A manual of anatomy :

Preface

This book was originally intended as a Visceral Anatomy for the use of first-year medical students. Although there are numerous and excellent anatomies published, they are all large and voluminous. There being a need for an anatomy of intermediate size, the original manuscript has been enlarged at the suggestion of the publishers. Chapters in Osteology, Syndesmology, and Myology have been added and the chapters on the Blood-Vascular and Nerve Systems have been extended so as to include the appendages and their plexuses, thereby making this work desirable for medical students, medical preparatory students and nurses.

The anatomy and histology of the nerve system is taken up in a manner different from that used in most anatomies. The external anatomy is continued from one segment to another, uninterruptedly, and the histology is taken up in the same manner. In this way the student has a more connected idea of the parts and their relations to one another. In addition the various pathways are given separate and rather full consideration, so that impulses may be traced, in a connected manner, from origin to termination.

The semilunar valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery are described in all anatomies under the ventricles, without justification from a standpoint of anatomy and embryology. In this work they are described in their respective vessels, where they should be taken up.

Although the B. N. A., as a whole, is not all that could be desired this nomenclature is given in parentheses. The author has used the terms ventral and dorsal instead of anterior and posterior, respectively, in order to avoid confusion arising between anatomists and embryologists. The latter use the terms anterior and posterior exclusively for head and tail directions, and not synonymously with ventral and dorsal. For this reason the author uses cephalad and caudad for headward and tailward, discarding anterior and posterior altogether and avoiding confusion arising in comparative anatomy.

The illustrations of the first three chapters are from Sobotta and McMurrich's work. Many of those of the visceral portion are adapted from standard works as Cunningham, Gray, Piersol, Morris and Rauber-Kopsch. A number of the illustrations were made from photographs of organs and preparations at the Daniel Baugh Institute of Anatomy and Biology. 13

14 PREFACE

The author desires to thank Dr. J. J. Fauz for his assistance in the preparation of the photographs and some of the drawings and Mr. Smoczynski for his assistance in the preparation of the outlines of the organs; also the publishers for their suggestions and many courtesies.

H. E. Radasch.

Malvern, Pa.,