The history of the Granville family : traced back to Rollo, first Duke of Normandy : with pedigrees, etc.

Front matter

t

THE HISTORY

OF THE

Preface

(JarLeret, owner of Stowe, and the papers were removed, but by some unfortunate accident they were lost. The only ones saved were a packet removed from the chest by Mr. Davies, Rector of Kilkhampton, previous to their being sent away from Stowe. These were copied by Miss Manning of Eastaway in Morwenstow, and her transcript together with some of the originals (I fear not all) is now in the possession of Ezekiel Eouse, Esq., of Bideford. "

These letters were sent in six large packing cases, each nearly a yard square, to George, Lord Carteret, who died 22nd February, 1838, shortly after Mr. Hawker became Vicar of Morwenstow. Lord Carteret, when he next saw Mr. Hawker, thanked him for the trouble he had taken, and said he had done the best thing he thought he could do with the documents, which was to commit them to the flames with the exception of two or three dozen letters. What has become of these is not known. The late Mr. Isaac Disraeli endeavoured, but unsuccessfully, to obtain permission to inspect them during the time he was completing his Commentaries on the reign of Charles L

It will be noticed that I have for the most part adhered to that spelling of the family surname which has been generally adopted since the Patent for the Earldom of Bath was made out for Sir John Grenvile after the Restoration, and in which he was styled " Baron Granville of Kilkhampton and Bideford, Viscount Granville of Lansdown and Earl of Bath." The name (as stated on p. 1) has been variously spelt at various periods of the family's history ; but there can be little doubt that the correct manner is Granville, as derived from the ancient Norman seigneury (see p 16).

My best thanks are due to Mrs. Didham, of Middleton, Bideford, a lady devoted to Sir Bevill and Lady Grace Granville, for chronologically arranging the letters, and for

PREFACE.

V various useful comments and suggestions as to their contents. I have also to thank the Earl of St. G-ermains for permission to reprint several letters from the Port Eliot Collection ; and also Mrs. Coham-Fleming for allowing me access to the few m her possession, including the very touching one addressed by Sir Bevill to Sir John Eliot just before his death in the Tower, (see p. 183)

In a work of this kind originality cannot be expected. " I have only made a nosegay of culled flowers, and brought nothing of my own but the thread that ties them together.' (Montaigne, Bk. iii., ch. 12). It only pretends to be a compilation from the writings of well-known authors of established credibility, thus giving in one book the descriptions and opinions which appear in many. Commenced originally with but little idea of publication, I may not have been as careful as I ought in quoting the sources of some of my information ; but I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Tregellas, the author of " Cornish Worthies ; " to Mr. Eobbins, the author of " Sir Bevil Grenvill, the Knight of the West, a Biography in ■outline ; " to Mr. Cotton, the author of " Barnstaple during the Civil War ; " to Mr. Julian Corbett for much relating to George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, which I have taken from his life of that chief actor in the Restoration in tire "English Men of Action " Series ; and last, but not least, to Mrs. G. H. Radford, whose amusing account of the quarrels between Sir Richard Granville, "the King's General in the West," and his wife forms one of the papers in the " Transactions of the Devonshire Association" for 1890.

I regret that ' correcting proof ' has proved a real stumblingblock to me, and that therefore a too lengthy list of corrigenda has to be annexed to the Volume, but these are nearly all cases of misspelt words or grammatical slips ; the accuracy of dates and facts is, I hope, quite correct. At any rate my effort, such as it is, must now remain in its present condition, and I can only

VI

PREFACE.

trust that the original purpose I had in view, when I commenced' the task, may not be in vain, viz., to remind all who hold, or shall hereafter hold, the honoured name of Granville, that they

" fetch their life and being

From men of royal siege,"

and that realizing this, they may endeavour to uphold their ancestral traditions, and to walk worthily in the steps of their renowned forefathers,

KOGER GRANVILLE.

The liectory, Bideford,

Christmas, 1895.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FACING PAGE

NEATH ABBEY THE CRYPT ... .. ... .. 25

WILLIAM BE GRANVILLE, ARCHBISHOP OF YORK ... ... 46

BIDEFORD BRIDGE ... ... ... ... 53

THE TOMB OF SIR THOMAS GRANVILLE IN BIDEFORD CHURCH ... 68

SIR RICHARD GRANVILLE OF THE " REVENGE " ... ... 92

SIR BERNARD GRANVILLE ... ... ... ... 129

SIR BBVILL GRANVILLE ... ... „. ... 141

THE PONT IN KILKHAMPTON CHURCH ... :.. ..160

LADY GRACE GRANVILLE ... ... ... ... 213

SIR RICHARD GRANVILLE ... .. ... ... 275

THE ENTRANCE TO THE GRANVILLE AISLE IN KILKHAMPTON CHURCH 312

GEORGE MONK, FIRST DUKE OF ALBEMARLE ... ... 339

.JOHN GRANVILLE, FIRST EARL OF BATH ... ... 350

CHARLES GRANVILLE, SECOND EARL OP BATH ... ... 365

LADY JOANNA GRANVILLE ... ... ... ... 379

THE HONBLE. AND VEIIY REV. DENNIS GRANVILLE .,. ., 386

THE HONBLE. BERNARD GRANVILLE ... ... ... j04

ANNE GRANVILLE (lADY STANLEY) ... ..^ ... 406

GEORGE GRANVILLE, LORD LANSDOWNE . ... ... 410

STOWE, AS RE-BUILT BY JOHN, EARL OF BATH ... ... 417

MARY GRANVtLLE (mRS. DELANY) ... ... ... 45-2

COURT d'eWES and BERNARD d'eWES ... ... aki

JOHN d'ewes (afterwards granville) ; MARY d'bwes (afterwards

ANN d'ewes (mRS. STKATTON) ... ... ... 458

THE REV. JOHN GRANVILLE ... ... ... ..461

MRS. GRANVILLE, OF CALWICH... ... .... ,464

WELLESBOURNE HALL, CO. WARWICK ... ... ... 466

THE HISTOEY

OP THE

GEANVILLE FAMILY.

Chapter I

" The most lasting families," says Dr. Borlase, " have only their seasons more or less of a certain constitutional strength. They have their spring and summer sunshine glare, their wane, decline, and death." This remark is certainly true of the family whose memoirs are to be unfolded in these pages. Its ancient lineage, its territorial influence, together with the brilliant achievements of several of its distinguished members, placed the family of Granville at one time in the foremost ranks of the celebrated historical Houses of this country. But that summer sunshine glare, which culminated in the reign of the Stuarts, has long since declined, and in the male line the old family is no more. Yet the name of Granville is still treasured. One family at least represents it in the female line ; an earldom enshrines its memory, whilst as a Christian name it has been repeatedly adopted by many a noble and gentle House, who are proud to trace back a connection by marriage, or otherwise, with a family which for so many centuries held a distinguished position in the history of their country.

The Granvilles or Grenvilles, Grenviles, Grenfells, Greynvills, Graynfelds, Greenfields, Grenefelds, Grauntvilds— for the name has been variously spelt and corrupted at different times - claim descent, through the Earls of Corbeil, from Rollo, the son of Jarl Rognvald, a Scandinavian chieftain of the highest rank, who lived in the reign of Harfager, King of Norway.

According to various Sagas quoted by Du Chaillu, in " The Viking Age," Rognvald was the son of Eystein Glumra, son of Ivar Uppland Jarl, son of Halfdan the Old. He assisted King Harald in the conquest of Norway, and received in return for his services the two Mseris and Raumsdal. He married Ragn-

B hild, daughter of Hrolf Nefja, by whom he had three sons, viz., Ivar, who fell in the Hebrides whilst on' an expedition with King Harald ; Hrolf or Eollo, as he was afterwards called by the French, and as he is known to posterity ; and Thorir the Silent, who married King Harald's daughter Arbot, by whom he had a daughter, Bergljot, mother of Hakon Jarl the Great, the hero of the battle of Gomsviking.

Eollo (nicknamed Gongu, i.e., the Ganger, because, it is said, his stature was so gigantic that, when clad in armour, no horse could support his weight, and he therefore always fought on foot), was expelled from Norway for an act of depredation in Viking contrary to the King's commands. Harald, desirous of being included among the civilized sovereigns of Europe, had strictly forbidden his subjects to exercise their old habits of piracy on his own coasts, or on those of liis allies. Rollo perhaps considered himself above this new law. His father, Jarl Rognvald, was the King's chief friend, and presuming on the favour shown to his family, while returning from an expedition on the Baltic, he made a descent upon the coast between Norway and Gothland, and carried off the cattle wanted by his crew. For this act Rollo was declared an outlaw. His mother pleaded in vain for him ; the King was inexorable. According to Harald's Saga, c. 24, the following was her petition : —

Disgrace not Nefja's namesake,^

Nor drive the wolf from the laud ;

The wise kinsman of Hold,-

Why dealest thou thus with him. King ?

It is bad to worry

Such a wolf of Ygg's,'^

He will not be gentle towards

The King's herds if he runs into tlie woods.

Rollo's outlawry led to the establishment of our royal line, and to that infusion of new spirit into England to which lier greatness appears to be chiefly owing. He first retired with his Heet among the islands of the Hebrides, whither the flower of the Norwegian nobility had fled when Harald had become master of the Kingdom. He was there received with open arms by those warriors, who, eager for conquest and revenge, waited only for a chief to lead them on. Taking advantage of their sentiments at such a crisis, he pretended to have had a dream which promised him a glorious future in France. This served at least to support the ardour of his followers, but the weakness

Hrolf. 2 The higher class of landowners. ' Ygg (Odin), a wolf of Ygg means a champion.

TJie Hist07-y of the Granville Family.

at that time of the French Government, and the confusion in which it was involved, were still more persuasive reasons. Setting sail with them, Kollo first plundered and devastated the coast of Flanders, and then turned towards France, where, according to Dudo and other ancient writers, he landed at Eouen in the spring of a.d. 876. Their arrival caused the greatest dismay to the inhabitants of Rouen, who were scarcely yet recovered from the miseries which had been inflicted upon them by the fierce Danish rover, Hasting. Indeed for a long period the coasts of France, like those of England, had been ravaged by the incursions of the Northmen, and for the greater part of a century the monks had made the Neustrian churches re-echo with the dismal chant of the litany " A furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine." The defenceless inhabitants at once determined to capitulate, and Archbishop Franco went forth to meet the Northmen, bearing the keys of the town. They oflered no violence, and he performed his errand safely. The rude generosity of Rollo's character was touched by his fearless conduct, and he readily agreed to spare the lives and property of the citizens on condition that Rouen was surrendered to him without resistance. Entering the town, he established his head quarters there, and so faithfully did the Northmen observe their promise that they were regarded by the Rouennais rather as friends than as conquerors, and Rollo was far more popular than their real sovereign, Charles le Chauve.

Having thus firmly planted themselves at Rouen, successive summers were spent in ravaging the dominions of the French King. But a change was gradually coming over Rollo. Insensibly he was becoming softened and civilized by his intercourse with Archbishop Franco, and finding perhaps that it was not quite so easy as he had expected to conquer the whole kingdom of France, he declared himself willing to follow the example which he had once despised, and to become a vassal of the French crown for the Duchy of Neustria. Charles le Simple, now King of France, greatly rejoiced to find himself thus able at length to put a stop to the dreadful devastations of the Northmen, and readily agreed to the terms proposed by Rollo, (a.d. 911), and appointed the village of St. Clair sur Epte on the borders of Neustria as the place of meeting for the purpose of receiving his homage and oath of fealty. According to Dudo it was necessary to kneel and kiss the King's foot, but this the proud pagan disdained. The prelate who attended the King declared that a gift so magnificent (viz., Neustria and his daughter) deserved his compliance. " I will never," exclaimed

The History of the Granville Family.

Rollo, " bend my knees to the knees of any man, nor kiss his foot." " Ne si by Got." The Frankish nobles solicited him in vain. At last as a substitute he ordered one of his knights to do the ceremony for him. The knight, revolting like his master at the degradation, murmuringiy complied ; but instead of kneeling, he seized the royal foot standing upright, and carrying it suddenly to his mouth, threw the King on the floor, a contumelious indignity which on such an occasion a haughty savage only could have offered.

The transaction ended, Duke Robert and Archbishop Franco returned to Rouen with Rollo, where, the following year, he was baptized, Duke Robert acting as sponsor. The name Robert was given to him on the occasion, but the old name that had honoured him in youth and in age, was alone recognized by the world. On leaving the Cathedral, Rollo celebrated his conversion by large grants to the difterent churches and convents in his new Duchy, making a fresh gift on each of the days during which he wore the white robes of the newly baptized. All his warriors, who chose to follow his example and embrace the Christian faith, received from him grants of land to be held on the same terms as those by which he himself held the Duchy from the King, and the country thus peopled by the Northmen gradually assumed the appellation, of Normandy. " The thirty wild years as a rover by land and sea, thirty years of rapine and of cruel deeds done to well-nigh defenceless cities, villages and monasteries, would seem a strange preparation for one who was to organize an important nation, who was to weld together men of various races, who was to lay the strong ground stories of a mighty realm, destined in a few short years powerfully to influence the history of the world. Yet this is what Rollo the Viking, the wild Northman freebooter, did in Rouen and Bayeux, between a.d. 911 and a.d. 927. The first of the seven mighty Dukes of Normandy must have been more than sixty years old when he began his curious, but enduring work.

For enduring it indeed was. What he began his six successors went on with and developed — the strong and firm government, the respect for the Christian faith, law and order, the gradual restoration of the old ruined religious houses and their great educational and other works, the curious welding together of Dane and Frenchman which produced the Norman, — all these changes were tlie care of the old freebooter Rollo the Viking, his children and children's children for six generations, so that in less than a century and a half after the grim old Dane was laid in his tomb in the Rouen Minster that he had restored, his Norman land was famous for its new school of architecture, for its lovely minsters, its vast monasteries, its flourishing cities ; was, (still more remarkable,) famous for its matchless schools, and even for the wealth and beauty of its " Romance " or French literature. For three generations, that is during the reigns of the first three Dukes, a jjeriod of some ninety eventful years, the old Norsk religion, in which Thor and Odin were worshipped, and the wild banqueting hall of Valhalla looked to as the glorious goal of the unconquered fighting hero, struggled with Christianity in the hearts of the great Norman Dukes and their faithful companions in arms. Rollo and his two successors were more than nominal Christians, as we shall see ; nay, at times his son and grandson were even fervent devotees to the Christian faith ; yet ever and anon the spirit of the old loved Paganism of their fathers influenced them and their followers. This was especially noticeable in their marriages. The aversion of these brilliant and successful men to the Christian marriage tie is remarkable, and the first three Dukes made no concealment of their dislike to the princesses to whom, mainly for political reasons they were united by Christian rites. Their love and afl"ection all belonged to the partners whom they had chosen for themselves, and to whom some Pagan rite loosely bound them, and not to those high-born women, whom, without pretending to love, they had married with all the ceremony of the Christian Church." — The Homes of tJie Norman Dukes, by Dean Spence.

This was especially the case with Rollo, who, as part of the treaty, had married Gisella the daughter of the French King. Rollo was an old grizzly warrior, and neither cared for the other, and when in a.d. 919, Gisella died childless, he returned to his old love Popei (the Poupee or Poppet,) daughter of Beringer, Earl of Bessin and Bayeux, and sister to Bernard de fSenlis Vermandois,^ whom he had take captive at the capture of Bayeux a.d. 890-1, and married " more Danico," He now married her " more Christiano " and thus rendered legitimate the two children he had had by her, viz. : William and Gerloc or Gerletta vvho received the name of Adela at her baptism, and afterwards became the wife of William, Duke of Acquitaine and Poictiers. In a.d. 926-7, feeling the cares of government too great . for his advancing years Rollo handed over the reins of government to his son, and dying some five years afterwards, was buried in the sacristy of the Cathedral at Rouen ; but some two hundred years afterwards his body was removed to the little chapel on

, 1 Guillaume Gemmet ex Camdens, Augl, Scripta. p. 616. Matthew of Westminster p. 356. Dudu de St. Queutin. ,t;... *

Tlie History of the Granville* Family.

the right of the nave, where a sarcophagus, under a plain niche in the wall, was erected in the days of St. Louis bearing his effigy/ The figure of Rollo was originally bold and well executed, embodying the notion conveyed by tradition and history ; the once mighty man of war thoroughly worn out, the sunken life, the furrowed brow, " the strength of four score years come to labour and sorrow." But since Palgrave wrote his description the effigy has been repaired and renewed so often that it has probably lost most of its distinguishing characteristics. The tomb bears the following inscription, though the date of his death is evidently inaccurate, if we are to believe his history as written by the old historians.

Hie positus est ROLLO

William, his son and successor, surnamed Longsword, had been carefully educated by the priests. His height was majestic, his features beautiful, his complexion pure and delicate as a maiden's, his strength gigantic, his prowess with all weapons on foot and on horseback unrivalled, and his wit and capacity of the brightest and most powerful. Born since his father's conquest of Neustria the tales of Tlior and Odin, and the future Valhalla, were gradually becoming things of the dark old past to him, and he threw himself, with his whole heart into the new faith. So intensely devout was he, so fond of prayer and the rites of the Church, that Rollo had called him fitter for a cloister than for a dukedom ; but the choice was not open to him, an only son, with the welfare of the Normans dependent on him. He rebuilt the Abbey of Jumieges with great splendour, and though living in the world amid great luxury and pomp, he practised in secret the devotions and asceticism of the cloister to the utmost of his power, longing earnestly for the time when, like his father, he might lay aside

. . ' Accordiug to Diulu and others, his body was agaiu transifeiTed to the Abbey at Fecamp.

The History of the Granville Family.

the weary load of cares of war and government, and retire to that Abbey as a brother of the Order. On his father's abdication he rendered homage to Charles le Simple, at the Chateau d'Eu, but soon after his father's death the lords of Brittany under the Counts Alain and Berenger endeavoured to recover their independence. They were however defeated ; Berenger was pardoned, but Count Alain, the prime mover in the rebellion, was banished.

William Longsword's strict keen justice made him greatly honoured and loved in Normandy, but in France he was hated, and his transactions were sometimes cunning, sometimes violent. Though wavering towards France, he remained a Northman in heart, and vassalage sat lightly upon him. As an instance of this, he called in a Danish colony to occupy his conquest of the Cotentin, the peninsula which runs out from St. Michael's Mount to the cliffs of Cherbourg, and reared his boy among the Northmen of Bayeux, where the Danish tongue and fashions most stubbornly held their own. With all his zeal for the new faith, it is clear that he had not entered into the Church's teaching of the sanctity of marriage, for, like his father,' he had an half-acknowledged wife, Espriota or Sprota, the daughter of Herbert, Earl of Senlis, and sister of Bernard the Dane, who afterwards became the protector and guardian of the young son he had by her. But though he doted on Espriota, his love for her could not blind his religious instincts to the fact that his home-life was not honourable, either morally or politically. Such sentiments were encouraged by his kinsman, Herbert of Vermandois, who persuaded him to cast off Espriota, and marry his second daughter, Luitgard, thus following his father's example in casting off the mother of his child. There was, however, no issue of this marriage.

In 936, William Longsword, accompanied by Hugh the rireat, Herbert, Count of Vermandois, and others, received at Boulogne, on his landing from England, Louis Outre-mer, the new King of France, son of Charles le Simple, who received his nickname from having been educated at the English Court. AVilliam conducted liim to Laon and assisted at his coronation. Three years afterwards, however, he quarrelled with him, and entered into a formal league against him with Hugh the Great and Herbert of Vermandois, and the remainder of his life was occupied in invasions and other political disturbances, the last of which was entered upon for the purpose of forcing Arnouf, Count of Flanders, to restore to the Count of Ponthou

^ St. Alleis. Guillaume de JUmieges.

the town of Montreuil, which he had unlawfully taken possession of Arnoulf, dissembling his resentment, begged of William to grant him a conference on a small island in the river Somme, and there, having contrived to separate him from his followers, at a given signal, one of the Flemings struck him down with an oar, and a number of daggers were instantly plunged into his breast. The Flemings made their escape in safety, leaving the bleeding corpse upon the island, and the Normans, who had seen the murder witlioiit l)eing able to prevent or revenge it, reverently took it up and brought it to Rouen. Dudo narrates that beneath the robes of state they found it dressed in a hair cloth shirt, and that round his neck was a chain with a golden key attached to it, which they rightly judged to belong to the chest where he kept his choicest treasure, but few would have guessed what the treasure was, which was so highly valued by the knightly Duke of the martial name, and doubtless there were many looks of wonder among the Norman barons when the chest was opened, and disclosed, instead of gold and jewels, the gown and hood, the sandals and rosary of a brother of the Benedictine Order. He fell at the early age of forty -two, having ruled about twenty years, and was buried beside his father iu Eouen Cathedral amid the universal lamentations of his vassals. His body was afterwards moved to a side chapel on the left hand side of the nave, as his fathers was to one on the right, and the monumental effigy still preserves the traditional features, bearing date no doubt from a period far more remote than that of St. Louis ; and " as the stranger from other lands gazes on this I'emarkable face he feels he is looking on something not unlike what the mighty Norman was in life. The figure represents a crowned and armoured soldier. His hand formerly rested on the golden hilt of that famous long sword from which he takes his name, but the sword is now missing. On the still youthful face of the hero Duke is an expression of intense weariness, worn out with the responsibilities of his busy work-filled life." — Dean Spence. The following inscription is on the tomb : —

' The date on the tomb of William Longsword is also incon ect, as well as the date on RoUo's. Anselme, Dudo, Guilli de Jumieges all give 942. Matthew of Westminster 943 as the correct date. Probably, therefore, his reign was less than twenty years.

Hie History of the Granville Family.

Upon William's assassination Bernard the Dane, the brother of Espriota, fetched from Bayeux his only child Eichard, then barely eight years old, to be solemnly invested with the ducal sword and mantle, and to receive the homage of the Normans. Whether his birth was strictly legitimate or not was a matter of very little moment either in Norman or in Frankish eyes. If a man was of princely descent and shewed a spirit worthy of his forefathers, few people cared to enquire over minutely into the legal or canonical condition of his mother.

" The Norman chieftains gathered round William Longsword's cofiin. They included old grey-headed companions of Eollo, with their sons and grandsons, men who were the ancestors of the future conquerors of Italy and Sicily ; men, whose children's children fought and won on the stricken field of Hastings ; men, whose descendants became the foremost Crusaders, the fathers of the proudest Houses of the mighty Anglo-Norman kingdom, and in their midst, standing by his murdered father's coffin, the little fair-haired boy with ruddy cheeks, whom they had fetched from Danish Bayeux. One grey-headed cliieftain held the ducal coronet on the boy's head, one kissed bhe little hand, and the others swore eternal allegiance and fidelity to their child Duke Richard, who in sorrow and perplexity stood gazing on his father's coffin. It was the last great service Rollo's son could do his people and the land, this welding together by his coffin the varied interests of his mighty chieftains. In this solemn moment the Norman Dane and tlie Norman Frenchman forgot their jealousies, their antipathies, the conflicting interests of the old religion and the new, in their stern resolve to avenge their master's death l)y raising the throne of their master's son higher than the thrones of any of the Princes of France."- -Z)ean Spence.

Having been thus acknowledged by the Norman chiefs as his father's successor, the young Duke found as little difficulty in obtaining a formal in vesture of the fief from the French King. The King came to Rouen, where he was received and entertained with great magnificence, and then Richard rendered his homage. Louis grasped at this opportunity for recovering Normandy, and under the pretence of educating the young Duke at his own court, made an overture to the Norman barons that he should return with him to France, assuring them of his care and protection of him. This proposal they at first strongly opposed, mistrusting the King, and suspecting the influence of Count Arnoulf, who stood high in his counsels, and who would naturally dread the future retribution of the son for his father's murder. Won, however, by the royal promises and seeming attachment to the young Duke, they suffered him to depart, and Louis carried him away to Laon, Richard had not been long in the King's power before the fears of the Normans were realized, and Louis, chiefly at the instigation of Count Arnoulf, imprisoned him at Montleon, allowing, however, a Norman esquire, Osmund de Centeville. to accompany him as tutor. By Osmund's help he contrived to escape, and sought shelter with his uncle, Bernard the Dane, who had been originally appointed his guardian by Duke William, as well as regent of the Norman territories during his minority. A heathen reaction, according to Green, followed the death of Duke William, and the bulk of the Normans with the child Duke Richard fell away for the time from Christianity. The young Duke's escape had taken place in a.d. 945, and Louis, finding himself thus duped, concerted with Hugh the Great and made war against the Normans, entering Normandy by two diff'erent roads. Bernard the Dane had called to his assistance the King of Denmark, and new pirate fleets again came swarming up the Seine. After several engagements Louis was taken prisoner. Peace, however, was concluded the following year, when Richard received an augmentation of territory, for which he again paid homage. The peace thus concluded was, however, soon destined to be broken. It was arranged that Richard, who was then fourteen years of age, should be affianced to Emma, the daughter of Hugh the Great, Count of Paris ; but this alliance was so distasteful to both Louis and Count Arnoulf that they concerted with Otho, King of Germany, and war once more broke out. However, after ravaging the territory of Hugli the Great and attacking Rouen, they were repulsed by the Normans and Danes under the young Duke, who followed up his success and before long cleared the province of its invaders. The courage and ability which he displayed throughout the wars made a great impression on bis Danish allies, who were induced in large numbers to adopt the religion of " the Fearless Duke," as they called him, and to live under his government.