Manual of the diseases of children

Front matter

UIBRARV OF

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Preface To Second Edition

The entire book has been thoroughly rewritten, and a number of new chapters and many special articles are added. In other directions the wording has been condensed and some repetitions and elaborations have been omitted which make increased clearness of arrangement. It is now felt that the book will be found to be a succinct presentation of the whole subject of diseases of children.

Attention is called to the remodeling of the articles on infant feeding ; these have been almost entirely rewritten, owing to the great advance in our knowledge of the subject, especially in regard to the home modification of milk. The articles on the diseases incident or following birth and the diseases of the digestive organs have been carefully revised.

A chapter on Diseases of the Ear is added ; that on the Blood is practically new and as thorough as space will permit. The chapter on Diseases of the Nervous System is carefully revised and several articles added ; that on the Skin is again rewritten ; also those treating on Infectious Diseases, Diseases of the Heart, and the Respiratory Disorders, much new matter being added.

We are especially indebted to Dr. Geo. C. Stout for assistance in the article on disorders of the ear ; Dr. Casper Sharpless, for that on the blood ; Dr. Naudain Duer, for that on urinalysis and disorders of the kidney ; Dr. Chas. N. Davis, for that on the skin ; Dr. Warmuth, for that on variola and vaccinia. To Dr. Alfred R. Allen, Dr. Jesse Williamson, Dr. Charlotte W. West, and Mr. George Ulrich we are indebted for help in various ways. The index was compiled by Dr. Leighton F. Appleman.

Preface To First Edition

The authors do not claim this book to be a treatise on the maladies of childhood. The original manuscript has in many cases been extensively condensed and several articles omitted so as to reduce the size of the volume to its due proportions as a practical working manual — a brief but competent guide for the student and practitioner. The aims of the authors have been to present in a clear and concise manner the chief points in the description, differentiation, and treatment of the diseases of childhood. The pathology has been abbreviated, not because this most important division of the subject is undervalued, but for the reason that in so small a work there is not sufficient room adequately to describe the constantly increasing discoveries and opinions in this direction. The treatment of the various diseases described is accorded prominence, and has in the majority of cases been dwelt on at length, though the mention of many drugs is avoided. The authors do not attempt to offer much that is original or novel, and only obtrude their individual views when commenting upon the opinions of the great masters in the field of pediatric medicine. The names of few authorities are mentioned. In the preparation of the manuscript several gentlemen have most kindly lent their aid, and to them the thanks of the authors are due. Among these are : Dr. Wm. Johnson Taylor has added much of interest from the standpoint of the surgeon ; James Herbert McKee, on diseases of the heart ; T. A. Erck, on diabetes, etc. ; Joseph Leidy, on scurvy ; Carl Seiler, A. V. Watson, and G. H. Makuen, on respiratory diseases. The authors desire also to acknowledge their in-

vii

Viii PKKK.U-K TO FIRST EDITION.

debtedness to Dr. Van Harlingen for aid in chapter on skin diseases ; to Dr. Edwin Rosenthal for his aid in the article on diphtheria and intubation ; to Dr. L. S. Ferris for numerous abstracts on the literature of the diseases of the blood, the acute fevers, etc. ; and to Dr. L. F. Appleman for the index.

Chapter I. Page

General Symptomatology and Diagnosis of Disease in Children, .... 41

CHAPTER II. Asphyxia Neonatorum, 45

The Management of Infants Prematurely Born, 54

DISEASES IN THE NEW-BORN CHARACTERIZED BY HEMORRHAGE, 59

Hemorrhages in the New-born, 59

Apoplexy in the New-born, 60

Hemorrhages from Mucous Surfaces, 62

Caput Succedaneum, 63

Cephalhematoma, 64

Hematoma of the Sternocleidomastoid, 67

Umbilical Hemorrhage, 69

Gastro-intestinal Hemorrhage, 69

DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY JAUNDICE, 70

Icterus in the New-born, . . 70

Malignant Jaundice in the New-born, , . 71

Acute Hemoglobinuria in the New-born, 72

Acute Fatty Degeneration in the New-born, 73

DISEASES PRODUCED BY SEPTIC INFECTION, 74

General Septic Infection of the New-born, 74

Omphalitis, 76

Tetanus in the New-born, 76

Inspiration Pneumonia, 77

Sclerema, 78

Melena in the New-born, 79

Mastitis in the New-born, 80

Obstetric Paralysis, 81

Umbilical Polypi, 84

Diverticulum Tumor and Persistence of the Omphalomesenteric Duct, . . 85

Umbilical Hernia, 86

CHAPTER IV. Weaning, loo

ix

X CONTENTS.

PAGE

Feeding by a Wet-nurse, IO4

Feeding by the Use of Modified Milk of Animals, . 105

Decomposition and Bacteriology of Milk, . . no

The Breeds of Cows Best Adapted for Infant Feeding, 119

Supervision of the Production of Milk by Boards of Health, 121

Sterilization and Pasteurization, 123

Diet of Children from the Sixth to the Eighteenth Month, 143

CHAPTER V. I MM uses of the Mouth, 156

Diseases of the Tongue, 165

Fibrinous Macroglossia, 1 66

Glossitis, 167

Ranula, 167

Dentition, Normal and Delayed, 168

Diseases of the Esophagus, 1 73

Esophagitis, 173

Diseases of the Stomach, 174

Chronic Gastritis, 178

Cyclic Vomiting, 183

Pyloric Hypertrophy with Stenosis, \ . 184

Ulcer of the Stomach in Children, . . 185

Gastralgia, ... 190

Dilatation of the Stomach, 191

Diseases of the Intestines, 192

Malformations of the Intestinal Tract, 192

Acute Enteritis, 193

Acute Milk Infection, 200

Subacute Milk Infection, . 206

Amyloid Degeneration of the Intestines, 218

Mucous Disease, 218

Chronic Constipation, 224

Intestinal Colic, 227

Intestinal Obstruction, 230

Hernia, 235

Diseases of the Rectum, 237

Prolapse of the Rectum, 237

Rectal Polypi, 238

Prolapse of the Anus, 239

Fissure of the Anus, 240

Ischiorectal Abscess, . 241

Hemorrhoids, 241

Incontinence of Feces, 241

Proctitis 241

CHAPTER VI. Tuberculosis of the Peritoneum, 2152

CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER VII.

PAGE

Jaundice Occurring During Childhood, 267

Congestion of the Liver, 270

Physical Signs of Hepatic Abscess, 271

Multiple Hepatic Abscess, 272

Syphilitic Inflammation of the Liver, 273

Suppurative Inflammation of the Liver, 273

Interstitial Hepatitis, 274

Fatty Liver, 278

Amyloid Disease of the Liver, 279

Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver, 280

Hydatid Disease, 281

CHAPTER VIII. The Urine, 284

Anuria, 285

Polyuria, 286

Physiologic Glycosuria, 286

Indicanuria, 287

Acetonuria, 288

Pyuria, 289

Hematuria, 289

Hemoglobinuria, 291

Enuresis, 291

Stone in the Bladder, 295

Cystitis, 298

Physiologic Albuminuria, 300

DISEASES OF THE KIDNEY, . . 301

Acute Congestion of the Kidney, 301

Chronic Congestion of the Kidney, 301

Acute Degeneration of the Kidney, 302

Acute Exudative Nephritis, 303

Acute Diffuse Nephritis, 305

Chronic Nephritis, 309

Perinephritis, 314

Pyelitis, 315

Renal Calculi, 316

Tuberculosis of the Kidney, 317

Tumors of the Kidney, 318

CHAPTER XII. General Considerations, 391

Congenital Diseases of the Heart, 395

Functional Disturbances of the Heart, 39°

Organic Cardiac Diseases, .• 4°°

Diseases of the Pericardium, 4°3

Other Affections of the Pericardium, 4°7

Affections of the Myocardium, 4°7

Myocarditis, 4°8

Diseases of the Endocardium, 4IQ

Endocarditis, 4IQ

CHAPTER XIII. Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract, 422

Acute Rhinitis, . 42°

Chronic Rhinitis (Simple and Hypertrophic), 427

Purulent Rhinitis, 42$

Atrophic Rhinitis, 42&

Croupous or Membranous Rhinitis, 429

Syphilitic Rhinitis, 429

Mucous Polypi (Edematous Fibromata), 429

Fibrous Tumors, 43°

Adenoid Vegetations, 430

Acute Pharyngitis, 43°

Rheumatic Pharyngitis, 431

Retropharyngeal Abscess (Retropharyngeal Lymphadenitis), .... 431

Tonsillitis, ...... 433

Chronic Tonsillitis (Hypertrophy of the Tonsils), 437

Disorders of Speech 437

Membranous Croup, 445

CONTENTS. Xlll

PAGE

Laryngismus Stridulus, 449

Cough, . 450

Acute Bronchitis, 452

Chronic Bronchitis, 457

Bronchial Asthma, 458

Pulmonary Emphysema, 462

Acute Bronchopneumonia, 463

Chronic Bronchopneumonia, 469

Pleuropneumonia, 490

Empyema, 492

CHAPTER XIV. Nervous Manifestations in the Diseases of Children, 495

The Neuron, .... 499

Reflexes — Their Physiology and Significance, 500

Motor Excitements, . 504

Tetany, 511

Automatic Movements, 517

Insanity and Disturbances of the Mind in Children, 537

Imbecility, Feeble-mindedness, and Idiocy, 540

Hydrocephalus, 553

Exophthalmic Goiter, 555

Raynaud's Disease, 557

Myxedema, 558

Migraine, 559

Neuritis, , 561

Multiple Neuritis, 561

Diphtheric Paralysis, 565

Lead Paralysis, 566

Tetanus, 5^7

Simple Cerebral Meningitis, 570

Simple Posterior Basic Meningitis, 574

Tubercular Meningitis, 575

Tumors of the Brain and Its Meninges, 585

Abscess of the Brain, 589

Infantile Spinal Paralysis, , 5^9

Acute Myelitis, 594

Disseminated Sclerosis, 599

Hereditary Ataxia, 601

Progressive Muscular Atrophies, 602

Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Paralysis, 603

CHAPTER XV. Tuberculosis, 605

General Tuberculosis, 609

Tracheotomy, 656 xiv CONTENTS.

PAGE

Variola, 680

Vaccinia, 685

Varicella, 687

Epidemic Influenza, 700

Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis, 706

Mumps, Jil

\Yhooping-cough, 713

Syphilis, "Ji8

Rubella, 735

The Bubonic Plague 738

Glandular Fever, 741

Care and Treatment of the Hair in Acute Infectious Diseases, 741

CHAPTER XVI. Aphthous Vulvitis of Children, 743

Dermatitis, 743

Ecthyma, • 746

Erythema, 760

Furuncle, 763

Herpes Zoster, 764

Impetigo Contagiosa, i . 766

Miliaria, 767

Pediculosis, 769

Pityriasis Rosea, 770

Psoriasis, 770

Purpura, 771

Scabies, 773

Seborrhea 774

Tinea Trichophytina, 775

Tinea Circinata, 777

Tinea Favosa, ... 778

Urticaria, 779

CHAPTER XVII. Diseases of the External Ear, 783

Diseases of the Middle Ear, 785

Diseases of the Internal Ear, 791

CHAPTER XIX. Lymphadenitis, _ 818

Injuries and Shock, 822

Harelip. — Cleft Palate, . . . . 823

Diseases of the Joints, 824

Infectious Osteitis (Osteomyelitis), 826

Ophthalmia in the New-born, 826

INDEX, 829

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. Dissection of a New-born Infant, showing the Size and Position of the

Thymus Gland and its Relation to the Lungs, 24

2. Schultze's Method (Inspiration), 48

3. Schultze's Method (Expiration), 49

4. Sylvester's Method (Expiration), 51

5. Sylvester's Method (Inspiration), 51

6. Artificial Respiration (Inspiration), 52

7. Artificial Respiration (Expiration), 52

8. Ribmont's Tube, 53

9. Diagram of Tarnier Couveuse, 54

11. Modification of Tarnier Couveuse, in Use in the Jefferson Maternity, Phila-

delphia, 57

12. Section of Cephalhematoma, 65

13. Hematoma of the Sternocleidomastoid (from a patient in the Philadelphia

Polyclinic}, 68

14. Diagram Illustrating the Effects of the Persistence of the Omphalomesen-

teric Duct and the Formation of the So-called Diverticulum Tumor

(Riesmaii), 85

15- A. Marchand's Tube. B. C. Holt's Lactometer and Cream Gage, ... 114

16. Feser's Lactoscope, 115

17. Twelve Per Cent. Cream, 117

1 8. Estran's Materna, 140

19. Gangrenous Stomatitis (Dr. Stengel's Case at the Children's Hospital}, . . 162

20. Macroglossia (Dr. W. W. Keen' s Case}, 1 66

21. Diagram Showing the Order of the Eruption of the Milk-teeth 170

22. Diagram Showing the Order of Eruption of the Permanent Teeth (From

Rotch], 171

23. Subacute Milk Infection (From patient in the Department of Obstetrics and

Diseases of Infancy, Polyclinic Hospital, Philadelphia), 207

24. Taenia Nana, von Siebold (After Leuckart), X IO. 260

25. Head of Taenia Nana, von Siebold ; with Retracted Rostellum (After

Leuckart}, X 75- A. An isolated hook, X 3°°> 260

26. Egg of Taenia Nana, von Siebold (After Leuckart}, X 3°o, 260

27. Taenia Saginata, Goeze (After Leuckart), 261

28. Cephalic End of Taenia Saginata, Goeze (After Leuckart] — A in retracted

and B in extended state, , . 261

xv xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PACK

29. Head of Tsenia Solium ; On the Right, Egg of Trcnia Solium (Leuckart), 262

30. Diagram Showing Reflex Nerve Arc of the Act of Micturition, 293

31. a. Small Lymphocyte, b. Large Lymphocyte, c. Transitional Lympho-

cyte, d. Neutrophiles. e. Eosinophiles. f. Myelocytes. g. Eosinophilic Myelocyte, 328

32. a. Normocyte.. b. Parasites of quartan fever, c. Parasites of tertian fever.

d. Parasites of estivo-autumnal fever, 328

33. a. Normocyte. b. Normocyte Deficient in Hemoglobin, c. Poikilocytes.

d. Macrocyte. e. Microcyte. f. Normoblasts. g. Megaloblasts. //. Poikiloblast. i. Microblast, 328

34. Human Colored Blood-corpuscles (After Landois) — I. On the flat. 2. On

edge. 3. Rouleau of corpuscles, 335

35. Acute Atrophy (Acute Marasmus) (From patient in the Department of Ob-

stetrics and Diseases of Infancy, Polyclinic Hospital, Philadelphia], . . 380

36. Acute Parenchymatous Nephritis and Hematuria, Showing Decided Left

Ventricular Hypertrophy ; Area of Dullness Outlined by Auscultatory Percussion, 408

37. Girl Aged Eleven Years ; Double Mitral Disease, Area of Dullness Greatly

Increased, Especially Over the Left Ventricular Region, 411

38. Improvised Croup Tent, Made from an Umbrella and a Sheet, 446

39. Tuberculosis of the Lungs Developing during Typhoid Fever, 607

40. Skiagram of a Well -developed Male Infant a Few Hours After Birth

(O'Dwyer's Intubation Tube Still in the Throat), 633

41. Method of Feeding Child after Intubation, 659

42. Method of Introducing the O'Dwyer Tube in Intubation, 66 1

MANUAL

DISEASES OF CHILDREN.