic men 7 : : :

CHAPTER 8. THE LATER PALAOLITHIC AGE, AND THE First MEN LIKE OURSELVES

1. The coming of men like ourselves . fe :

2. The geography of the later Paleolithic world .

3. The close of the Palzolithic Age :

4. No sub-men in America A : 8

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CHAPTER 9. NEOLITHIC MAN

1. The age of cultivation begins . 4 , : 2. Where did the Neolithic culture arise?

3. Everyday Neolithic life .

4. Primitive trade : 7 5. The flooding of the Meditarancen ‘xalley ‘

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CHAPTER 10. EarLy THOUGHT

§ 1. Primitive philosophy ‘ 3

§ 2. The Old Man in religion : Q ‘

§ 3. Fear and hope in religion F ‘ ; § 4. Stars and seasons . ‘ .

§ 5. Story-telling and myth- cnaiiae

§ 6. Complex origins of religion . R ‘ :

CHAPTER 11. THE RACES OF MANKIND . Is mankind still differentiating?

The main races of mankind ..

The Brunet peoples : . The so-called “Heliolithic” culture . . The American Indians .

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59 61 62 66

68 75 78 79

82 84 85 90 91

94 96 97 98 99 101

105 109 111 113 114

SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE

CHAPTER 12. THe LANGUAGES OF MANKIND

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- No one primitive language The Aryan languages. : . The Semitic languages . ; The Hamitic languages .

. The Ural-Altaic languages

The Chinese languages .

. Other language groups . J . A possible primitive language group . Some isolated languages

Book III The First Civilizations

CHAPTER 13. THE EARLY EMPIRES

E;

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CHAPTER 14. SEA PEOPLES AND TRADING PEOPLES . The earliest ships and sailors . . The Agean cities before history

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Early cultivators and early nomads

. The Sumerians

. The empire of Sargon the First . The empire of Hammurabi .

. The Assyrians and their empire . The Chaldean empire .

The early history of Egypt

The early civilization of India

The early history of China

While the civilizations were growing The legend of Atlantis .

The first voyages of exploration

. Early traders . Early travellers

CHAPTER 15. WRITING ee 2

Picture writing . ; Syllable writing

§ § 3. Alphabet writing . §

4. The place of writing in tian life .

CHAPTER 16. GODS AND STARS, PRIESTS AND KINGS

§ 1. The priest comes into history .

§ 2. Priests and the stars

§ 3. Priests and the dawn of Taaenty § 4. King against priest : ;

PAGE

159 162 162 163

166 169 172 173 vi SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE

PAGE § 5. How Bel-Marduk struggled against the a é s STS: § 6. The god-kings of Egypt . 2 5 A A < mss § 7. Shi-Hwang-ti destroys the books . . ; ; 5 mel Se

CHAPTER 17. SERFS, SLAVES, SOCIAL CLASSES, AND FREE INDIVIDUALS § 1. The common man in ancient times 3 < : - »1ss § 2. The earliest slaves : 5 : : : | oS § 3. The first “independent” cena . ‘ : “ wIS7 § 4. Social classes three thousand years ago . : ' » 8189) § 5. Classes hardening into castes . ; : 5 2 &. © 192 § 6. Caste in India 3 ‘ : . . ‘ ia eS § 7. The system of the Maddie F 5 ; - + ss § 8. A summary of ten thousand years . 5 : : « 196 § 9. Plastic and pictorial art in the ancient world . : - 38 § 10. Literature, drama and music in the ancient world . S=T200 BOOK IV

JUDEA, GREECE, AND INDIA

CHAPTER 18. THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES AND THE PROPHETS

§ 1. The place of the Israelites in history : : : oS 204 § 2. Saul, David, and Solomon . : : : 5 -. S210 § 3. The Jews a people of mixed origin . : : ‘ ~ e214 § 4. The importance of the Hebrew prophets . 4 oe Meme

CHAPTER 19. THE ARYAN-SPEAKING PEOPLES IN PREHISTORIC TIMES § 1. The spreading of the Aryan-speakers . : : «eS

§ 2. About the original life of the fe te é ; : ner Dew § 3. The Aryan family . : 2 : : : «W225 CHAPTER 20. THE GREEKS AND THE PERSIANS § 1. The Hellenic peoples . : : 4 ~ 'ead § 2. Distinctive features of Hellenic Civilization : : 2 Baal § 3. Monarchy, aristocracy, and oy in’Greece |; - 234 § 4. The kingdom of Lydia . ; : . . at 259 § 5. The rise of the Persians in the Bast: ; ; 3 . 240 § 6. The story of Croesus. i eee s ; { » 243 § 7. Darius invades Russia . a ? % : ; . 246 § 8. The battle of Marathon ; . : : : we § 9. Thermopyle and Salamis ‘ : A . sow: § 10. Plateaa and Mycale 5 ; : : é 5 aw RS]

CHAPTER 21. GREEK THOUGHT, LITERATURE AND ART § 1. The Athens of Pericles . f h : t 259 § 2. Socrates ‘ : ’ ’ 3 : : 264

SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE

. Plato and the Academy 3 ¢ - . Aristotle and the Lyceum

- Philosophy becomes unworldly , : . The quality and limitations of Greek thought . . The first great imaginative literature

. Greek art. 5 ‘

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CHAPTER 22. THE CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT . Philip of Macedonia . ‘ 3 ; . The murder of King Philip :

. Alexander’s first conquests . 5 2 : The wanderings of Alexander

. Was Alexander indeed great?

. The successors of Alexander . ;

. Pergamum a refuge of culture . 2 : . Alexander as a portent of world unity . ;

(Or CO? COD COD OD COD COD CO CNIAMKHAPWNE

CHAPTER 23. SCIENCE AND RELIGION AT ALEXANDRIA § 1. The science of Alexandria : : ' § 2. Philosophy of Alexandria . E . § 3. Alexandria as a factory of reicaea ; § 4. Alexandria and India ,

CHAPTER 24. THE RISE AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM

. The story of Gautama . rs ; : . Teaching and legend in scnttiet

. The gospel of Gautama Buddha

. Buddhism and Asoka ;

. Two great Chinese teachers . ‘

. The corruptions of Buddhism ; 4

. The present range of Buddhism . é ‘

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Book V Rise And Collapse Of The Roman Empire

CHAPTER 25. THE Two WESTERN REPUBLICS

§ 1. The beginnings of the Latins . ; 3 % § 2. A new sort of state

§ 3. The Carthaginian republic of Nich men

§ 4. The First Punic War ; 3 § 5. Cato the Elder and the spirit of Gato é s § 6. The Second Punic War . ! P 5 3 § 7. The Third Punic War . : . § 8

3. 2

. How the Punic Wars undermined Baud liberty . Comparison of the Roman republic with a modern state t

Vil

300 305 305 309

Viii SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE PAGE CHAPTER 26. FROM TIBERIUS GRACCHUS TO THE GOD EMPEROR IN ROME § 1. The science of thwarting the common man . d 363 § 2. Finance in the Roman state é » £365 § 3. The last years of Republican politics . Pe : 367 § 4. The era of the adventurer generals . = ad § 5. The end of the republic , : 373 § 6. The coming of the Princeps . k y : 2 S77 § 7. Why the Roman republic failed . : 2 : 379 CHAPTER 27. THE Ca&SARS BETWEEN THE SEA AND THE GREAT PLAINS § 1. A short catalogue of emperors y ; 383 § 2. Roman civilization at its zenith : 3 388 § 3. Characteristics of art under the Roman Bageice E 396 § 4. Acertain dullness of the Roman imagination . 397 § 5. The stir of the great plains d e 399 § 6. The Western (true Roman) Empire epumutes a 407 § 7. The Eastern (revived Hellenic) Empire . r34i3 BOOK VI CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM CHAPTER 28. THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY AND THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE § 1. Judea at the Christian era i : : : 417 § 2. The teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 419 § 3. The new universal religions . is . : 426 § 4. The crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth 427 § 5. Doctrines added to the teachings of Jesus : . = 429 § 6. The struggles and persecutions of yaad : 434 § 7. Constantine the Great : « © 437 § 8. The establishment of official Chnstaniy. : . 438 § 9. The map of Europe, a.p. 500 - < 441 § 10. The salvation of learning by Christianity - 444 § 11. Byzantine art : > . - 447 CHAPTER 29. THE History OF ASIA DURING THE DECAY OF THE WESTERN AND BYZANTINE EMPIRES § 1. Justinian the Great ; s 449 § 2. The Sassanid empire in Persia : : . 450 § 3. The decay of Syria under the Sassanids . ‘ 3 452 § 4. The first message from Islam . ‘ : 456 § 5. Zoroaster and Mani i : - 456 § 6. Hunnish peoples in central Asia and India ¥ 2 aS 5. ot

- The dynasties of Han and Tang in China

SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE ix

PAGE § 8. Intellectual fetters of China . ; ; é ‘ - 464 § 9. Early Chinese art . : < 5 3 i ‘ - + 470 § 10. The travels of Yuan Chwang . 5 ' ;: 3 - 471

CHAPTER 30. MUHAMMAD AND ISLAM . Arabia before Muhammad . * > ‘ é » e475

. Life of Muhammad to the Hegira . ; . : , wATT . Muhammad becomes a fighting prophet . . : - 480 . The teachings of Islam . 5 ; 7 . ‘ - 484

The caliphs Abu Bekr and Omar . ; F - 486 The great days of the Omayyads . ; ‘ : » 493 - The decay of Islam under the Abbasids . a . ew 497 . Arabic Culture . . 5 ; j . é <4 00 . Arabic Art . ; ‘ 4 . . . - 504

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VOLUME TWO

CHAPTER 31. CHRISTENDOM AND THE CRUSADES

§ 1. The Western world at its lowest ebb F A ‘ »+ ig SOS § 2. The feudal system a - ° - 2 eD0G § 3. The Frankish kingdom of the re ocran ; A DOS § 4..The Christianization of the Western barbarians . cg aL § 5. Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West . ; eG § 6. The personality of Charlemagne . “ A ie ee § 7. Romanesque Architecture and Art a “ " bg ped § 8. The French and the Germans become distinct r Oe, § 9. The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the

Seljuk Turks : x ; . eae § 10. How Constantinople spout to Rone : . ; ermnao § 11. The Crusades : ; : eae § 12. The Crusades a test of Coenen Z ; ; ~ oo § 13. The Emperor Frederick II . 4 ; z 5 - 341, § 14. Defects and limitations of the Papacy . Q , . 543 § 15. A list of leading Popes . : H ; d ‘ oA § 16. Gothic Architecture and Art . ; 7 3 pe ae § 17. Medizval Music . é 7 : : 5 A ee Oe

Book VII

THE MONGOL EMPIRES OF THE LAND WAYS AND THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE SEA WAYS

CHAPTER 32. THE GREAT EMPIRE OF JENGIS KHAN AND HIS Successors. (THE AGE OF THE LAND Ways) § 1. Asia at the end of the Twelfth Century . . . “p 955 x SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE

PAGE § 2. The rise and victories of the Mongols . é Z . = 208 § 3. Thetravels of Marco Polo . : ‘ 2 A . eee § 4. The Ottoman Turks and Constantinople . A 5 + 8367 § 5. Why the Mongols were not Christianized a ». ea § 6. The Yuan and Ming dynasties in China . : . BO SSF2 § 7. The Mongols revert to tribalism . 3 5 e513 § 8. The Kipchak empire and the Tsar of Muscovy 3 SEO § 9. Timurlane . : ? : - eet § 10. The Mogul empire i jai ; : ‘ . aro § 11. The Gipsies . z : : ; : : ~ = 380

CHAPTER a6. THe RENASCENCE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION. (Lanp Ways GIVE PLace To SEA Ways)

§ 1. Christianity and popular education . 4 : : « £582 § 2. Europe begins to think foritself . : : 7 a8 § 3. The Great Plague and the dawn of communism : re § 4. How paper liberated the human mind . : ~ S95 § 5. Protestantism of the princes and Protestantism of the

peoples : ; : * n x ~ _ 996 § 6. The reawakening oe science . : , : ; wae COL § 7. The new growth of European towns < : 5 Jame OUT § 8. The Literary Renaissance " : : : ; Ole § 9. The Artistic Renaissance . : ; S 3 . 614 § 10. America comes into history . : : ' ee § 11. What Machiavelli thought of the word : : <> O24. § 12. The Republic of Switzerland ‘ ; : ‘ @OSF § 13a. The life of the Emperor Charles V E 5 ; . , 028 § 138. Protestants if the prince wills it . ; : 5 .. "636 § 13c. The intellectual undertow . : . . . « «G36

Book VIII The Age Of The Great Powers

CHAPTER 34. PRINCES, PARLIAMENTS AND POWERS

§ 1. Princes and foreign policy . . . . - 638 § 2. The Dutch Republic . . 5 - . - 640 § 3. The English Republic é ‘ ‘ : « O82 § 4. The break-up and disorder of Girabay . ; : ~ G50 § 5. The splendours of Grand Monarchy in Europe : - 652 § 6. Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries . - 659 § 7. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Painting . = - 661 § 8. The growth of the idea of Great Powers . ¢ we 1662. § 9. The crowned republic of Poland and its fate . i - 666 § 10. The first scramble for empire overseas ; : - 668 § 11. Britain dominates India : . . : SP MAL

SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE

§ 12. Russia’s ride to the Pacific . , , § 13. What Gibbon thought of the world in 1780 ‘ $ § 14. The social truce draws to anend . 9 : rs ;

CHAPTER 35. THE New DeMmocraTIC REPUBLICS OF AMERICA AND

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WONIAKAWN EE

FRANCE

- Inconveniences of the Great Power system .

The thirteen colonies before their revolt .

Civil war is forced upon the colonies The War of Independence. : The constitution of the United States

. Primitive features of the United States constitution . - Revolutionary ideas in France

. The Revolution of the year 1789 . 3

. The French “Crowned Republic” of ’89-’91

10. 11. 12 13.

The Revolution of the Jacobins

The Jacobin republic, 1792-94

The Directory

The pause of seropeuecian' and the ee of beac Socialism

CHAPTER 36. THE CAREER OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

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. The Bonaparte family in Corsica

. Bonaparte as a republican general . . Napoleon First Consul, 1799-1804 . Napoleon I, Emperor, 1804-14

. The Hundred Days : ‘

. The map of Europe in 1815 .

. Empire Style “

CHAPTER 37. THE REALITIES AND IMAGINATIONS OF THE

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= eS ep WNFSWANDAUNARWNH

NINETEENTH CENTURY

. The mechanical revolution . Q :

. Relation of the mechanical to the industrial rewehution . The fermentation of ideas, 1848

. The development of the idea of Socialism

How Darwinism affected religious and political send

. The idea of Nationalism 3

. The Great Exhibition of 1851 5

. The career of Napoleon III ;

. Lincoln and the Civil War in America .

. The Russo-Turkish War and the Treaty of Berlin

. The (second) scramble for overseas empire . ‘

. The Indian precedent in Asia s 3 : : : . The history of Japan. . . . . . .

PAGE oss

676 681

35 736 739 743 749 751 756 xii SCHEME OF THE OUTLINE

PAGE § 14. Close of the period of overseas expansion . r L © 813 § 15. The British Empire in 1914 . . ; : : . 814 § 16. Painting, Sculpture and Architecture : : A . 816 § 17. Music in the Nineteenth Century . ‘ . 819 § 18. The Rise of the Novel to Predominance in i Vidistere 7 “820

CHAPTER 38. THE CATASTROPHE OF MODERN IMPERIALISM

§ 1. The armed peace before the first World War . , « WABZF § 2. Imperial Germany 3 2 . 828 § 3. The spirit of Imperialism in Britain bit ecladidl 2 «= 335 § 4. Imperialism in France, Italy and the Balkans . : . 844 § 5. Russia a Grand Monarchy . : . . 845 § 6. The United States and the Imperial tea : ; . 846 § 7. The immediate causes of the first World War . : . 849 § 8. Asummary of the first World War up to 1917 . : « * €53 § 9. The first World War from the Russian collapse to the Armistice. . : d e : 4 - 860

CHAPTER 39. TWENTY YEARS OF INDECISION AND ITs OUTCOME

§ 1. A phase of moral exhaustion ‘ ‘ ; ‘ « S67

2. President Wilson at Versailles ; 3 é 5 « Stt § 3. Constitution of the League of Nations . ‘ ; - 880 § 4. The Treaties of 1919-20 2 : R P . o> ® 882 § 5. Bolshevism in Russia . ; : £ J « * 887 § 6. The Irish Free State . . s : ‘ : . 894 § 7. The Far and Near East 3 : , ‘ : - 898 § 8. Debts, Money, and Stabilization . . ; : an 903 § 9. The Great Crash of 1929 : - 906 § 10. The Spanish Tragedy . 7 ov” S35 § 11. The rise of Nazism ‘ ; . : : : ie § 12. The World slides to War : : : : é . ToLe Ses

. The Second World War ; 2 : . - _ 924

CHAPTER 40. AFTER THE SECOND Wor~p War

§ 1. The United Nations : : : ; - 941 § 2. The vanishing of empires. ‘ 3 ; . - 944 § 3. The expansion of Communism are : . : ee PSL § 4. The Western resistance . ey ; : « * 9358 § 5. A diary of recent years . r : ‘ ‘ “ - 960

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE . * ‘ s ‘ , 3 3 - & 963

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION . \ ‘ 4 3 3 ‘i { - 980

INDEX . e e ° ° e e =" e e e e 981

LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Life in the Early Paleozoic . : : : . ‘ . : 26 Australian Lung Fish . : : : 5 . 5 : 28 Life in the Later Paleozoic Age . : . 5 ; ; 30

Some Reptiles of the Late Paleozoic Age é ; ; ; 34 Some Mesozoic Reptiles. . : ‘ : . . ; ‘ 35 Late Mesozoic Reptiles . : . . . ; ; : : 37 Pterodactyls and Archeopteryx 5 : < é ; , 2 39 Hesperornis . ; A . ; ; : ; . - 40 Some Oligocene Macias . s ; ss . ' - ; 44 Miocene Mammals ‘ * : ' 46 Early Pleistocene Animals, “hich mr Earhiest tae 2 : 54 Australopithecus . : : - ; K : ; 7 56 The Sub-Man Pitccartiepes . 3 ‘ ‘ . 57 Europe and Western Asia 50,000 Years Ago (Map) . - : ; 61 Neanderthal Man 3 5 - : ; 63 Early Stone Implements . . ; a 64 Australia and the Western Pacific in he Glacial Age (Map) f 3 66 Cro-Magnon Man s A ‘ . - 5 69 Reindeer Age Articles . A a s : - : ; 3 70 A Reindeer Age Masterpiece . ; , . 72 Europe and Western Asia in the Later Paleolithic Ate (Map) 3 7 76 Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings . 5 ‘ 719 Diagram of the Estimated Duration of the True Feat Beciods ; z 80 Neolithic Implements . ; ‘ ; ; ; : : ‘ 86 Pottery from Lake Dwellings . : . . ; ‘ ‘ i 87 Hut Urns. ° q . : f c 92 A “Menhir” of the Neolithic Period 4 . f s ; a sn'00 Bronze Age Implements A : ‘ nll Diagram showing the Duration of the Meotithid Besiad ¥ ‘ mnet03, Heads of Australoid Types . 5 : » 7 ‘ : v2 sL07 Bushwoman . c ; ; - : 3 ; : 3 . 108 Negro Types . 7 A 5 , : A é : o 108 Caucasian Types . r = ‘ . ; s ; ; 2) 09 Mongolian Types . ; : : i 3 : ; 10 The Swastika . : , : . om Europe, Asia, Africa 15, 000 Vonvs Ago (Map) , * . ii 4 Relationship of Human Races (Diagrammatic oe : ; eH LES Possible Development of Languages ; £ HOMG DA.

The Cradle of Western Civilization 6000 to 4000 B.C. (Map) i me P29 Sumerian Warriors in Phalanx J ‘ é : 4 : yh 32 xiv LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Assyrian Warrior (temp. Sargon II) P - A - é -aeee> Racial Types: from Egyptian Tomb-paintings . * A 2 =) BIS9 The Cradle of Chinese Civilization eens x A . 7 . 144

Boats on the Nile, 250 B.c. . 7 - , ‘ ee Egyptian Ship on the Red Sea, 1250 BC. ns 2 ; 2 ; a ess ABgean Civilization (Map) ‘ z _ 5 ; . i - ee

American Indian Picture-writing . A ‘ ‘ ‘ . «, 100 A Votary of the Snake Goddess 2 - . - : : + ea Egyptian Hippopotamus Goddess . : : 5 a 5 je 2kOs Egyptian Gods—Set, Anubis, Typhon, Bes ‘ ‘ : 2 s ek Egyptian Gods—Thoth-lunus, Hathor, Chnemu : . : eed An Assyrian King and his Chief Minister ; F 2 : cae

Pharaoh Chephren ‘ - : 5 22 ee Pharaoh Rameses III as Osiris (Sarcophagus relief : : : See* he Pharaoh Akhnaton ; 2 : : - ae OE Egyptian Peasants (Pyramid Acc) ‘ s * . : ; seo Brawl among Egyptian Boatmen (Pyramid Age) : p : +. AO Egyptian Social Types (from Tombs) , : = . ; = ©4190 Time Chart 6000 B.c. to A.D. . ‘ ‘ " . ‘ ‘ eee The Land of the Hebrews (Map) . : ; : . ee

Aryan-speaking Peoples, 1000-500 B.c. (Map) : i : aed Combat between Menelaus and Hector . - c : : Cpe

Archaic Horses and Chariots . : ; : 5 ° : Pipe AS Hellenic Races, 1000-800 B.c. Svcoake 5 ‘ : : east Greek Sea-fight, 550 B.c. : : 2 - . . ae Athenian Warship, 400 B.c. . 235 Median and Second calli Empires Ga Nebuchadneaear’ s Reivay

(Map) . ‘ . js . : 4 : eal Scythian Types. : ‘ Fs : 3 a oe eas The Empire of Darius (Map) . : : 2 : m - 248 Wars of the Greeks and Persians (Map)is aoe Athenian Foot-soldier . . . ; : : : <= RS.

Persian Body-guard (from Frieze at Shand f 3 $ ‘ 78256 The World according to Herodotus i A 4 3 257 Athene of the Parthenon : : 3 . 1263 Philip of Macedon : a i : A : eT Growth of Macedonia under Philip (Map) : : 4 - «5289 Macedonian Warrior (Bas-relief from Pella) . 5 ; { 280 Campaigns of Alexander the Great (Map) : 5 : : ee 285 Alexander the Great : ; . : é : 39292 Break-up of Alexander’s Empits (Map) A 5 a ; seQG4 SeleucusI . : : 5 : . e296 Later State of ‘Alexdoder: s Reveie cea 287

The World according to Eratosthenes, 200 B.c. (Map) 3 v sit eaSOZ The Known World, 250 B.c. (Map) “ 2 ; : « 9304

LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS XV

PAGE Isis and Horus ! ‘ ‘ : a é d , i . 306 Serapis 4 3 ; 3 $ § no-307 The Rise of Buddhism ése) : 3 3 ; 5 3 ATS Hariti > 3 : 3 : 3 - ¢ 2 PS318 Chinese Image of uaikvin : 3 ‘ . : : x 2 939320: The Spread of Buddhism (Map) . . . . . « «321 Indian Gods—Vishnu, Brahma, Siva : : 2 . 816326 Indian Gods—Krishna, Kali, Ganesa : : ‘ BANU3827 The Western Mediterranean 800—600 B.c. (Map) : 1 : f SUQBL Early Latium (Map) ; : ‘i : 5 332 Burning the Dead: Etruscan Cortmaaniy f ; i : c oat 335 Roman Power after the Samnite Wars (Map) . j ; , , EES BS Italy after 275 B.c. (Map) 3 ; r : ros 6 Roman Coin Celebrating the Victory over pyrritns : . é 24338 Mercury ; 3 é c - 4 ? ; 5 339) Carthaginian Roms : é 3 é ; ; F . . 346 Roman As _. 5 : ; : . 349 Rome and its re 150 B.C. eho é i 3 3 + £355 Gladiators . : ; C 3 * ; S61 Roman Power, 508 BiG. (Man). Z é i a é 2 SRBS Julius Cesar 2 5 ‘ BO Roman Empire at Death a Anpeins A.D. 14 (Map). ° ; 5 POSS Roman Empire in Time of Trajan (Map). ‘ 2 ; a 8385 Asia and Europe: Life of the Historical Period (Map) ; : - 400 Central Asia 200-100 B.c. (Map) . : - 403 Tracks of Migrating and Raiding Péarles,! A.D. 1-700 ( Mop) : . 408 Eastern Roman Empire (Map) 3 P 5 = 24 Constantinople (Map to show value of its Soaition) , ‘ , 2 NE PAYS Galilee (Map) ‘ F ’ é 2 ; . : PUSALS Europe a.p. 500 (Map) . é : 3 . 443 The Eastern Empire and the Saseduich ( Map) >. , : 3 . 454 Asia Minor, Syria and Mesopotamia ici ‘ ‘ 2 ? BOMBS: Ephthalite Coin. 3 3 2 . 460 Chinese Empire, Tang Dynasiy ( Map) - 3 , , . 463 Yuan Chwang’s Route from China to India (Mais) ; : ; . 469 Arabia and Adjacent Countries (Map) . A 3 ‘ Z ot NAT 7 The Beginnings of Moslem Power (Map) ; : : ; . 487 The Growth of Moslem Power in 25 Years (Map) . i ¥ . 490 The Moslem Empire, a.pD. 750 (Map) ‘ : , : i ee AG] Europe, a.p. 500 (Map) ‘ 3 i508 Frankish Dominions in the Time of Chayes Martel (Map) ‘ 249° 510 England, a.p. 640 (Map) y : : . ; 3 PA9STS England, a.p. 878 (Map) ‘ : : ‘ ; er sig Europe at the Death of Chariennane: (Map) 3 3 : : 4 518 France at the Close of the 10th Century (Map) ‘ d : . PHS24