General history of the Christian religion and church

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Section First

RELATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH TO THE WORLD. ITS EXTENSION AND LIMITS, p. 1—183.

Within the Roman Empire, 1—146, A. Relation of the Roman Emperors to the Christian Church, 1—-120. Pe

Import of the edict of Galerius . . . Es Mazimin. His measures in relation to the Christians. "Fa-

‘vour shown to Paganism. Means adopted for its resto-

ration (Acta Pilati). Last effusion of blood in conse-

quence of the Dioclesian persecution . . 2-16

Constantine, His early his and education. "Resides while

a youth at the courts of Dioclesian and of Galerius. Be-

comes Augustus, 4.D. 306. Offers in the temple of Apollo,

at Augustodunum, a.p, 308. Makes his public declaration

in favour of Christianity, after the victory over Maxentius,

A.D. 312. Legend respecting the vision of the cross,

(Examination of the evidence in support of it, and of the

various theories in explanation of it. Result) = . . 7-16

First religio religious edict of Constantine and Licinius, “ Restrictive

clause in it. Second edict (313) introducing a general

and unconditional liberty of conscience. Influence of

Jaw of the two emperors on Maximin, ‘pict of the te

A later and still milder rescript . . 16—21 Constantine and Licinius sole ralers. Death of Constantia,

Growing hostility of Licinius to the Christians. War be-

twixt the two emperors (323). Preparations of Licinius,

Constantine's reliance on the sign of the cross, Constan- .

tine victorious, and soleruler . . 21—26 Constantine's directions Tespecting the pagan caltus. His tole-

rance of =f the pagans. His law of the year 321. Indica-

tions of his relapse into pagan Superstition, His procla-

mation to the provinces ‘of the East. Leter to Euschius a2 iv CONTENTS OF VOL. III.

of Cesarea. Explanation of his conduct. His self-decep” tion, Flattery ed on him by the bishops at his court . . oo .

Constantine's wish to unite together all bjects in the worship of one God, His tolerance. Causes heathen temples destroyed hp tee u Cilicia hes aed of this proceeding. Its effects on different classes of Pagans . New. rohibitions by Constantine. Law forbidding idols and idolatrous sacrifices. Rules for the army (for the soldiers, Christian and pagan). Constantine resorts to every outward means, except force, to promote the extension of Chrietianty. "is words to the Connell of Nice. Hypo-

Constantine still a catechumen in the sixty- fourth year of his age. Receives baptism from Eusebius of Nicomedia, a short time before his death (373). Reasons for deferring baptism. Story among the pagans respecting the cause of his conversion. for suspecting its truth. General truth init. . . .

His successors: Constans, Constantius, Constantine. Law passed by the two latter, 4.D. 346, for the extirpation of

Laws against nightly m sacrifices (359). Persecations of paganism. (Yet, for the of preserving the national antiquities, the em) forbid the destruction of the temples.) Several of the Christian clergy op-

to the employment of forcible measures. Others in vour he m flatterer Maternus . . . .

Way opened for the reaction of paganism, ‘Attempts to revive ‘paganism. Julian, Early training and formation of his Phäracter. His destination for the spiritual order. Res dence at Constantinople. His instructor Ecebolius. Conern of his studies n, Nicomedia. His ‚sone air wi jagan party. Influence exerted upon him

the philoso; 5 cooper Markus. Julian conceals his opinions.

His sudies in Asia. His ‘companions in Gat ‘basins

—Sallust

Julian emperor. Assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus. ‘Attempts to restore the worship of images. Julian’s defence of images. His ideas of the priesthood, and of the ‘business and occupation of priests. Borrows many things from Christianity. His laws for the priests, Restoration of the pagan sanctuaries. Injustice in this transaction. Intercession of Libanius in behalf of Christians. Attempts to gain proselytes te ism by means of mone; y anal ts of honour. Julian's views concerning J Pe attempt to ebuild the tems of Jerusalem . - Julian's behaviour towards the Hans. His tolerance.

of it. Covert attacks by the emperor. | Julian's edict, granting equal freedom to all the church parties. His motives in this, Edict recalling the bishops. Jitian's behaviour towards Athanasius, ‘The emperor resorts to

26—32

32—36

36—39

39-43

43—48

49—58

58—71

CONTENTS OF VOL, IH, unworthy tricks, Forbids Christians to teach ancient

literature. Sophistical defence of this prohibition. Per-

mission given for Christian youth to attend the

schools. ius and Fabius Marius Victorinus resign

their posts as chetoricl teachers. Labours ofthe learned

Syrians: Apollinari, father and eon. _ Julian prejudiced ps educated ih the Grecian schools:

il, Gregory, &e, ‚His behaviour towards Titus, bishop of Bost, in “Arabia, His mildness towards inimical Christian ‘bishops. Ontbreak of fary against the Christians in Alexandria, Julian's mild treatment of the insurgents. Persecations of Mark of Arethusa . .

Julian in Antioch. His zeal in the pagan worship. Julian hated among the Antiochians,—especially on account of bis restoration of the temple of Apollo. The bones of Babylas, the martyr, exhumed. Julian celebrates the festival of Apollo Daphnicus. Barning of the temple of Apollo leads Julian to adopt harsh measures. Repeat ineremione of Libanius in behalf of the Chea.

lian’ Journey, to Syria, in his campaign agninst the Persians. His death AD. 869 «=

Advice of Gregory Narianzen to the’ Christians. " Jovian ‘grants universal religious liberty. ‘Speech of Themistis to the emperor. .

Valetiion ie tolerance gondnes to a spread of Chris-

featheniam—Paganismus.). - . +. +

Valens. “Addvess of Themisiosto him. - te

Gratian declines taking the office of Pontifex Maximus. "Re-

to grant an audience tothe Pagan delegates.»

Valawintan TE “Grants an audience fo the pagan party,

Symmachus. Symmachns of Milan. . - .

hen struction of ne temple of Soap Destructive fory manifested iby Marcellus, bishop year 391, and of the following year... +" + » + Arcadius, Gradual increase of severii guint the of . New law of the East. Porphyry of Gaza. the year 423. Freien crated net hire Philosopher Proeias - .

to Persia . . .

72—86

87—94

94—97

98—99 99—100

100—101

101—102

‘Apames. Laws of the -

108-111

11-118 19-120 vi CONTENTS OF VOL. IIT.

B. Polemical Writi Pagans against Chrstionity General Charges which AS Brought age hs in which these Charges were met by the “Teacher of the Chritian Church, 120-198

Polemical writings of the pagans. Julian. Finds contradictions in the New Testament. .

The dialogue Philoparis. Hidiales the Christian doctrine of

Partiedar a kons of the epee "to ‘Christianity and’ the Christians, ang haees, lat id against the conduct of the Christians and against Christian Princes. Reply of Augustin. Pagan objections to Christian doctrines. Work of Orosing, in reply to the objections of Hanapias and Zoimus. . + eee ern c. Tavis obstacles which hindered the of Christianity the heathen— Means and methods a which if was promoted A Diferent finds of Conversion, 192.

classes of The yerkaliy Gans Aaainat these, Pagan views concerning the

Augustin and Theodoret. necessity of different religions. (Simplicius—Proclus— li ‘Themistins—8; us.) Relation of Christianity to icy ae)

Different ways in which were converted. Numbers of formal sod nominal Christians, Gi hun) Sonim lead to Chris

Extension of Chriticnity beyond the Knits of the Roman

Pale .

Objestions of Persian magia trates to Christianit Proclamation of Mihr-Ners First order of the Persian emperor. Simeon, bishop of Seleucia—his letter to the emperor. Second ‘i decree.

ing homage to the sun. Martyrs: Simeon, Phusik, Continuation of the persecution till 344. Activity of Maruthas, bishop of ‘it—favourable to the Christians. Imprudent conduct ‘Abdas, bishop of Suza, in destroying a firetemple. New persecution beginning

128—132

132—138

138-146

CONTENTS OF VOL, ILI. vii

A.D. 418. The martyrs, Jacobus, Hormisdas, and others. Theodoret’s letter to the bit Ensebius, in Armenia. Flight of the Christians into the an empire leads to a war. Acasius of Amida. Schism betwixt the churches of the Persian and of the Roman empire (in the fifth century) . . + 146—160 Armenia. “Gregory, the ‘illuminator. ' Miesrob’s labours to promote the spread and secure the establishment of Christianity. Persecation of the Armenian Christians by the Persians + 160—161 Conversion of the Toerians pred of Christianity j in Georgia, by means of a captive ristian female)—of the Lazians ‚and Abasgians. Justinian favours the latter. . . . 162—164 Indians. ‘Theophilus, the Indian. Accounts preserved in the Tritings of Cosmas Indicopleustes. Christians in Taprobane, Male, Calliana. . + + 164—165 Arabia. ' Theophilus, imperial ambassador to the king of the “Reape Churches founded in Arabia. Labours of the monks among the Arab tribes. Simeon, the Stylite. ‘The Saracenian Scheikh, Aspebethos cs (by beptinm, Peter), first Saracenian camp-bishop in Palestine . . + + 166—168

Spread of Christianity in Africa, Abyssinia, Meropins, with Hdesius and Frumentius, comes to that country. Frumentius ordained bishop of Auxuma by Athanasius. ‘Theophilus visits that city. Constantius Ferocates Framentius, as being a disciple of Athanasius. ‘Abyssinian king, Elesbaan, takes part with the Christians in Arabia. Christianity on the island of Socotra ee ee ee ee ee we ET Spread of Christianity in Europe.

Ireland. Founding of the Christian Church in that island by Patricius, Account of his life. Residence in Ireland; in Gaul. Return to his country. Whether Patrick was Fang from Tone} a ne, sous the country people an iefs, ignus) He founds Irish een Provides for the education of the people. . + + 8s 172-176 Goths. ve Christianity by occasion of their wars with the Roman empire. Thooshilus a Gothic bishop. UIphilas, His efforts in behalf of the Goths. Time of his ‘appearance in the reign of Constantine. Reports concerning Arianism n among the Goths. Athanasius on their conversion. Martyrs among the Goths. Missions: in stitutions established by Chrysostom. Invites G reach in Constantinople. e Gothic clery cultivate iblical studies. West Goths. Alaric in AD. Men. + 177-188 viii CONTENTS OF VOL. UI.

Section Second. History Of The Church Constitution, Churoh Discipline, Schisms

OF THE CHURCH, 184—315.

History of the Church Constitution, 184—253. Relation of the Church to the State, 184—207. Generul Remarks,

New relation of the church to the state. Advantages accruing from it to the e church. The ohurch dangers

calls upon the state for anions in the ion of its objects. Causes of this conversion of the Roman emperor to dar Emperor's views of the church constitution. Constantine. In what sense he styled himself an Ewiexewes ror inris was lendnelas. Calling of eral councils by the Emperors. Publication of fecrees by imperial authority. Influence of the emperors ‘on the councils (Constantine at Nice. Theodosius II.) Isidore of Pelusium. Individuals opposed to the confounding of things spiritual and secular. (Hilary of Poictiers.) Of np avail agains the spirit of the times. The emperors decide doctrinal disputes by command. Basiliscas, Zeno, Justinian, Independent development of the Western Church. . . Relation of the church to the sat pers lar things. ings The state takes some in ling for the support of 1 churches. Churches authorized to receive pests ern merous presents to the churches. Abuse of sion. Jerome om this point. Ole Ya resonate this right. Augustin Benevolent Institutions, Publio charities for strange , for the poor, the old, the sick, and for orphans. The Basilias. Alms-houses in the country. Care of Theodoret for his Privileges bestowed by the state, Exemption of the clergy from all public burdens (muneribus publicis). Law of Constantine, 4.0. 319. Evils resulting from it. Great fic to the spiritual office. Limitations of the law, A.D. 320. Jadigil ‘authority 6 evaded . ‘ts on. icial authority conferred on e bis] “advantages of ‘his srrangenent. Com plaints icp bishops. Self- Genial of Augustin . . on Intercessions of the bishops. Decrees of the Council of Elvira, (Gos, of Arles, ls) respecting the administration of civil offices. ibrose and Studius. Intercessions of Basil of Casares. of Flavian of Antioch, of Theodoret. Advant of these intercessions in times of despotism. Evilsand abuses. . . .

Churehes used as asylums. ‘The ecclesiastical usage limited

Page

. 184-191

191—193

194—195

195—197

197—198

199—203

CONTENTS OF VOL. JUL. ix by Eutropius, a.n. 898 Chrysostom. Behaviour of cer- |" tain slaves who fled to @ church under the reiga of Theodosins Il. Law in favour of asylums, a.p. 431... 204-206

Internal Organization of the Church, 207—253.

Central point of the theocratic system of the church. The idea of a priestly caste. False view of opposition between oot seoular and spiritual, Celibacy. Laws of the in 314, ee tins subject. «Proceedings at council of Gangra. Custom of married bishops to forsake

‘the marrisge relation. Exceptions, like that of Synesius,

still to be met with in the century. Ecclesiastical

law by Sirieius, bishop of Rome, a.p. 385. Jovinian and

Vigilantius > 9 00 2 ee ee + 207-81 Education of the spiritual order. Reliance on the su;

magical effect of ordination. Want of institutions for

theological education. Theological school at Antioch.

Ate on the schools for general education. The

cloisters, as seminaries for the clergy. Education of the

clergy under the care of individual bishops ‘hich 211214 Intrasiow of the ‘unworthy into spiritual oe pnt wich

decrees of councils avail nothing. (In the West, the

better.) Participation of the laity in elections. Form of

election. Strife after bis! ics in the capital cities. De-

res of councils against the transfer of ecclesiastics of

litle avail; but are strictly’ carried out by Damasus

of Rome. Orders forbidding the bishops to be absent from their communities, or to reside at court. . . . 915—219 Progress of the towards the monarchical form. Poe ogres of bishops; ordination, confirmation, &e.

qual tguty of bishop and presbyera) Presby tee die ity of bi presi yters tinguished above the deacons! Ode na and number of the

deacons. Influence of arch-deacons. Deaconesses. Their

ordination—at a later period, considered offensive. Laws

of the Western church against their sppointment, In the

East, they continued to exist for a longer time + + 219-293 New church offices. Olxioous, txdsen, notarii, parobolanit (aume-

rous in Alexandria), Kemdrm . . se 22226 Chor-bishops. Restriction of their power. Councils of Sar-

dica and Laodicea abolish the afhee : the latter substitutes

in their place the meer. ‘Traces of country bishops

in later times. - + «+ 227—228 City churches, Head churches ‘and filial’ churches. Their

relation to each other at Constantinople and at Rome . 228—229 Metropolitan constitution, Further development of it, Pro

‘vincial synods co-ordinate to the Metropolitan. . . . 229-230 x

CONTENTS OF VOL, IIT,

Patriarchal constitution. Sixth canon of the council of Nice.

‘to any Genet coats Gre;

Exarcht, next Patriarchs. In the beginning at Rome, ‘Alexandria, Antioch—next at Constantinople [on account of its political importance] and Jerusalem. Spirit of freedom in the North-African church,—their declaration at Hipporegius, a. 998. “Patriarchal constitution prepares

Page the way for the papacy . 2. 231234 Rome, Rufinus’s ation of the sixth canon of the Nicene council. Wealth and political importance of Rome. (Theodoret’s letter torLeo the Great.) In addition to this, came the idea, assumed as a fandamental principle by the

Fand together him in consider this subject as well as others.) Yet the Africans ‘re unwilling s concede all the consequences following from this position. The Roman bishops consider themselves the successors and representatives of Peter. Leo’s letter to Anatolius, Innocent to the North-Africans, .p. 417. Leo to the church compared with the church of the East. More dependent of political influences. Rome, the sole Pat archate of the West. Greater tranquillity of doctrinal development in the West. The Eastern parties appeal to Rome—this advantage improved by the Roman bishops. ‘The three decrees of the council of Sardica. Confounding of these with the decrees of the Nicene council. Gratian’s declaration in favour of Damasus. Hilary of Arles and Celidonins. Leo's arrogant claims

Storch, Councils of Carthage ae and 418, against ohne by Dionyalns Erigune (afer the year 500) History of Church Discipline, 258—257.

Persons convi se chard ( offences, excluded from the fellowship of the cl Im case of sincere repentance, none

the communion in the hour of death.) Different Cnet of penitents. Conditions of re-admission. Dificulties attending the application of the. principles of church penance—partly in the case of schisms, partly in

235—247

247—253

CONTENTS OF VOL. III, xi

Page the case of persons of rank, (Chrysostom. Ambrose. The case of Theodosius.) Anathema of the church. (Synesius against Andronicus.) Nectarius rescinds the Office of a presbyter to administer penance . . . . 253—257

History of Church Schisms, 257—316.

Donatist Schism, 258.

Important as representing the contest betwixt Catholicism and Separation, and the reaction against the confusion of ecclesiastical matters with Immediate, local occasion ; a certain enthusiastic spirit in North Africa .. 258 The prudent bishop Mensarius of Carthage, and his arch-deacon Cacilian. Charges laid against Mensurius by the fanatical party, fs favoured by Secundun of Tigiis. Assembly of Numidian provincial bishops at Cirta, under the presidency of Secundus, a.p. 305. Mensurius dies. The superstitious widow, Lucilla, an enemy to Cecilian. Donatas of Case Nigra. Meetings in the house of Lucilla, Casilian ordained by Felix of Aptangis before The reer Morin st up av an bishop. Coutantac reader set up as anti- ti Pag of Majorinus, Trial before Melüades, bishop a De, and five bishops of Gaul, a.p. 313. (Donatus complainant against Cecilien.) Council of Arles, 4.D. 314 (against frivolous charges of denying the faith, and on the objective validity of sacramental ai. gpa to the e to the em; r, who also decides in favour of Casce ‘Nigre, and next Donatus Magnus, smccemors of Majorin, take the lead of the party. Pars Donati. Harsh proceedings of the Count Ursacius against the Donatists. Circumeilliones. Forbearance of Constantine towards the Donatists . . Fi)

Constans secks to gain the Dennis by gecanlaty presen ment üoonrees probed a ae ee confounding together of church eens state, aperate bands of Circomeillions, under the sommand of Fasir und Axid. Reaction in the reign of Julian. P: of Maximinian + 273—279 Distracted state of the North-African church, occasioned by this schism. Augustin as an opponent of the Donatists. His confidence in the force of his arguments. Plan of Augustin and Fortunius. The Donatists fear the logical talents of Augustin. Council of Carthage, a.p. 403. Augustin’s letter to the Donatist churches. Penal laws demanded against the Donatists (Augustin, at this time, sail o ‘to forcible measures)—enacted i in part, A.D. ligious conference held at Carthage, a.p. 411, tnder the presidency of Marcellin. (Proposals of the Catholic party. Augustin’s sermons. Distrust on the - part of the Donatists. Augustin and Petilian.) Severer si ‘CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

laws against the Donatists. Gaudentius of Thamugade. Donatists continue to exist until the middle of the sixth century 2 6 + eee ee ee

Theological Controversy betwixt the Donatists and the Catholic party,

Fundamental error common to both parties,—the failure to distinguish between the visible and the invisible church, Augustin’s course of religious development had led him to his outward conception of the church—hence the great importance of this conception in his own view. He admits (the Donatists appealed to miracles, etc.) of the external and objective evidence only of the divine word (not so in his contest with the Manicheans). The Donatists require severity of church discipline. Controversy respecting the biblical term, “ World” The Donatists appeal (in this case inconsistently) to Old Testament examples. Catholics subordinate the predicates of purity and holiness to the notion of Catholicity ; the Donatists do the reverse. They protest against the arrogant claims of the Apostolical See. Midway between both parties, Tichonius, the grammarian: corpus Domini bipartitum. Petition against the Catholic church. Augustin in defence of it. ‘ontroversy on the employment of force in religious matters. Augustin defends the right of resorting to. such measures, False comparison of the divine method of

Page

279—287 educating mankind with the laws of the state. Deduc-.

tions of Augustin from these erroneous principles. Foundation of the theory expressed in the Phrase: Compelle intrare in ecclesiam » » + + + ee «

‘The Meletian Schism in Egypt, 08-313.

More rigid party (in respect to the lapsed) under Meletius of Lycopalis. Pretec titd and discret pastoral letter of Peter of Alexandria. Meletius arbitrarily ordains and excommunicates within the diocese of Peter. Meletius excommunicated. [Critical examination of the sources of information respecting thisschism.] Meletians. Orders of the Nicene council. Yet the schism continues down to

the fifth century ss ee. ee eee

Schism between Damasus and Ursinus at Rome, 313—315.

Liberius of Rome deposed and banished by Constantine in 356. Felix made bishop. Liberius afterwards recalled. Separate party, under the Presbyter Eusebius, in opposition to

the court party. Contest between Ursinus (belonging to

the party of Liberius) and Damasus (belonging to the party of Felix), after the death of Liberius, ap. 366, masus prevails, Gratian’s law, in order to the suppression of this schism . . . 2. 6 «

+ + + 289-307

308—313

813-315

CONTENTS OF VOL. IIL, xiii

Section Third. Christian Life And Worship, 316—487

Christian Life, 316—393. ‚Its general character in this Period, 316—821. Outward Christianity. False confidence in externals. Tendency to partial views of doctrine. The idea of the universal spiritual priesthood obscured. Amurca per ıblicum cürrit. Sincerity in religion exposed to obloquy. Pious wives and mothers (Nonna, Anthusa, Monica, and others). . . . 2 + + + © + « 316—S21

Peculiar Tendencies of Christian Life. ‘The Ascetic Tendency and finan, 0281

Page

Monasticism. Relation of Christianity to Monastieism . 322—324 Anthony (born A.n. 251, of a Coptic family), and not Paul of Thebes, the father of monastic orders. How he was led to adopt the Monastic life. His wrong conception of self-denial, which he afterwards corrected. His strictly abstemious life. His influence. Did not wish to be regarded as a worker of miracles, Visit to Alexandria in 311 and 341. Apothegms of Anthony. (Letter to him from Constantine.) His gentleness to others. Opposed to the superstitious veneration of relics, Spread of Monasticism.

Hilarion promotes it in Palestine - . » . + + + 324—333 Pachomius, founder of the cloister life. The Canobium of ‘Tabenne, an island in the Nile in Upper Egypt. Abbots. Classes of monks. Their occupations. 'Noviciate. Pa-

chomius also founds cloisters for nuns. . - + + 834—335 Fanatical tendencies which became united with Monasticism. Suicide, agirius, Morbid state of mind. Ascetic ide. Sayings of Pachomius and Nilus. (Valens.

feron. Ptolemmus). . . = 0 + » + + + « 387840 ‘The Euchites (in Syria). Different names. Their principles and doctrines to be traced to a practical error, ger contemplative repose. (The first begging friars.) An excessive leaning to externals in the monastic life leads to the opposite error of mysticism. Doctrine of inward prayer, with its mischievous consequences (depreciation of the means of grace; Antinomianism : sensuous mysticism, and Pantheism). Flavian of Antioch and Adelphius. Kindred sect of the Eustathians—opposed to these, the council of Gangra. Opposition to these fanatic tendencies serves to promote the Coenobite life. Contest of the Ceenobites with those who clung to the older form

of asceticism. (Sarabaites, Remoboth) . . . - . 341—849 xiv CONTENTS OF VOL. IIT.

Lights and Shades of Monachiom.

Page Anchorites. Defended by At tin and Chi m against

the charge of Being dead of active harter. Mheir

healthfal influence. (Macedonins). . . . ._ + . 349-352 Cenobites. Christian society. Prayer and labour. "Promi-

nence given to the original equality of all men. The

cloisters as institutions of education. (Rule of Basil.)

Au lead to deep self-knowledge, to a conviction of the vanity scones by outeesd works, t childlike submiie” His laboure! (hcodsret’s remarks son Pe

Simeon, the Stylite. His labours. (Theodoret’s remarks concerning him.) Simeon's vision. Warning given to the Stylites by Nilus. ee eee 0 en. 2 308-865

Monachiem in the West. At first opposed. Encouraged by of monachism. Cassian introduces the monastic institutions of the East into southern France (his institutions garnobiales and Collations) Practical Christian spirit in these cloisters, which also became seminaries for the clergy. » + 0 2 2 ww 0 nr nn 365-876 Reformation of the monastic life by Benedict of Nursia. His education. (Residence in Home. Romanus. General respect in which he was held.) Foundation of the abbey of Monte Cassino, Rules of the Benedictines. Wise moderation shewn in them, Benedict's disciples. . . 370-974 Different Spiritual Tendencies in Religion, in their Relation to fe Monachism and "Aacctiviom, 375.

Secular 0] ‘ition to monachism. Law of Valens, a.D. 365 . 376—378 More moderate views of the monastic life (recognition of its value, opposition only to the extravagant overvaluation of it) expressed at the council of Gangra and by Chrysostom 378—880 Jovinian. Evangelical opponent of the one-sided ascetic tendency. Contends against the distinction between prepa and consilia evaugelica. Gives prominence to common fellowship with Christ. Rejects fasting, the unmarried Jie, monachism, though not unconditionally (he himself continues to remain a monk), contends only against the tendency to depreciate the high worth of the marri relation, and to overvalue fasting (also om). Jovinian opposed to the righteousness of works, and allows himself to be mised by thie opposition to deny all diterent stages of the Christian life. His conception of the

CONTENTS OF VOL. III. xv

Pag invisible church, Influence of Jovinian. Sirieins of Rome, and Ambrose his opponent. Sarmatio and Barbet. "Augustin (de bono conjoali) in relation to Jovinian, Vigilantius (see above) also opposed to monachism. «© 6 2 6 ee nenn 381-393

Christian Worship, 393—487.

Relation of Christian Worship tothe Entire Christian Lie,

Chrysostom and Augustin on the Christian worship of God, ‘as not confined to any particular time nor place. General reading of the Bible (¢yereripn)—strongly recom mended by Chrysostom and Augustin—hindered by the want of wowing how to read, and the excessively high Price of mannscript. “Public reading of the seered

Relation of Worship to Art. Church Buildings, ther Ornamente— Images, 400—48:

A priaton of art, corres to the altered relations of 7 rent periods.” eel (ie impure) ruined in Ue building of ı a here Remodelling of temples— oftentimes, however, the simpler places of meeting are still retained. Churches constructed after the pattern of the temple of Jerusalem (the fore-court, temple proper, and holy of holies, where were to be found the altar and the bishop's chair). Festive dedication of churches . . 400—404 The sign of he cro De “ei «405106 mager. to posed. loyment of images Sect fin great mass of Chri 2 Fran ion to pictures and it of Christ. i i ecoration of

West. Ian imeıs in the East. Leontius of Nenpolis on the use of images, in opposition to the Jews. Xenayas . «+ 409-418

Times of Assembling for Divine Worship and Festivals.

Every day a festival: Jerome, Chrysostom. Socrates on this

matter. Celebration of the dies stationum. . + 419420 Festival of the Sabbath. Ordinance of the council of Laodices.

Different usage of the churches of the East and West in

respect to fasting on the Sabbath (Saturday). Liberal

views of Augustin and others on this subject. Decision

by Innocent of Rome. . . . 421424 Festival of Sunday. Cessation of business. Laws of the years

321 and 386. Spectacles on Sunday and on the principal

feast-days forbidden AD. 425 . . 0 0 «+ + + 424-426 xvi CONTENTS OF VOL. III.

Yearly Festivals.

Difference of views in respect to the feast of the . See rota awed oh ara: mani). Mode of announcing the time of Easter by the bishop of Alexandria. Dionysius Exiguus . . . . 427—428 Times of fosting. Their salntary influence, | Hypocritical fasting. The great week. The great Sabbath—white dress of the candidates for baptism worn till the octava B infantium. The fifty days succeeding Easter. . . . 429-434 Feast of Epiphany. The ancient principal festival in the East in celebration of the baptism of Christ (at first not accompanicd by the Christmas festival), First indications ofthe 5 this festival in the West about 360. Altered views of it (as the revelation of Christ tothe pagan world) inthe Wet... ee ee eee ee Festival of Christmas. Originated in the West (abont 350 generally recognised :)—in the East, a new festival in the . Argument of the time fixed for this festival. Union of the two festivals of Bpiphanp and Christmas at Jerusalem and Alezandria. The celebration of this festival on the 25th December, founded doubtless upon some apocryphal account, which is to be traced, not to any disposition to fall in with the pagan ceremonies (Saturnalia, Sigillaria), but to the - mystical interpretation given to that season of the year . 497445 New Year's Festival. Not the remodelling of the civil celebration into an ecclesiastical one; but opposition to the centious pagan celebration led to an evclesiastical eelebration accompanied with fasting... . . +. . 445—447

Particular Acts of Christian Worship.

Public reading of the sacred scriptures. Origin of the pericopes. Sermon. Applause by the clappi fof hands, Short: hand writers. Churel ody. Ims and church hymns (often heretical). Pambo, Isidore of Jerusalem, and Jerome opposed to theatrical church psalmody . . 443—452

Administration of the Sacrament,

Infant baptism not as yet universally recognised in the East, u Causes and feet of it Catechumens. At first comof two, at present of three classes ; andientes, genutentes, competentes. [Whether there was a class styled iesojuie.] Symbolical customs in administering baptism (veiling of the head; suflation; distribution of the consecrated salt; double unction). Confirmation. Clothing the candidates in white robes. Seasons of baptism. Missa catechumenorum and fidelium . . . . 453—460 Lord's Supper. Agape. Eucharistical liturgy. More frequent or more rare celebration of the communion. (Augustin, Jerome, Chrysostom, on this subject.) Communion at