Gazetteer of the state of New York : comprehending its colonial history : general geography, geology, and internal improvements : its political state : a minute description of its several counties, towns, and villages, statistical tables ... with a map of the state, and a map of each county, and plans of the cities and principal villages

Front matter

SEYMOUR DURST

FORT NEW AlASTERDAAi

"When you leave, please leave this hook

Chapter I

I. Principles of Religious and Political Liberty — Their Influence in the Colonisation of America. II. Spanish, Portuguese and French Navigators in North America. III. English efforts at discovery, previous to the Voyages of Hudson. IV. Voyages of Hudson— Discovery of Delaware and New York Bays, &c. — Exploration of the North River — Death of Hudson. V. Discoveries of the French on the Northern Boundaries of New York. VI. Dutch Traffic with the Indians on the Hudson — Puritan Emigrants of New Plymouth. VII. Formation of the Dutch West India Company — Their efforts at Colonisation — Voyage of Mey, and colony on the Delaware — Forts at New York and Albany. VIII. Colony under Minuit, at Manahattan — Successes of the West India Company. IX. Cliarter of Liberties, &c. for Patroons or Founder of Colonies in America. X. Large Tracts of Land taken up by Patroons. XI. Voyages of De Vries to the Delaware. XII. Wouter Van Twiller, Governor. XIII. Swedish Settlements on the Delaware. XIV. English Settlements in New Netherland — Disputes between the Colonies of New England and New Netherland — The first apply to Cromwell for Aid — Efforts of Stuyvesant to maintain the Dutch Title. XV Measures of Charles 1. against the Possessions of the States General in North America — Grant to the Duke of York — He conveys part of the Province to Berkeley and Carteret. XVI. New Netherland reduced by the English, under Col. Nicholls. Remarks on Governor Stuyvesant's Administration. XVII. Condition of the Province, at the time of its Capture. XVIII. War with Holland — 'The Possession of New York confirmed to the English at the Peace. XIX. Nature of Proprietary Rights granted by the Crown. XX. Prudence of Col. Nicholls. XXI. Administration of Col. Lovelace. XXII. Recapture of New York, by the Hollanders. XXIII. Restored to the English. . . 1

Chapter II

I. Important consequences of the late war. II. Doubts of the first title of the Duke of York — Removed by a new Charter. III. Nature of that Charter. IV. Major Andross appointed Governor — Illegal imposts. V. He refuses to permit Legislative Assemblies. VI. Quarrels with the Magistrates of Albany. VII. He demands pecuniary benevo- Zeraces from the people. VIH. Vexatious interference with New Jersey. IX. He is recalled from his Government. X. Popular efforts to obtain an Assembly. XI. The Duke is constrained to grant it. XII. Col. Dongan appointed Governor— His instructions. XIII. Condition of the Province. XIV. Notices of the Five Nations. XV. A French party preserved at Schenectady, by Corlear. XVI. Early Indian relations with the Dutch. XVII. Policy of the French, in their Indian intercourse. XVIII. Conquests made by the Five Nations — Treaty of Peace between them and all the English Colonies. XIX. Rival efforts of the Englisli and French, for the Fur Trade. . 18

CHAPTER IIL

I. Despotic and faithless conduct of James II. towards the province. II. Moderate and prudent conduct of Governor Dongan. III. New rupture between the Five Nations and the French — Master policy of the French. IV. Sir Edmund Andross, Governor of New York and New England. V. Success of the Indians against the French. VI. Discontents of New York — Revolutionary agitations. VII. Revolt of Leisler. VIII, Opposition to Leisler. IX. He admits others to participate in his power. X. He assumes the state of Lt. Governor. XI. Convokes an assembly, XII. War with France and destruction of Schenectad3^ XIII. Invasion of Canada projected — it fails — Indiscretion and intemperance of Leisler. XIV. Acceptation of Leisler's proceedings in England — Appointment of Governor Slaughter. XV. Leisler refuses submission to the Governor. He is tried, convicted of treason, and executed — his partizans fly the provi

CONTENTS.

Tmce. XVI. Slaughter convokss an assembly, which makes a declaration of rights, XVII. Death of Col. Slaughter. XVIII. Major Schuyler attempts Montreal— Barbarity of the French. Presidency of Richard Ingoldsby. XX. Col. Fletcher, Governor — his character and initiatory measures. XXI. Inroad of Count Frontignac — Activity of Col. Fletcher. XXII. His attempts to establish the Clmrch of England in the province— Rudely reproves the assembly. XXIII. Further disputes with the assembly. XXIV. The Governor adopts a more conciliatory policy. XXV. Progress of the war between the French and Five Nations — Peace. XXVI. Members of assembly refuse to sit without pay. XXVII. Earl of Bellamont, Governor — His efforts to repress piracy — Unfortunate result. XXVIII. He protects the Leislerian party. XXIX. Misaddress to the assembly. XXX. Violent disputes in that body. XXXI. Invalidates certain large grants of lands obtained by individuals from the Indians. XXXII. The penalty of death denounced against popish priests. XXXIII. Death of Lord Bellamont — Presidency of Col. Smith. XXXIV. Violent party measures of Lt. Governor Nanfan — Persecution of Mr. R. Livingston.. 24

Chapter IV

I. Nature of the Provincial History of the first half of the eighteenth century. II. Constitution of the Colony, ni. Disputed Boundary with France — Indian relations. IV. Administration of Lord Cornbury. V. Arrival and death of Lord Lovelace. VI. Administration of Lt. Governor Ingoldsby. — Unsuccessful expedition against Canada — Its consequences to the province arrested by the treaty of Utrecht — Death of Queen Anne — Accession of George I. VII. Presidency of Col. Schuyler. VIII. Administration of Governor Burnet. IX. Of Colonel Montgomery. X. Presidency of Rip Van Dam, and administration of Governor Cosby. XI. Administration of Governor Clarke. . 36

Chapter V. '

I. Administration of Governor Clinton — Reduction of Louisburg — Project against Canada. Differences with the assembly — Appropriation for a College. II. Unsuccessful effort of the northern colonies to oppose the enemy — Peace ot Aix la Chapelle — Provincial agents appointed — Continued disputes between the Governor and Assembly — Accommodation. III. Termination of Mr. Clinton's adnynistration — His character. IV. Administration of Sir Danvcrs Osborne — His unhappy death. V. Mr. De Lancey Lieutenant Governor — His administration — War of 1756. VI. Sir Charles Hardy — Governor, influenced by Mr. De Lancey — War prosecuted. VII. Government again Vievolves on Mr. De Lancey. VIII. Energetic efforts of Mr. Pitt — Reduction of Canada — death and character of Mr. De Lancey. IX. Administration of Mr. Colden. X. Indian War. . . . . . 48

Chapter VI

I. Impressions on the ministry by the wealth and power displayed .by the colonies. II. Proposition of Mr. Grenville to tax the provinces- III. Views of the provinces on this subject. IV. Effect produced in America — Proceedings of the legislature of New York.

V. Reception of the Stamp Act in the colonies. VI. Temporary suspension of legal proceedings — Of newspapers — Anti-importation associations. VII. Organisation of the " S»ns of iLiberty." VIII. First colonial congress — Its proceedings. IX. Efforts in England for repeal of the Stamp Act. X. Arrival of Governor Moore — His moderation relative to the public commotions. XL Remaining discontents of the provinces. XII. American taxation a^ain proposed — Proceedings thereon. XIII. Modified repeal of the imposts. XIV. Death of Governor Moore — His administration. XV. Third administration of Lieut. Governor Colden — Lord Dunmore /ippointed Governor — Is succeeded by Governor Tryon. 63

Chapter VII

,1. General quiet disturbed by the shipment of Teas. II. Proceedings thereon in America generally — in New York. III. Measures of the Administration against the Colonies IV. Effect in the Provinces — Second Congress convoked — Delegates chosen in New York, and Committees of correspondence appointed. V. Proceedings of the Congress.

VI. Separate action of the Assembly of New York — Influence of Governor Tryon — Committee of Observation in New York— VII. Reception of the American proceedings in England — Lord North's conciliatory proposition. VIII. Second meeting of the second Congress — Defensive measures of the peoplc-^Prooeedings of Congress — Warlikemeasures adopted — Commander in chief and other General officers appointed — Siege of Boston — Invasion of Canada. IX. Committee of Superintendence — Provincial Congress

CONTENTS.

Vll in New York elected — Plan of reconciliation proposed — Troops from Connecticut invited to protect the city — Committee of Safety — Supplies furnished to the enemy. X. Second Provincial Convention — Queens and Richmond Counties refuse to send Delegates— Measures to repress the Tory influence in New York — Governor Tryon goes on Shipboard — Destruction of Rivington's Press — General Lee with a military force takes possession of New York. XI. Measures foi the defence of New York under General Washington. XII. Congress recommends to the Colonies to form independent governments — Progress towards independence — Declaration of Independence, XIII. Third Provincial Congress — Recommends to the people, to give specially, the power to form a new Government XIV. Fourth Provincial Congress — Approves the Declaration of Independence — Defines and denounces Treason. XV. Extensive military preparations of Great Britain. XVI. British army arrives at Staten Island — American state of defence — Attempt of British Commissioners at pacification. Battle of Long Island and its consequences — Second attempt of the Commissioners for pacification. XVII. The American Army abandons York Island — Battle of White Plains — Loss of Forts Wasliington and Lee — Retreat of the American Army into Pennsylvania. XVIII. State constitution adopted, and State Government organised. XIX. Territorial division of the State. XX. Unsuccessful efforts to propitiate the Indians— Exposed state of the Frontiers — Influence of the Johnson family upon the Indians— Cruel proceedings of the Tories and Indians in the interior of the State — Of the Tories on the Seaboard. XXI. Measures adopted by the State against the Tories. XXII. Settlement of the Boundaries of the State — Controversy with Vermont. XXIII, Boundary between New York and New Jersey. XXIV. Devotion of New York to the confederation — Boundary between New York and Pennsylvania on the West and South. XXV. Adoption of the Federal Constitution. . . ' % . 71

GAZETTEER— BOOK I.

Chapter I. Physical Descriptiom

1. Geographical Position. 2. General Boundaries. 3. Great interest of the Topography of the State. 4. Concise notice of the Appalachian System of Mountains. 5. Extension of that System over the State of New York, Subdivisions, Western, Eastern, Tables of Heights and Distances from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. 6. The Kaatsbergs. 7. The South Mountains or Highlands. 8. The Taghcanic, Matteawan, and Peterborough Mountains. 9. The Northern Subdivision of the Mountain System — Palmertown, Kayaderosseras, Clinton, Peru, Chateaugua, Mountain^ — Highlands of Black River — Hassencleaver Mountain. 10. Vales and Plains — Seneca and Oneida Vale — Montezuma Marshes — Great Plain of the West — Plain of Long Island. 1

Chapter II

ST. LAWRENCE BASIN.

1. General Notice of the St. Lawrence Basin — Subdivisions— Area-^Depth— Elevations — Quantity of Fresh Water. 2. Upper Division and Lake Superior. 3. Central Division — Lake Huron — Lake Michigan — Chicago — Green Bay— rLake St. Clair — Lake Erie — Grand River — Welland Canal — Niagara River and Falls. 4. Lower Division— Pass betwen the St. Lawrence Basin and the Basin of the Hudson — Former Limits of Lake Ontario — Mountain Ridge and Ridge Road — Levels and Distances through the St. Lawrence Basin— upon the line of the Erie Canal — Elevations of the smaller lakes within the Basin — Valley of the Hudson River and Lake Champlain — Description of the Hudson River and its Chief Tributaries. 5. Tributaries of Lake Ontario — the Genesee River — Proposed Canal to Olean from Rochester— Oswego River, and its Constituents— Proposed Ship Canal from Oswego— Other Tributaries from this State to Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River and its Chief Confluents— Rideau Canal. 7. Tables of Distances through the St. Lawrence Basin. .... 11

^ CHAPTER III.

RIVERS FLOWINS SOUTHWARD.

1. Delaware— 2. Susquehanna. — 3. All«gaHy. ... ST

Vlll

CONTENTS.

Chapter IV. Geology

1. Proposed Geological Survey. 2. Primitive formation — Northern District — Mineral Constituents and Localities— Southern District— Highlands— Beds of Marble of Dutchess and West Chester— Notice of Long and Staten Islands. 3. Transition, and Lovper Secondary Formations — Characteristics — Extent — Vast Limestone Districts — Subordinate Series, comprehending Saliferous, Ferriferous and the lower Lias, or Water Lime, Rocks — Salt Springs — Gypsum — Southern Sandstone District — Basaltic Rocks —Palisades. 4. Secondary Formation — Characteristics — Extent — Coal — Peat. 5. Tertiary Formation— Constituents— Locality. 6. Latest Deposits. 7. Soils— Their Dependence on Geological Constituents — Primitive — Transition and Secondary Soils — Their respective Properties. 8. Condition of Agriculture in the several parts of the State 40

Chapter V. Climate

1. Great Variability. 2. Principles which govern Climate — Latitude — Elevation of Surface— Currents of Air — Forests. 3. Consideration of the effect upon Climate, by Clearing and Cultivating the Soil. 4. Winter Season — Duration in several parts of the State— Comforts of the Winter. 5. Summer Heats — Variations of the Thermometer at different Seasons. 6. Autumn — Changes in the Season — Indian Summer. 7. Alternations of Frost and Thaw. 8. Winds — General — Peculiar — Northwest Wind — Northeast— East — Southeast — South — Southwest, and West. 9. Thunder Storms— System of Meteorological Observations, established by the regents of the University. 61

Chapter VI. Internal Improvements

1. Great effects flowing from the New York Canal System. 2. Character of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys — Views of Improvement, during Colonial Administration. 3. Early view of connecting the Hudson river, with lake Erie — Merit of such conception. 4. Claims to the honour of first proposing the Erie Canal — For Gouverneur Morris — For Jesse Hawley — For Joshua Forman. 5. Resolution proposed by Mr. Forman, adopted by the Assembly — Survey by Mr. Geddes. 6. Public attention drawn to Internal Improvements. 7. Western and Northern Inland Navigation Companies. 8. Efforts of Thomas Eddy, and proposition for Survey, by Judge Piatt — Appointment of the first Canal Commissioners. 9. Their Report — Commissioners continued — Application to the General Government for aid — Authority given by the State to Borrow Money — Proceedings suspended by the war of 1812. 10. Renewed efforts of the Friends of the Canal, in 1815 — Memorial prepared by De Witt Clinton. 11. Act of 17th April, 1816, and proceedings thereon. 12. Act of 15th April, 1817, authorising the commencement of Canals — Obstacles. 13. Canal Fund. 14. Progress of the Work — Celebration of its completion, 4th Nov. 1825. 15. Extension of the System of Internal Improvement. 16. Donations in aid of the Canals. 17. Commissioners and Engineers. 18. Beneficial effect on the public sentiment — Consequences. 19. Extinction of the Canal Debt — Tolls — Repairs. 20. Description of the Canals. First, Of the Erie Canal. Table of Distances. Period of Navigation. Enlargement of the Canal. Estimate of Cost. Second, Champlain Canal. Table of Distances. Third, Oswego Canal. Distances. Fourth, Cayuga and Seneca Canal. Distances. Fifth, Chemung Canal. Distances. Sixth, Crooked Lake Canal. 21. Statement of Receipts and Expenditures of the Canal Fund to 1835, inclusive. 22. Statement of Cost, Tolls, &c. of Canals. 23. Rates of Toll. 24. Tables showing the business of the Canals. 25. Description of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Distances. 26. Description of the Morris Canal. Distances. 27. Description of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. 28. Rail Roads — List of such as have been authorised by the State. 29. Turnpike Roads and Bridges 68

Chapter 1. Political View

1. Political Power derived from the People — Laws divided into Supreme and Subordinate. 2. Territorial Divisions for Political objects. 3. Measures for Distributing Power ac-

CONTENTS.

IX cording to population — Census. 4. Restrictions imposed by the People, on their Representatives. 5. Division of the Political Power into three branches. 6. Legislative Povper — Senate — Assembly — Provisions relating to both houses — Provisions relating to Applications to the Legislature — Forms of Legislation — Action of the Governor in Legislation— Preservation of the Laws— Officers of the Legislature — Compensation of Members and Officers — Restriction as to Holding Office, on members of the Legislature 118

Chapter II. Of The Executive Power. — And Elections

1. Qualifications for Governor, &c. 2. Election of. .3 Powers and Duties — Derolve on Lieutenant Governor, when — upon President of the Senate, when. 4. Compensation. 5. Subordinate Executive Officers — how appointed. 6. Secretary of State — Deputy — ^ Duties. 7. Comptroller, his Duties — Deputies — Compensation. 8. Treasurer — his Duties — Deputy — Compensation. 9. Attorney General — Duties — Compensation. 10. Surveyor General — Duties — Compensation. 11. State Printer — Duties — Compensation. 12. Duties, common to two or more of the Executive Officers. 13. List of Administrative Officers. 14. General Provisions respecting the qualifications and Appointment of Officers and Term of Office. 15. Of Elections, other than for Militia and Town Officers — Qualifications of Voters — General and Special Elections — Election Districts — Elec-

• tion Officers — Notices. 16. Manner of Conducting Elections— Reception of Votes — Canvass by the Inspectors — Final Canvass — Duties of the Secretary of State, after Final Canvass — Representatives in Congress — Electors of President and Vice President — Senators in Congress — Penalties for Breach of Election Laws. . . . 124

Chapter III. Of The Funds, Revenue, Property And Expenditure, Op The State

1. The General Fund. 2. Canal Fund. 3. Literature Fund. 4. Common School Fund. 5. Public Lands. 6. Public Buildings. 7. State Library. 8. Canals — Canal Commissionej-s — Canal Board. 9. Salt Springs — Management of. 10. Interest of the State in Mines. 143

Chapter IV

POWERS, DUTIES, AND PRIVILEGES OF TOWNS REGULATIONS RELATIVE TO ESTRATS AND

FENCES.

1. Rights of Towns as Bodies Corporate. 2. Effi^cts of the Division of a Town. 3. Of Annual and Special Town Meetings. 4. Mode of conducting them. 5. Election of Town Officers. 6. Qualifications of Town Officers — Tenure of Office. 7. Vacancies — — How filled. 8. Duties of Supervisors. 9. Duties of Town Clerk. 10. Estrays. 11. Of Fences, and Fence Viewers. ]2. Auditors of Accounts. 13. Compensation of Officers. 14. Legal Proceedings by or against Towns. 15. Miscellaneous Provisions. 156

Chapter V. Of Counttes And County Officers

1. Corporate Powers of Counties. 2. Board of Supervisors — Time and Place of Meeting — Powers and Duties. 3. County Treasurer. 4. County Clerk. 5. Sheriffs and Coroners. 6. Surgeons. 7. District Attorney." 8. Legal proceedings for, or against Counties. 9. Miscellaneous, and Special Provisions 163

Chapter VI. Taxation

1. Property Liable to Taxation. 2. Where Assessed. 3. Manner of Assessment. 4. Equalisation of Assessments. 5. Mode of Collection. 6. Duties of County Treasurer, Comptroller and other officers. 7. Sales for Taxes, Conveyance, and Redemption of Lands Sold. 8. Tax of Incorporated Companies. 9. Miscellaneous provisions of a General Nature. 10. Tax on Debts due to Nonresidents. 11. Table of Taxable Property in the State. 12. Table of Incorporated Companies Liable to Taxation. 1 3. Brief History of Taxation in the State. . 168

Chapter VII. * Of The Militia

1. How constituted — Exempts. 2. Appointment to, and tenure of office — Adjutant General— ^Compensation — ^Commissary General — Compensation — Commissioned and Staff Officers — Non-commissioned Officers — Elections, by whom ordered — Resignations, how made, 3. Organisation, Uniform, and Discipline. 4. Organisation of the Staff De- B

X

CONTENTS.

partment. 5. Of Bands of Music. 6. Parades and Rendezvous. 7. Military Establishment, extent of. 8. Ordnance, Arms, &,c. amount of. . . . • 184

CHAPTER VIII. PROVISlbNS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH. *

1. Quarantine and Local Provisions. 2. Historical notice of Legislative Provisions relating to the Practice of Medicine. 3. County Medical Societies — How formed — State Medical Society — Powers of the County and State Societies, in Granting Diplomas. 4. Qualification of Practitioner of Medicine. 5. Supervision of County Medical Societies over their Members. 6. Medical Colleges. 7. Number of Physicians. . 188

Chapter IX. Public Instruction

1. Efforts of the Dutch Administration. 2. Of the British Administration. 3. Early Efforts of the State Government — Columbia College — University. 4. Foundation of the State Common Schools— Common School Fund — Progress of the System. 5. The University — how Constituted — its Powers and Duties. 6. University of the City of New York. 7. Colleges — Constitution — Powers and Duties — Theological Seminaries. 8. Academies — Lancasterian Schools — Academies for Instruction to Teachers. 9. Table of the Academies under the Supervision of the Regents. 10. Superintendent of Common Schools. 11. Distribution of School Moneys. 12. Commissioners — their Duties. l3. Duty of Inspectors. 14. School Districts — Officers. 15. School Tax — how Apportioned — how Collected. 16. System of Common Schools in the City of New York. 17. Public School Society — its Labours. 18. Education of the Deaf and Dumb — and Blind. 19. Condition of the Common Schools in the State, in 1836. 20. Tabular view of their Progress from 1816. 21. Expenditure of the State, for Education. 22. General Remarks on the State System of Education. 23. Religious Instruction an Essential Part of Public Education. 24. Principal religious Denominations in the State. 25. Presbyterian. 26. Methodist. 27. Baptist. 28. Episcopalian. 29. Dutch Reformed. 30. Universalists. 31. Roman Catholics. 32. Lutherans. 33. Quakers.

34. Summary of Churches — Ministers and Members of the Principal Religious Sects.

35. View of the Cost of Religious instruction. 36. Newspapers in the State. 37. Revised Laws 191

Chapter X. Regulations Of Trade

1. Auctions. 2. Inspection of Flour. 3. Beef and Pork. 4. Pot and Pearl Ashes. 5. Fish. 6. Fish or Liver Oil. 7. Lumber and Shingles. 8. Staves and Heading. 9. Flaxseed. 10, Leather. 11. Green Hides. 12. Hops. 13. Distilled Spirits. 14. Leaf Tobacco. 15. General provisions relative to Inspections. 16. Regulations relative to the package of Butter, Lard, and Hay. 17. Hawkers and Pedlars. 18. Taverns and Groceries. 19. Brokers, Stockjobbing, and Pawn-brokers. . . . 226

CHAPTER XL

REGULATION OF TIJIE, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, AND MONEY OF ACCOUNT.

1. Computation of Time. , 2. Measures of Length and Surface. 3. Standard of Weight. 4. Measures of Capacity for Liquid and Dry Commodities. 5. The Bushel. 6. Contracts according to Standards. 7. Standards how kept — Duties of Sealers. 8. Measurer General, his Duties. 9. His Returns. 10. Weigher G.eneral — Duties and Fees. 11. Public Accounts, in what Money kept 247

Chapter XII. Certain Regulations Of Internal Police

1. Navigation of Rivers and Lakes — Steamboats — Passengers to and from — Provisions for their Safety — Obstruction of Navigation by Nets, &c. 2. Regulation of Fisheries — Use of Poisonous Berries forbidden — Mode of Fishing at Certain Places — Rights of the State in Hudson River — Powers of Courts to regulate Fisheries — Fishery in Lake Ontario. 3. Regulations in case of Wrecks. 4. Law of the Road and Stages. 5. Firing of Woods. 6. Embezzlement of Timber. 7. Preservation of Game. 8. Protection against Dogs. 9. Destruction of Noxious Animals. . • . . . 253

CHAPTER XIII. INCOUrORATIONS

1. Advantages of Incorporations. 2. Library and Religious Societies — how incorporated. 3. Manufacturing Companies — how incorporated. 4. Quasi Incoi porations or Limited Partiiorships, how formed — Nature of. 5. Turnpike Companies. 6. Monied corporations— what Restrictions on — Surplus Profits, how Ascertained — •Assignmenta to, or

CONTENTS.

xi by, how Made — Annual Statements to bo Rendered by — Circulation of Small Notes by, ' Prohibited — Notes of Banking Corporations, where Payable — Whole Capital Stock of Banks to be Paid in, 7. Safety Fund — How Constituted and Applied. 8. Proceedings in Chancery relative to Insolvent Banks and Charges on the Fund. 9. Bank Commissioners— hovF Appointed — their Duties. 10. Circulation of Banks Limited. 11. Liabilities of Stockholders. 12. Statements to be Furnished by Banks. 13. Interest Receivable by Banks. 14. Capital to be paid in — may be reduced when. 15. Bills Payable on Demand. 16. Loans of Bank Fund, how made. 17. Penalty for Defacing Bank Notes. 18. Unclaimed Balances in Banks to be Published. 19. Premiums on Exchange Prohibited to Banks in Certain Cases — Other Prohibitions. 20. Banking not authorised by Law prohibited. 21. Bank Notes Payable in Lawful Money — are Promissory Notes. 22. Insurances Foreign Prohibited — Duty on Insurances by Companies not authorised by the State. 23. Savings Banks, Objects of. Number of. 24. New York Life Insurance and Trust Company. 25. Number of Insurance Companies in the State. 26. General Powers &c. of Corporations — Liabilities of Stockholders when Company Insolvent and Capital not paid in — Corporations to organise, when — Managers are Trustees upon Dissolution — Books open for Inspection previous to Election— Penalty on Directors for Diminishing Capital, Stock, &c. — Amount of Debts which a Corporation may Owe — Corporation refusing Payment of its Debts may not Assign Property. 27. Banking System of New York, Remarks on — Object and effects of the Safety Fund — Condition of the Safety Fund — Banks Subject to the Safety Fund Law — Banks not so Subject — State of the Banks in 1835 — in 1836. . 261

Chapter XIV. Judiciary

1. Judiciary Power, in what Courts Vested. 2. Laws in Force. 3. Certain Judicial Officers— Appointment to, and Tenure of, office. 4. Judicial Officers Elected by the People. 5. Court for the Trial of Impeachments, and Correction of Errors. 6. Court of Chancery. 7. Supreme and Circuit Courts. 8. Courts of Common Pleas and General Sessions. 9. Superior Court of the City of New York. 10. Mayor's Courts of Cities. 11. Surrogate's Courts. 12. Courts of Special Sessions of the Peace. 13. Special Justices' Courts. 14. Courts of Justices of the Peace. 15. General Provisions relating to Courts of Law. 14. Courts of Justice of the Peace. 15. General Provisions relating to Courts of Law. 16. Commissioners of Deeds. 17. Counsellors, Solicitors, and Attorneys— Number of 18. Trial by Jury — Mode of Forming Jury — Special Jury. 19. Arbitrations and References. 277

Chapter XV. Criminal Code

1. Criminal Code, its Character — how distributed. 2. Crimes punishable by Death — Treason — Murder — Arson in the First Degree. 3. Offijnces against the Person punishable by Imprisonment in a State Prison — Manslaughter — first, second, third, fourth degree. 4. Homicide, justifiable or excusable — when. 5. Rape. 6. Mayhem. 7. Kidnapping. 8. Abandonment of Children. Attempt to kill or commit other Felony.

10. Offences against Property, punishable by Imprisonment in a State Prison — what.

11. Arson of Inferior Degrees — second, third, fourth. 12. Burglary, three degrees. 13. Forgery, four degrees. 14. Falsely personating another, and Cheats. 15. Robbery, Embezzlement and Larceny. 16. Offences against the Administration of Justice— what. 17. Perjury, and Subornation of Perjury. 18. Bribery, and corrupting Jurors, &c. 19. Escape from Prison. 20. Offences against Public Peace and Public morals, &c. 21. Duelling. 22. Unlawful Marriage or Incest. 23. Offences against Public Decency — Malicious Mischief — Concealing or Compounding Offences. 24. Offences punishable by Imprisonment in a County Jail, &c. — Petty Larceny — Misdemeanours. 25. General Provisions concerning crimes and their punishment. 26. Procedure in Criminal Cases. 27. Surety of the Peace. 28. Arrest and Examination of offenders — Bail. 29. Trials before Court of Special Sessions. 30. Grand Jury — Indietm.ent. 31. Indictments — when and how removable. 32. Issues in Fact — where and by whom tried. 33. Writs of Error, when, and how allowed — effect of. 34. Coroner's Inquest. . ^ . 291

Chapter XVI. Of Jails, Penitentiaries, House Of Refuge

I, Of County Prisons, their Tenants and Police. 2. Of State Prisons — Inspectors, their Duties. 3. Officers of State Prisons — Duties — Compensation. 4. Treatment of the Prisoners. 5. State of the Prisons in 1835. 6. History of the Auburn System — Description of the Auburn Prison — Employment of the Prisoners — Description of Mount Pleasant Prison. 7. Results of the Auburn System. 8. Statistical Memoranda Rela<

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CONTENTS.

tive to Crimes in New York — Health of State Prisons — Use of the Pardoning Power- Number of Annual Convictions — Character of offences — Proportion of the Sexes in Crime — Native and Foreign Criminals — Proportion of Criminals to Ages. 9. House of Refuge — History of. 308

Chapter XVII. Pauperism

1 . Derivation of the Poor System. 2. Paupers supported by Relatives, when. 3 Maintained by County or Town, when. 4. Superintendents of Poor, how Appointed. Powers and Duties. 5. Poor House may bo Erected, when, how. 6. Excise Moneys, to whom Payable — Balance of Town Moneys, how disposed of when Poor House is erected. Maintenance of Poor, County Charge, when — Town Charge, when. 8. Settlemeut, how Gained. 9. Pauper not to be Removed — by whom Supported, when having a Settlement— when not. 10. Pauper sent to the Poor House, when. 11. Manner of Relief where there is no Poor House — where each Town Supports its own Poor, and there is a Poor Houso. 12. Penalty on Removing Pauper from one place to another, with intent to charge the latter with his Maintenance. 13. Penalties on Superintendents for Neglect of Duty. 14. Penalties Payable to County Treasurer, when — how Collected. 15. Poor House and Appurtenances exempt from Taxation. 16. Idiot and Lunatic Paupers may be Supported out of Poor House. 17. Disposition of Town Poor Funds Invested. 18. Reports to Secretary of State. 19. Poor Moneys received and expended by Overseers, when. 20. Provisions in Relation to Vagrants. 21. In Relation to Bastards. 22. Habitual Drunkards. 23. Remarks on the Pauper System of the State. 24. Statistics Relative to the Poor. 324

Chapter XVIII. Gkneral Statistics

1. Statistical Returns of the Marshals on taking the Census in 1825 and 1335. 2. Comparison between the Returns of the two Periods. 3. Tables of the Cotton, AVoollen, and Iron Manufactures in 1832. 4. Commerce — Tables showing Progress and Present Condition of Imports, Exports and Tonnage. 5. Population Tables from 1720. 334

Book III. Topography

1. Albany County - 2. Allegany

5. Cayuga G. Chautauque

10. Courtland

13. Erie

17. Green

18. Hamilton

28. New York .29. Niagara

Oneida .

Saratoga • ' .

Schenectady . .

Schoharie . .

Suffolk .

Tioga .

Ulster .

Warren .

Washington .

Westchester .

S5B

ERRATA.

HISTORICAL ESSAY.

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2, line 12, for " Ireland" read ' Iceland." 16, line 47, for "purchase" read "purpose." 31, 32, for " Belmont" read » Bellamont." 42, line 3, from foot, for " enterprising" read " unenterprising" 68, line 68, for " 1666" read " 1766."