The Family History of England, civil, military, social, commercial, and religious, from the earliest period to the passing of the Reform Bill, 1867. (Edited by ... J. Taylor.)

Chapter I

— a.d. 1567-1568. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.

Proceedings of Mary after her Marriage, ... 1 The Bishop of Dunblane is sent to the French Court, . 1 Mary's Apology for her Marriage, .... 2 Bothwell's Treatment of the Queen, .... 2 The Lords resolve to Seize Bothwell, .... 3 His Flight to Borthwick, and to Dunbar, ... 3 Bothwell and the Queen advance on Edinburgh, . . 4 The Confederates take the Field, .... 4 Carberry Hill 4 Flight of Bothwell and Surrender of the Queen. . . 5 Her entrance into Edinburgh, ..... 6 She refuses to abandon Bothwell, .... 6 Discovery of her Letters in the Silver Casket, . . 7 Discussion respecting the Disposal of the Queen, . . 7 Lochleven Castle, ....... 8 Abdication of the Queen, and Coronation of James VI., 8 The Hamiltons propose that she should be put to Death, 8 Crooked Policy of the English Queen, ... 9 Retnm of the Earl of Moray from France, ... 9 His interview with Mary, ...... 9 He is invested with the office of Regent, . .10 Overtures made to him by the French Court, . . 10 Elizabeth threatens him, and refuses to acknowledge his Government, ....... 11 She makes advances to the Hamiltons, and sends them money, ........ 11 Their submission to the Regent, . . . .11 Kirkaldy goes in pursuit of Bothwell, who escapes to Denmark, and dies there in Prison, . .12 The Regent pacifies the Country, . . . .12 Meeting of the Scottish Parliament, . . . .12 Execution of Hay, Hepburn, and other Accomplices of Bothwell, 12 Declaratory Act against the Queen, . . . .12 The more powerful Criminals escape with Impunity, . 12 Reaction in Favour of the Queen, . . .13 George Douglas, ....... 13 Plans for the Escape of Mary, . . . . .13 She leaves Lochleven, ...... 14 The Gathering at Hamilton, . . . .14 Elizabeth offers to Mediate, 14 Resolute conduct of Moray, .... 14 The Battle of Langside, 14 Defeat of the Queen's Troops, . . . . .16 Flight of Mary Stewart to Dundrennan, . . .15 She takes Refuge in England, . . . . .15 PAGE

Chapter II

Perplexity of Elizabeth and her Ministers respecting the Queen of Scots, .16 Mary's anxiety for an interview with Elizabeth, . . 17 Parsimony of the English Queen, . . . .17 Her Duplicity, 17 Message to Moray, . . . . . . .17 Spirited Letter of Mary, ...... 18 Crooked Policy of Elizabeth, . . . . .18 Her Promises to Lord Herries and the Spanish and French Ambassadors, ..... 18 Her Counter-assurances to the Regent, . . .19 Conference at York, .... 19 Attitude assumed by Moray, . . . . .20 Nature of his Charges against Mary, . . . .20 Advice given to him by Norfolk, . . . .20 A Compromise recommended by Maitland, Leslie, aud Norfolk, 21 Thwarted by Elizabeth, 21 Conference removed to Westminster, . . . .21 The Regent entrapped into accusing Mary of the Murder of Darnley, ....... 22 Course adopted by the Commissioners of the Queen of Scots, 23 Their Protest against the Proceedings of the Conference, 23 Moray produces his Evidence, . . . . .24 Counter Charges against the Regent and his Associates, 25 New Proposals of Elizabeth, ..... 26 Impotent Termination of the Conference, . . .27 Quarrel between the Spanish and English Courts, . 28 Voyage of Hawkins, ....... 29 Dishonourable Conduct of Elizabeth, . . . .29 Her fraudulent seizure of the money of Philip, . - 30 Resumption of her temporizing Conduct towards Mary, 30 High tone assumed by Mary, . . . . .30 Danger of Moray, ....... 30 His interview with Norfolk, . . . . .31 His return to Scotland, ...... 31 Policy of Mary, ........ 31 Vigorous Proceedings of the Regent, . . . .31 Submission of the Hamiltons, . . . . .32 Intrigues regarding the Marriage of the Queen of Scots, 32 Opposition of the Roman Catholic Peers to Cecil, . 32 Change of Policy towards France, . . . .33 New proposals of the English Council regarding the Queen of Scots, ...... 33 Agreed to by Mary, but disapproved of by the Regent and by the Scottish Parliament, . . . .34 PAGE Discovery of the Ridolfi Plot, 55 Confession of the Bishop of Ross, . . ■ .55 Sir William Drury is sent to Edinburgh, . . .57 Irritation of the Lords against Elizabeth, . . .57 Coronation at Stirling, 57 Attempted surprise of the Town, . . ■ 58-59 Death of Lennox, and Regency of the Earl of Mar, . 60

Chapter IV

— ad. 1571-1573. MARY. Meeting of the Scottish Parliament, . . . .61 The Civil War in Scotland, 61 Perfidy of Morton, 61 Bombardment of Edinburgh Castle, . . . .61 Vacillating conduct of the English Queen, . . .62 The Earl of Northumberland given up to her and put to Death, . .62 Proposed Bill of Attainder against the Queen of Scots, . 63 The Bishops and a Deputation from the two Houses urge her Execution, ... 63 Elizabeth refuses to consent, ..... 63 Treaty with Spain, ....... 63 Deception and Treachery on both sides, . . .63 Execution of the Duke of Norfolk, . . . .64 Capture of Brille by the Dutch Privateers, . . .64 The Alencon Marriage, ...... 65 Elizabeth's insincere and dangerous Policy, . . 65 She offers to Betray Flushing to the Spaniards, . . 65 Evil effects of her baseness and treachery, . . 65 Roman Catholic Fanaticism in Paris, . . . .65 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, . . . . .65 Manner in which it was received at Rome, Madrid, London, and Edinburgh, ..... 65 Audience granted by Elizabeth to the French Ambassador, . . ..... 65 Advances made by Alva, . . . . . . . 65 Knox's Sermon on the Massacre, . . . .66 Overtures for the Surrender of Mary to the Scots, . 66 Sudden Death of Mar, 69 Trickery of Elizabeth, ...... 69 Morton elected Regent, ...... 69 Last Illness and Death of John Knox, . . 70-71 Civil War renewed, ....... 72 The Queen's Party broken up, . . . . .72 Grange and Lethington refuse to submit, . . .72 Elizabeth at last sends Troops to reduce the Castle, . 72 Bombardment and Storming of the Fortress, . . 73 Death of Maitland, 73 Execution of Grange, ...... 73

Chapter V

Continental relations of England, . . . .75 The Prince of Orange and the Flemish Protestants, . 75 Elizabeth sends them some Aid, . . . .75 Alva recalled, ........ 76 Change of Policy on the part of Spain, . . .76 Battle of Mook Heath, 76 Philip expels the English Refugees, . . . .76 Amicable Arrangements between England and Spain, . 76 Burning of Anabaptists in England, . . . .76 Persecution of the Puritans, 77 Thomas Cartwright, .... .77 Archbishop Parker's corruption aud wealth, . . 77 Character of his successor Grindall, . . . .78 His Arbitrary treatment by Elizabeth, . . .78 State of Ireland, ..... .78 Shane O'Neil, ! 78 Rebellion of the Irish, '_ 79 Earl of Essex appointed Governor of Ulster, . . 79 His Failure and Death, .... .79 Landing of Fitzmaurice in Ireland 79 PAGE Intrigues of the Romish Party among the English Peers, 35 Arrest of the Duke of Norfolk, . . . . .36 The Great Rebellion of the North 36 Intrigues of the Papal Envoy and of the Earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland, . . . .36 Proceedings of the Insurgents, ..... 37 Failure of the Attempt to set Mary at Liberty, . . 37 Suppression of the Rebellion, . . . . .37 Flight of the Leaders into Scotland, . . . .37 Cruel and mercenary Policy cf Elizabeth, . .38 Execution of the poorer class of Insurgents, . . 38 Elizabeth's Demand for the Surrender of the Refugees, . 38 Moray's Inability to Comply with it, . . . .38 Foolish and dishonourable treatment of the Regent by the English Queen, ...... 39 Difficulties of Moray, ...... 39 Arrest of Maitland, ....... 39 His seizure by Grange, ...... 39 The Regent's Appeal to Elizabeth for Recognition and Assistance, ....... 40 Her selfish and penurious Conduct, . . . .40 Plot against the Regent, ...... 40 Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, . . . . .41 Falsehood of the Charges against the Regent, . . 41 His Murder, 42

CHAPTER III.

Feelings of Elizabeth on the death of Regent Moray, . 43 Results in Scotland of the Murder, . . . .43 Pius V. excommunicates the English Queen, . . 43 Her danger, ........ 44 She sends Randolph to Scotland, . . . .44 Insurrection of Leonard Dacre, ..... 44 Parsimony and short-sighted Policy of Elizabeth, . 44 Suppression of the Insurrection, . . . .44 Comparative Strength of the two parties in Scotland, . 44 Invasion of the Country by the English, . . .45 Their barbarous Proceedings, . . . .45 Vengeance taken on the Hamiltons, . . . .45 Anarchy and Confusion in Scotland, . . . .46 Renewed Negotiations with the Queen of Scots, . . 46 Terms offered by Elizabeth, and accepted by Mary, . 47 The Regent and Morton refuse to agree to them, . . 47 Elizabeth's Treaty for her Marriage to the Duke of \njou, ........ 47 Her double dealing with the Queen of Scots, . . 48 Policy of the King of Spain, . . . . .48 The Duke of Norfolk renews his Correspondence with Mary Stewart, 48 Proposal to reinstate her on the Throne, . . .48 The Norfolk Marriage, 43 Anxiety of Elizabeth's Councillors for her union to Anjou, 49 The Ridolfi Conspiracy, ...... 49 Capture of Dumbarton Castle, . . . . .50 Execution of the Archbishop of St. Andrews, . .51 Meeting of the English Parliament, . . . .51 Bills for attendance at the Communion, and for the protection of the Queen, .... 51-52 Act of Attainder against the Northern Insurgents, . 52 Ridolfi's Proceedings, ...... 52 Capture of Charles Bailly, ..... 52 Cruel and Treacherous Policy of Cecil, . .53 Examination of the Bishop of Ross, . . . .53 Execution of Dr.

Story, . • . . . . .53 Insincerity of Elizabeth respecting the Anjou Marriage, 53 The Privateers, 53 Mission of Sir Henry Cobham to Madrid, . . .53 Proposed Assassination of Elizabeth in the Spanish Council, ........ 54 Chapin Vitelli offers to kill her, . . . .54 Preparations for the Invasion of England, . . .54 Sir John Hawkins pretends to be a Traitor, and deceives the Queen of Scots and Philip PAGE Insurrection of the Earl of Desmond, . . . .79 He is betrayed and killed, . . . . .79 The Condition of the Country, 80 Elizabeth's Foreign Policy unprincipled and dangerous, 80 Her Behaviour towards France, . . . . .80 Civil War in France, . . . . . .81 Elizabeth Tries to hold the balance between the Huguenots and the Roman Catholics, . . .81 She outwits herself, . . . . . .81 Mutiny of the Spanish Soldiers in the Netherlands, . 81 Elizabeth's dishonest Behaviour, . . . .82 Sir John Smith sent as Ambassador to Spain, . . 82 Condition of Scotland under the Regency of Morton, . 82 His Treatment by Elizabeth, 83 " The great matter "renewed, . . . . .83 Project for the Invasion of England by Spain, . . 83 Sir Francis Drake, 84 Defeat of the States' Army at Gemblours, . . .84 Their Indignation at Elizabeth's breach of faith, . . 84 She repudiates the Bonds she had given them, . . 84 Cabal against Regent Morton, . . . . .84 He resigns his Office, .... . . 85 His Restoration to Power, . . . . . .85 Proposed Invasion of Scotland by the French, . . 85 Elizabeth refuses the Proposals of the Scottish Court, . 86 Elizabeth's Behaviour towards the States, . . .86 Closes her Dealings with them, 83 Her Matrimonial Project with Alencon, . . .86 He is invited to visit her, 86 Sends over his Agent, M. Simier, who discovers and makes known Leicester's private Marriage, . . 86 Elizabeth's anger, ....... 86 Aleneon's visit and personal appearance, . . .86 Elizabeth seems bent on Marrying him, . . .86 General dislike in England of the Proposal, . . .87 Pamphlet by John Stubbs, ..... 87 Cruel Treatment of the Author and Publisher, . . 87 Suspension of the Marriage, . . . . .87 It is allowed to drop, . . ... 87 Jesuit Plot to destroy Regent Morton, . . .87 Esme Stewart, Count D'Aubigny, sent over for that purpose, ...... .87 Revival of French Interest at the Scottish Court, . 88 Elizabeth's Alarm, ....... 88 She tempts Morton to Commit Treason, and then deserts him, ....... 89 His Arrest 90 Elizabeth Remonstrates and Threatens, but does not Interfere, 90 Morton's Trial for Complicity in the Murder of Darnley, His Sentence and Execution, . . . . .91

Chapter VI

Jesuit Missionaries in England, . . . . .93 Parsons and Campian, . ... . . .94 Apprehension and torture of the Seminary Priests, . 94 Meeting of Parliament, ...... 94 Stringent Enactments against Roman Catholics, . . 94 Labours of Campian, ...... 95 His Arrest, and Examination by torture, . . .95 Public Disputation between him and the Deans of St. Paul and Windsor, ...... 96 Campian and fourteen others Executed for Treason, . 96 Effect of these proceedings, . . . .96 Bnrghley's Defence of the Government, . . .96 Sir Francis Drake's Character and Exploits, . . 97 His Expedition against the Spaniards, . . .97 Its remarkable success, ...... 98 Indignation of the Spanish Court, . . . .99 Policy of Elizabeth, 99 The Alencon Marriage, ■ 100 Treaty once more proposed, ..... 100 Elizabeth's Duplicity and Trickery, .... 100 PAGE Alencon's Visit to England, ..... 100 The kiss at Greenwich, ...... 100 The Marriage broken off, . . . . . . 100 Aleufon's complaints, ...... 101 Cost of the queen's behaviour to the duke, . . . 101 Condition of affairs in Scotland, ..... 101 Lennox and Arran, ....... 101 Mission of Captain Errington, ..... 101 The rage of the queen at the behaviour of James, . 102 Her negotiations with Mary, ..... 102 Mary's Duplicity, 102 Two Jesuits sent to Scotland, ..... 102 Scheme of Lennox, ....... 102 Character and Conduct of Arran, .... 102 Attempts to subvert the Presbyterian Church, . . 102 Efforts of Elizabeth to regain her influence at the Scottish Court, 103 Robert Montgomery appointed Archbishop of Glasgow, 103 Resistance of the Church 103, 104 Raid of Ruthven, 105 Captivity of James, ....... 105 Timidity of Lennox, ....... 105 Triumphant Return of the Ministers to Edinburgh, . 105 Lennox retires to Dumbarton, ..... 105 Application of the Confederates to Elizabeth, . . 105 Her Vacillation and Policy, ..... 106 Embassy of la Mothe to Scotland, .... 106 Danger of James, ....... 107 Elizabeth receives Lennox in London, . . . 107 His Treachery, 108 His Sudden Death in Paris, 108

Chapter VII

— a.d. 1583-1585. MARY. State of affairs in France, 109 Position of the Scottish Court, 109 Perfidious Policy of Elizabeth, 110 Mission of Colonel Stewart and Sir John Colville to London, ........ 110 Elizabeth rejects their Terms, Ill Prince of Orange wounded by an Assassin, . . . Ill Conduct of Alencon, . ...... Ill The French Conspiracy, ...... Ill Catastrophe at Antwerp and Flight of Alencon, . . Ill Elizabeth's Disgraceful Treatment of the States, . . 112 Mission of Walsingham to Scotland, I 112 Revolution at the Scottish Court, .... James places himself at the disposal of Guise, . . 112 Elizabeth again offers Terms to the Queen of Scots, . 112 Their Rejection, . . .... 112 Walsingham sent to Edinburgh, ..... 113 His opinion of James, . . . . . .114 Elizabeth's treacherous Behaviour towards the Scottish Lords, ........ 114 The King of Navarre asks for help, . . . .114 Her sharp practice, ....... 114 Discovery of Throgmorton's Plot, .... 114 His Confession on the rack, . . . . .114 Persecution of the Jesuits and Priests, . . .115 Expulsion of the Spanish Ambassador, . . . 115 Plot to seize the King of the Scots, .... 115 The Lords are betrayed and fly, ..... 115 Capture and Execution of Gowrie, .... 116 Negotiations once more opened with Mary, . . . 116 She stands on " Proud Terms," ..... 116 The Treaty is dropped, . . . . . .116 Mary urges her Son to take vengeance on her Enemies, 116 He refuses to associate her with him on the Throne, . 117 Arran hostile to Mary's claims, ..... 117 Foreign Policy of Elizabeth, ..... 117 Her Overtures to France, . . . . .117 Paltry Manœuvreing in Scotland, .... 118 Arbitrary Measures of Arran, . . . .118 His Secret Overtures to Elizabeth, ....

FAOB Interview with Elizabeth, 150 Dismissal of Gray and Melville, 151 Pretended Conspiracy at the House of the French Ambassador, ....... 151 Elizabeth signs the Warrant for Execution, . . 152 Her attempt to induce Sir Amyas Paulet to kill Mary Stewart, ....■••• 152 His Answer, and Elizabeth's Anger, . . . 152-153 Davison Consults the Council, 154 They resolve to execute the Warrant, . . . .154 Beale carries the Warrant to Fotheringay, . . . 154 Behaviour of the Queen of Scots, .... 155 Her Execution, 157-160 Results, 161

Chapter IX

Reception of the news of Mary's Execution by the Citizens of London, ...... 162 Hypocrisy and Falsehood of Elizabeth, . . . 163 Her Pretended Indignation against Davison and Burghley, 163 State of Feeling in France and in Scotland, . .163 Apprehensions of Elizabeth, ..... 163 Her shameful treatment of Davison, .... 164 Her attempts to pacify James, ..... 165 Policy of the King of Spain, ..... 166 State of Matters in the Low Countries, . . . 166 First Expedition of Sir Francis Drake against the Spanish Ports, ....... 166 Its great Success, ....... 166 Dissimulation and Perverse Policy of Elizabeth, . . 166 Her treatment of the Dutch Envoys, . . - 167 Incapacity of Leicester, . . . . . .168 Neglect and Sufferings of the English Troops, . . 168 His Recall, 169 Elizabeth persists in seeking Peace with Spain, . . 169 Dissatisfaction of the States, . . . . .169 Commissioners appointed to treat for Peace, . . 169 Philip prepares for War. ...... 169 The Equipment of the Armada, .... 169 The Condition of England, ..... 170 The Militia and Volunteers, 170 State of the Navy, . 170 Preparations for Defence, ..... 171 Patriotic Feeling of the English People, . . . 171 Fidelity of the Roman Catholics, . . . .171 Continued Negotiations for Peace, .... 171 Insincerity of Philip and Parma, and their Dishonourable Conduct, ........ 172 Parsimony of rhe Queen, ...... 173 111 Treatment of the Sailors, ..... 173 Short supplies of Food and of Ammunition, . . . 174 Sailing of the Armada, 174 Its Dispersion by a storm, ..... 174 It sails a second time, . . . . . .174 Action off Plymouth, ... ... 175 Letter of the Lord High Admiral, . . . .175 Successive Engagements, ...... 176 The Armada anchors before Calais, .... 176 Fire-ships, ........ 177 Defeat of the Spaniards, 177 Want of Food and Powder in the English Fleet, . . 178 Flight of the Armada, 179 Wreck of many of the ships, I79 Sufferings and shameful treatment of the English Sailors 180 Death of the Earl of Leicester, 180 Expedition to Portugal under Drake and Norris, . . 180

Chapter X

— a.d. 1589-1603. ELIZABETH. The Affairs of France, Igl Naval Expeditions against Spain, .... 181 PAGE Lord Hunsdon sent to confer with him, . . . 118 General Perfidy, 119 Confessions of Crichton the Jesuit, .... 119 Bond of Association for Elizabeth's Protection, . 120, 121 Selfishness of James, ...... 122 Mission of the Master of Gray, ..... 122 His Treachery, . ....... 122 Apprehensions of Mary Stewart, .... 122 Her Removal to Tutbury Castle, . . . .122 Meeting of Parliament, . . . . 123 Plot of Dr. Parry, 123 Its Discovery, and his Execution, .... 123 Elizabeth's perfidious dealing with the States and with France, 123 Her demand for the Surrender of Morgan, . . 124 The Holy League, 124 Henry yields to the Guises, . . . .124 Despair of the Queen of Scots, ..... 125 She is placed under the care of Sir Amyas Paulet, . 125 A League negotiated between Elizabeth and James, . 125 Skirmish on the Border, and slaughter of Lord Russell, 126 Anger of the Queen, and her demand that Arran should be surrendered to her, ..... 126 James refuses, . . . . . . . .126 Revolution at the Scottish Court, .... 127 Return of the Banished Lords, and Flight of Arran, 127, 128 Excuses of Elizabeth. ...... 128 Suicide of the Earl of Northumberland in the Tower, . 129

CHAPTER VIII.

— a.d. 1585-1586.

Condition of the Low Countries, .... 130 They renew the Offer of Sovereignty to Elizabeth, . 130 Her Treaty with the States, ..... 130 Surrender of Antwerp, ..... 131 Leicester appointed to command the English Auxiliaries, 131 Neglect and Dreadful Sufferings of the Troops, . . 131 Vacillation and treachery of the English Queen, . 131 Her meditated Betrayal of the States, . . . 131 Her Secret Negotiations with Spain, .... 131 Leicester accepts the Government of the Provinces, . 131 Elizabeth's Anger, ....... 131 Her underhand dealings, ...... 132 She is Compelled to disown her secret agents, . . 132 Loss of Gravelines and Venloo, .... 132 Leicester's Incapacity, 132 Action at Zutphen and death of Sir Philip Sidney, . 133 Treason of Sir William Stanley, .... 133 Betrayal of Deventer to the Spaniards, . . . 133 Plot of Walsingham and Elizabeth to entrap the Queen of Scots, 133 Gilbert Gifford the Treacherous Spy, .... 133 Mary Stewart removed to Chartley, . . . 134 Her Letters are deciphered and read, . . . 134 Plot to assassinate Elizabeth, ..... 135 Anthony Babington and John Ballard, . . . 135 Their Accomplices and Plans, ..... 136 Morgan's Letter to the Queen of Scots, . . .136 League between Elizabeth and James, . . . 136 Babington gives notice of his plot to Mary Stewart, . 137 Arrest of the Conspirators, ..... 139 The Queen of Scots taken to Tixall, .... 140 Seizure of her Papers, ...... 140 Trial of Babington and his Accomplices, . . . 140 Executions, . . . . . . . .141 Treatment of the Queen of Scots considered and decided, 141 Her Trial at Fotheringay, ...... 142 Her Appearance before the Court, .... 144 She is declared Guilty, 147 Meeting of Parliament, ...... 147 Petition of the two Houses, ..... 147 Reply of Elizabeth, 148 Interposition of France and Scotland, . . 149 Mission of the Master of Gray and Sir Robert Melville, 150 M. Believre sent from Paris, .....

V PAGE Proceedings in Parliament, ..... 182 Oppressive Statutes against the Puritans, . . . 182 Archbishop Whitgift's Persecutions, .... 182 Henry IV. conforms to the Roman Catholic Faith, . 183 Indignation of Elizabeth, ...... 183 State of Scotland, 183 Renewed Naval attempts against Spain, . . .184 Expedition against Cadiz, ...... 185 Its Success, ........ 185 Cadiz Taken, 185 Expedition under the Earl of Essex, . . . . 1 85 Its Failure, ........ 185 Negotiations for Peace between France and Spain, . 186 Its Conclusion, ....... 186 Death of Lord Burghley and of Philip II., . . .187 Affairs of Ireland, 187 Essex sent thither as Deputy, ..... 187 His mismanagement and neglect of Instructions, . . 187 His sudden Return, ....... 187 Displeasure of Elizabeth, ...... 187 Essex tried, deprived of his Offices, and condemned to Confinement, . 187 His Insurrection and Capture, ..... 188 His Trial and Condemnation, ..... 188 His Confession in the Tower, ..... 188 Anecdote of the Ring, ...... 189 Execution of Essex and his Accomplices, . . 189 Ireland invaded by the Spaniards, .... 190 Successes of Lord Mountjoy the Deputy, . . .190 Submission of Tyrone, ...... 190 Affaire of Scotland, . . . . . .191 Elizabeth's perfidious policy towards James, . .191 Turbulent Conduct of the Earl of Bothwell, . .191 Conspiracy of the Scottish Roman Catholic Earls and the Spanish Court, . . . . . .192 Change in the Government of the Scottish Church, . 194 The Gowrie Conspiracy, . . . . . .197 The Decline of the Queen's Health, . . . .198 Her Death and Character 199-200

CHAPTER XI. — a.d. 1603-1616

JAMES I. Peaceful Accession of the King of Scots to the English Throne, 201 His journey from Scotland to London, . . . 202 His reception by the English people, .... 202 Personal appearance and manners of James, . . 202 State of the Kingdom and of the Government, . . 203 Policy towards France and Spain, ... 203 Conspiracy in favour of Arabella Stewart, . . . 203 Hampton Court conference, ..... 205 Effects of the union of the Crowns on Scotland, . . 207 Proposals for the Incorporation of the two Kingdoms, . 207 Conflicting demands of the English and Scotch Commissioners, ....... 207 Negotiations broken off, ..... 208 James assumes the title of King of Great Britain, . 208 His attack on the privileges of the Scottish Church, . 208 Violent Proceedings against the Assembly, . . . 208 Restoration of the Bishops to their ancient authority, . 209 Andrew Melville and other Ministers summoned to London, 209 Their dishonourable treatment, ..... 209 Ecclesiastical Convention at Linlithgow, . . . 210 Restoration of the Consistorial Courts, . . . 210 General Assembly at Glasgow, . . . . .210 Complete destruction of the Presbyterial form of Government, ........ 211 Consecration in London of the Scotch Prelates, . .211 New Confession of Faith, ...... 21i Meeting of James' first Parliament in England, . .211 Dispute about Elections and about the Privileges of Members, 211 PAQE Case of Sir Thomas Shirley, 212 The Gunpowder Plot, 212 Guy Fawkes and the other Conspirators, . . 213 Discovery of the Plot, . . . . .215 Fate of the Conspirators and of the Jesuits, . . 216 Spirit of Parliament, ...... 217 Peace between Spain and Holland, . . . .218 Discussions in Parliament respecting the Royal revenue, 218 Murder of Henry IV. of France, .... 219 Death of Sir Robert Cecil and of Prince Henry, . . 210 Marriage of the Princess Elizabeth to the Count Palatine, 216 Government of Ireland, . . . . . .219 Royal Favourites, 220 Rise of Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, . . 220 Poisoning of Overbury, ...... 221 New Parliament, 221 Its resistance to the King's Policy, .... 222 Its dissolution, and imprisonment of leading members, . 222 Trial of Overbury's Murderers and of the Earl and Countess of Essex, ...... 223 Rise of Buckingham, ...... 224

Chapter XII

Character and Arbitrary Policy of James, . . . 225 His extravagance and debt, ..... 226 Means taken to raise Money, ..... 226 Resistanco of the House of Commons, . . . 226 Despotic Theories of the King and of the High Church Party, . . .... 226 Dr. Cowell's Book, . . .... 227 Its Condemnation by Parliament, .... 227 Cruel Treatment of Lady Arabella Stewart, . . 228 Case of Edward Peacham, . . . .228 His Examination by Torture, . ... 228 Arbitrary proceedings in the Star Chamber, . . 229 Restitution of the Dutch Cautionary Towns, . . 229 Visit of James to Scotland, .... 230 Meeting of the Scottish Parliament 230 Arbitrary enactment, ...... 230 Protest of the Clergy, and their conviction of Sedition, 230 Opposition of the General Assembly, . . .231 The Five Articles of Perth, . . . .231 Their Ratification by Parliament, . . . • 232 Black Saturday, ... . 232 Discontent of the Scottish People, .... 233 The Book of Sports, 233 The Expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh, . . .236 Its result, . . 236 Execution of Raleigh, 238 The Elector Palatine, 238 War in Bohemia, 238 Pusillanimous conduct of James, .... 239 Meeting of Parliament, 239 Its Correction of Abuses, ...... 239 Impeachment of Lord Bacon, 240 Arbitrary and severe proceedings against I loyd, . . 240 Remonstrance of the Commons against the Policy of the King, . 241 Dissolution of Parliament, ..... 242 Arbitrary treatment of the Leading Members, . . 242 Negotiations for the Marriage of Prince Charles to the Infanta of Spain, ...... 242 Visit of the Prince and Buckingham to the Spanish Court, 243 The Match broken off, 243 Conduct of Buckingham, ...... 243 Treatment of the Earl of Bristol, .... 2-13 Expedition to recover the Palatinate, . . . 244 Marriage Treaty with France, 244 Death of the King, 244 His Character, 245 His pretensions to Literature, .....

VI PAGE Falsification of the Parliamentary Record, . . . 281 Unpopularity of Charles, 281 Displeasure of the King with the Opposition Lords, . 281 His Return to London, . . • ' - - 281 Order for the regulation of the Apparel of the Clergy, . 281 Supplication of the Opposition Lords, . . -282 Arrest and imprisonment of Lord Balmerino, . . 282 His unjust Condemnation, 282 His Liberation and Pardon, 283 Popular discontent, ..-•••• 283 Canons issued by the Authority of the Crown, . . 283 Great dissatisfaction on account of this stretch of Prerogative, 285 Preparation of a new Liturgy, ..... 285 Its character, 285 Reception of the Service-book, 285 Popular Tumults, 286 lenny Geddes, 286 Inefficiency of the Privy Council, .... 287 Erection of the Tables, 289 The signing of the Covenant, ... . • 292-295 Marquis of Hamilton appointed Lord Commissioner, . 296 Insincerity of the King, ...... 296 A female Impostor, ....... 296 Concessions made by the Court, . . . .297 Assembly of Glasgow, 1638, ..... 297 Its resolute and sweeping Procedure, .... 297 Assembly dissolved by the Commissioner, . . . 297 They refuse Obedience, ...... 298 Abolition of Episcopacy, . . . • - 298 Trial and condemnation of the Bishops, . . . 298 Policy of the Covenanters, ..... 299 Their application to Foreign Courts, .... 299 They appeal to Arms, ..... 299 Character of their Forces, ...... 299 The King's levies, ." 300 Their behaviour, ....... 301 Charles is obliged to yield, ..... 303 Treaty with the Covenanters, ..... 303 Concessions made by the Earl of Traqnair, . . . 304 Meeting of the General Assembly, .... 304 Meeting of the Scottish Estates, .... 306 Their Dissolution, 307 The Earl of Loudon, ...... 307 Charles summons the English Parliament, . . . 308 Policy of the Opposition, ...... 309 They attempt to obtain a redress of grievances before granting Supply, ...... 309 Dissolution of Parliament, . ... 310 Hostilities renewed in Scotland, .... 312 The Scottish army invited to enter England, . . 312 Their Manifestoes 313 They march to Newcastle, ..... 313 Skirmish at Newburn and defeat of the English forces, 313 Petition of the Scottish army, ..... 313 The King's reply, 314 Proceedings of the Scottish troops, .... 314 Meeting of the Great Council of the Peers at York, . 314 Commissioners appointed to Treat with the Scots, . 314 A Truce concluded, 315-316