The Yosemite guide-book

Chapter I. Introductory

Object of the present volume, — its origin, — the Congressional grant of the Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees to the State of California, 9 ; action of the Governor,—appointment and names of Commissioners, — surveys to establish the boundaries of the grants, — accept¬ ance of the grants by the State, 10; action of the Legislature,—authority given the State Geologist to prepare a guide-book of the Valley and Grove, — action of the Commissioners and the State Geologist in carrying out the directions of the Legislature, 11; Surveys made for the Commissioners, — report of the Commissioners, 13 ; their plans and wishes, —history of the settlement of the Yosemite Valley, — Indian war, 14 ; aboriginal names of the promi¬ nent points in and around the Yosemite, 16, 17; these names not current at present,— system adopted by the Geological Survey in giving names, 18 ; history of the discovery and settlement of the Yosemite,—first visits by tourists,—public houses built there, 19 ; settlers in the Valley, — their attempt to get possession of it, —action of the Legislature and Con¬ gress, 20; reason for not yielding to their demands, 21; the promises and the duties of the State of California, 22.

Chapter II. General

Sketch of the topographical features of the United States, 24, 25; the mountain system west of the 105th meridian, 25 ; the name suggested for it as a whole, 26 ; history of its exploration, 26, 27 ; need of good maps, — sanitary value of mountain travel, 27 ; mountains of Califor¬ nia, 28; the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada, 29; topography and botany of the Coast Ranges, 31, 33; interesting points to be visited, 34, 35; ascent of Monte Diablo, 34; char¬ acter of Coast Range scenery, 35; views from points about San Francisco, 35, 36; the Sierra Nevada, 37 - 46; its extent, 37 ; elevation, 38; heights of passes and dominating peaks, 38, 39; its geology, 39 ; forest vegetation, 40, 41; climate, 42 ; rain and snow on the Sierra, 43, 44; former existence of glaciers, 45 ; former greater precipitation, 46.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter III. The Tosemite Valley

The Yosemite Valiev, its position, 47; routes to, 48; advantages of each, 49; advice in regard to getting to and from the Valley, 50; the route by Coultervillc, 51; the Bower Cave, 52; Pilot Peak, 53; route by Bear Valley and Mariposa, 54; White and Hatch’s, — Clark’s ranch, 55; Westfall’s, — position of the Yosemite, — maps referred to, 56, 57; principal features of the Valley, 57; El Capitan, 58; Bridal Veil Fall, 59; Virgin’s Team Fall, — Cathedral Rock, 60 ; the Three Brothers, 62 ; Sentinel Rock, 62 ; the Yosemite Fall, 62 - 65; Royal Arches, — North Dome, 66; Half Dome, 67, 68; Mirror Lake,— Cloud’s Rest, 69; the Vernal Fall, 70; Nevada Fall, 71; the Illilouette cafion, 72; botany, topography, and geology of the Yosemite, 72-87 ; its shape and elevation,73 ; vegetation, 73-76; tliewalls, — exit from, 77 ; its waterfalls, 77 ; changes in the waterfalls at different seasons, 78; com¬ parison of celebrated falls with those of the Yosemite, 79 ; appearance of the Valley in the winter, — peculiar type of scenery in the Yosemite, 80; how originated,—not by aqueous erosion, 81, 82; nor by glaciers, 83; general remarks on the formation of Valleys, 84; theory suggested for the origin of the Yosemite, 85; reasons for adopting this theory, 86, 87.

Chapter IV. The High Sierra

Visitors to the Yosemite advised to extend their journey to the higher regions of the Sierra Nevada, — advantages of the climate for such excursions, 88; comparison of Swiss and Cali¬ fornian scenery, 89; tour around the Yosemite, 90 ; route to be followed, 91 ; visit to the top of the Three Brothers, 92; to summit of Mount Hoffmann, 93; view of Castle Peak, 93; Lake Tcnaya, 94; Cathedral Peak, 95, 96; Tuolumne Valley, and Soda Springs, 97; view from Soda Springs, 98; glaciers once existing here, — description of the scenery, — the Tuolumne caiion probably containing grand waterfalls, — the Heteh-Hetchy Valley, 99; ascent of Mount Dana, 100; topograph}' of the crest of the Sierra, 101; passes near Mount Dana, — view from its summit, 102; geology, — glaciers, — moraine lakes, 103; ascent of Mount Lyell, 104; return route, — the Little Yosemite, 105; Mount Starr King, — Sen¬ tinel Dome, 106; views from the Dome and Glacier Point, 107; the Merced Group, — the Obelisk, 108 ; Mount Ritter, 109 ; tho Hetch-Hctcliy Valley, 110, 111 ; High Sierra at head of King’s and Kern Rivers, 112, 138 ; party for its exploration in 1864, 112 ; their route,— ascent of Bald Mountain, 113 ; scenery of the region, — Dyke Ridge, —Big Meadows, 114; Dome Mountains, 115; structure of the granite, 116; tho Kettle, 117, 118; the divide beyond the Kettle, 119; Sugar Loaf Rock, — Mount Brewer, 120; view from Mount Brewer, 121, 122 ; topography of the region, 122; magnificence of the scenery, and character of the country about the head of King’s River, 123; Mr. King’s ascent of Mount Tyndall, 124, 126; view from its summit, 126; attempt to ascend Mount Whitney, 127, 128; route fol-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

vii lowed, — topography of the region, — elevation reached, 128; canon of south fork of King’s River, 129; stupendous sceneiy, 129, 130; pass out from the canon, — attempts to reach Mount Goddard, 130; Mount King, 130; the Palisades, 131; the party descends into Owen’s Valley, 132; return across the Sierra at head of west branch of Owen’s River, 133 ; grandeur of the scenery, — Red Slate Peaks, 134; depression at forks of King’s River,— region loved by the Diggers, 135; ascent of Mount Goddard, —north fork of the San Joa¬ quin, 136; dome of granite, — getting out of the cation, — scenery, — Mount Ritter, 137; ascent of Black Mountain, return to Clark’s ranch, 138.

Chapter V. The Big Trees

First discovery of the Big Trees, 139; history of their scientific nomenclature, 140,141; wide distribution of the cultivated trees, 141; name of the genus, whence derived, 141, 142 ; geo¬ graphical range and habitat of the redwood and Big Tree, 142 ; size of the redwood, 143; grandeur of the redwood forests, 144; distribution of the Big Trees, 144, 145; the Calaveras Grove, 145; measurements of the trees in the grove, 146; age of the Big Trees, 147 ; height of, — the Beaver Creek Grove, — the Crane Flat Grove, 148; the Mariposa Grove, 149 -151; measurements of trees in this grove,—vegetation of the meadows and grove, 151; the Lower Grove, — the Grizzly Giant, —Fresno County Grove, 152; the King’s River belt of Big Trees, 153; the Tule River Groves, 154; comparison of the Big Trees with other trees, 154, 155.

Prefatory Note

A statement of the way in which the present volume came to be authorized by the Legislature, and of the sources from which the information it contains was drawn, will be found in the introductory chapter. It may be proper to add, that two editions of the work have been published, one in quarto form, with photographic illustrations, the other (the present volume, namely), with woodcuts. These -cuts have been selected from among those used in the first vol¬ ume of our “ Geology of California.” The maps are the same in both editions, and the text also, except that some verbal changes have been made, and a few pages added, in this edition, relating to that portion of the High Sierra which lies near the head of the Kern, King’s, and San Joaquin Rivers.

Cambridge, Mass., May 1, 1869.

J. D. W.

Chapter I. Introductory

The object of this volume is to call the attention of the public to the scenery of California, and to furnish a reliable guide to some of its most interesting features, namely, the Yosemite Valley, the High Sierra in its immediate vicinity, and the so-called “ Big Trees.” Much has indeed already been published in regard to these remarkable localities; but in .all that has been given to the public, with the exception of the necessarily brief descrip¬ tion in the Report of the Geological Survey (Geology, VoL I.), there has been little of accuracy, and almost nothing of permanent value.

The origin of the present volume is to be found in the action of Congress and the State of California in regard to the Yosemite Valley and the Mari¬ posa Grove of Big Trees. This action dates back to the year 1864. In that year Congress, being moved thereto by certain influential and intelligent citizens of California, passed the following Act: —

“ Be it enacted by the Semite and Home of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That there shall be, and is hereby, granted to the State of California, the ‘ Cleft ’ or ‘ Gorge ’ in the Granite Peak of the Sierra Nevada Mountain, situated in the county of Mariposa, in the State aforesaid, and the head-waters of the Merced River, and known as the Yosemite Valley, with its branches and spurs, in estimated length fifteen miles, and in average width one mile back from the main edge of the precipice, on each side of the valley, with the stipulation, nevertheless, that the said State shall accept this grant upon the express conditions that the premises shall be held for public use, resort, and recreation; shall be inalienable for all time ; but leases not exceeding ten years may be granted for portions of said premises. All incomes derived from leases of privileges to be expended in the preservation and improvement of

THE YOSEMITE GUIDE-BOOK.

the property, or the roads leading thereto; the boundaries to be established at the cost of said State by the United States Surveyor-General of California, whose official plat, when affirmed by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, shall constitute the evidence of the locus, extent, and limits of the said Cleft or Gorge; the premises to be managed by the Governor of the State, with eight other Com¬ missioners, to be appointed by the Executive of California, and who shall receive no compensation for their services.

“ Sect. 2. And be it further enacted, That there shall likewise be, and there is hereby, granted to the said State of California, the tracts embracing what is known as the ‘ Mariposa Big Tree Grove,’ not to exceed the area of four sections, and to be taken in legal subdivisions of one-quarter section each, with the like stipulations as expressed in the first section of this Act as to the State’s accept¬ ance, with like conditions as in the first section of this Act as to inalienability, yet with the same lease privileges; the income to be expended in the preservation, improvement, and protection of the property, the premises to be managed by Commissioners, as stipulated in the first section of this Act, and to be taken in legal subdivisions as aforesaid; and the official plat of the United States Surveyor- General, when affirmed by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, to be the evidence of the locus of the said Mariposa Big Tree Grove.”

The above-cited Act was approved by the President, June 30, 1864, and shortly after a Proclamation was issued by the then Governor of California, F. F. Low, taking possession of the tracts thus granted, in the name and on behalf of the State, appointing commissioners to manage them, and warning all persons against trespassing or settling there without authority, and espe¬ cially forbidding the cutting of timber and other injurious acts.

The Commissioners first appointed were F. Law Olmsted, J. D. Whitney, William Ashburner, I. W. Raymond, E. S. Holden, Alexander Deering, George W. Coulter, and Galen Clark, all of whom continue to hold office, with the exception of Mr. Olmsted, who resigned shortly after returning to the East, and whose place has been filled by the appointment of Henry W. Cleaveland.

The surveys necessary to establish the boundaries of the grants in question, as required by the Act of Congress, were made in the autumn of 1864, by Messrs. J. T. Gardner and C. King, and the official plat of their work was forwarded by the Surveyor-General of California to the authorities at Wash¬ ington, and accepted by the Commissioner of the General Land Office; thus, in the language of the Act, establishing “ the locus, extent, and limits ” of the grants of the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove.

INTRODUCTORY.

A map of the Yosemite Valley, on a scale of two inches to one mile, was drawn by Mr. Gardner, showing the boundaries of the Yosemite Valley grant, and the topography of its immediate vicinity. This map has been engraved and is appended to the present volume, as will be noticed further on.

Before, however, the Yosemite Valley and the Big Tree Grove could become the property of the State, it was necessary that the grant made by Congress should be accepted by the State Legislature, with all the stipulations and reservations contained therein. The grant had no validity until the State, through its Legislature, had solemnly promised to take the premises for the benefit of the people, for their use, resort, and recreation, and especially “to hold them inalienable for all time.” This was not an ordinary gift of land, to be sold and the proceeds used as desired; but a trust imposed on the State, of the nature of a solemn compact, forever binding after having been once accepted. Had the State declined to accept the trust, on the con¬ ditions expressed in the Act, the whole proceeding would have been null and void, and the premises would have continued, as they originally were, a part of the national domain.

But, at the next session of the Legislature of California after the passage of the Act of Congress cited above, an Act was passed accepting the grant of the Yosemite Valley and the Big Tree Grove, on the stipulated conditions, confirming the appointment of the Commissioners, organizing them into a body for legal purposes, and empowering them to make regulations and by-laws for their own government. The Act of the Legislature also contained provisions making it a penal offence to commit depredations on the premises, and authorizing the appointment of a guardian to take charge of the Grove and Valley.

In this Act there was special authority given to the State Geologist to make further explorations and surveys in and about the premises ceded by the United States, and to prepare and publish such topographical maps and reports on the region as he might deem advisable, for the purpose of furnish¬ ing travellers with desirable information. This was a part of the legitimate work of the Geological Survey; and similar explorations, maps, and reports of the whole of the mountain regions of the State, but especially of the Sierra Nevada, should be made, and, indeed, would have been, had the necessary means been furnished by the Legislature; for no more suitable way of em-

THE YOSEMITE GUIDE-BOOK.

ploying our time and money could be suggested than this. Thus the first step towards increasing the facilities of travel and fulfilling the stipulations of the grant was taken, to be followed, it was hoped, by opening roads and trails in and about the Valley and Grove, building bridges, and by a variety of similar enterprises calculated to render the region accessible and attractive to travellers.

In obedience the special request of the Legislature, therefore, our atten¬ tion was at once turned to the region of the Yosemite Valley; and, as early in 1866 as the season would permit, a party was organized by the State Geologist for the purpose of making a detailed geographical and geological survey of the High Sierra in that vicinity, — a district which had been rapidly reconnoitred and roughly mapped by us during the season of 1863, enough work having been done at that time to satisfy us that its scenery was in the highest degree attractive, and that it possessed many features which should make it particularly desirable as a resort for pleasure travellers, in addition to the Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees themselves. The party of 1866 con¬ sisted of Messrs. King, Gardner, Bolander, and Brinley, with two men, and was accompanied during a part of the time by the State Geologist. This party continued in the field from June to October, exploring and mapping the region about the heads of the Merced, Tuolumne, and San Joaquin Rivers, or that portion of the High Sierra which lies between the parallels of 37° 30' and 38°, and which is most easily and naturally accessible by the same approaches which lead to the Yosemite Valley. An accurate topographical map of the district embraced in these explorations was commenced by Mr. Gardner, in the winter of 1866, on a scale of two miles to one inch. To complete the surveys necessary for this map, — a work requiring more than one season, — another party was organized in 1867, under the direction of Mr. Hoffmann. This party continued in the field during the months of August and September of that year, and the map was finished and placed in the engraver’s hands in the spring of 1868, and will be found appended to the present volume. It contains the minute details of the topography of one of the roughest and most elevated portions of the State, and is believed to be the first accurate map of any high mountain region ever prepared in the United States.

Besides the surveys and explorations mentioned above as having been made

INTRODUCTORY.

under the direction of the State Geologist, by authority of the Legislature, for the purpose of preparing a reliable guide-book to the Yosemite Valley, a careful survey of the bottom of the Valley was made for the use of the Com¬ missioners and plotted on a scale of ten chains to one inch, making a map fifty by thirty inches in size. This map has the number of acres of each tract of meadow, timber, and fem land designated on it, and also the bounda¬ ries of the claims of the settlers, and a statement of the number of acres enclosed and claimed by them. The principal grove of trees in the Big Tree grant was also surveyed, each tree of over one foot in diameter measured, and the height of a number of them accurately determined. As thus measured, the trees were carefully plotted, so that their exact position, size, and relations to each other can be seen at a glance.

From the very limited appropriation of $ 2,000 made by the Legislature of 1865 — 66 for the purposes of the Commissioners, but little remained after pay¬ ing the salary of the Guardian of the Grove and Valley, Mr. Galen Clark; with what was left some improvements were made on the trails in the Val¬ ley, in order to render interesting points more accessible, and two bridges were built across the Merced River; one at the lower end of the Valley, in order to avoid the delay and expense of the ferry; the other above the Vernal Fall, so that the summit of the Nevada Fall might be rendered acces¬ sible. Unfortunately, both these bridges were swept away by the unprece¬ dentedly high water of the winter of 1867 —68, which destroyed every bridge on the Merced River.

At the session of the Legislature of California which commenced in Decem¬ ber, 1867, the first after the taking possession of the Yosemite Valley by the State, the Commissioners presented their report, as required by law, in which they stated what they had been able to accomplish in the way of improve¬ ments in and about the Valley, and requested a small additional appropriation for the purpose of making interesting points more accessible, and of removing all charges or tolls on ladders, ferries, bridges, &c. They also asked for a sufficient sum for the salary of the Guardian and his assistant, so that one or the other might be able to be on the spot during all the season for visitors, it having been found that careless or malicious persons would injure or even ' cut down the trees and shrubs, or set them on fire, unless some person, armed with the authority of the State, was at hand to prevent such mischief.

THE YOSEMITE GUIDE-BOOK.

Besides all this, reference was made to the case of certain settlers in, and claimants to, portions of the Yosemite Valley, to which the attention of the reader will have to be called for a short time. And, in order to understand the condition of things, it will he necessary to go back and give a brief ac¬ count of the discovery and occupation of the Valley, embodying in this account some particulars with which it will always be interesting for travel¬ lers to be acquainted.

The whites living on the streams which head in the vicinity of the Yosem¬ ite had, in 1850, found themselves unable to live in peace with the few scattered Indians in that region, and, after some murders and much trouble, a military company was formed to drive them out of the country. In the course of the skirmishing and fighting which took place, it was ascertained that the Indians had a stronghold or retreat far up in the mountains, in which they thought that they could take refuge, and remain without the slightest danger of being found. This place of refuge was the Yosemite Valley, and this was the way in which it first came to be heard of by white people. Of course the curiosity of the settlers was excited in regard to this stronghold, and in the spring of 1851 an expedition was organized, under the command of Captain Boling, to explore the mountains and discover and drive out the Indians from their fastness. This was in March, 1851. Under the guidance of an old chief, named Tenaya, whose name is perpetuated in the beautiful lake which lies between Mt. Hoffmann and Cathedral Peak, and in the branch of the Merced Biver heading in that lake, the party reached the Valley, drove out the Indians, killed a few, and “made peace” with the rest, who were terribly disheartened at this unceremonious invasion, on the part of the whites, into what they had supposed to be their impregnable retreat. Everything seems to have remained quiet in the region until 1852, when a party of miners was attacked, under what provocation is not stated, by the Indians in the Valley, and two of them killed and buried near the Bridal Veil Meadow. This led to another expedition into the Valley by the Mari¬ posa battalion, who killed some and drove out the rest of the Indians; these took refuge with the Monos, on the eastern side of the Sierra, but got into difficulty there, and, escaping with a lot of stolen horses, were followed back to the Tosemite by the Monos, where a battle was fought resulting in the almost entire extermination of the Yosemite tribe. Since that time the Val-

INTRODUCTORY.

ley has been annually visited by the Monos at the time of the ripening of the acorns, for the purpose of laying in a stock of this staple article of food; but the number of Indians actually and permanently resident in and about the Yosemite or the Mariposa Grove is very small. Like the rest of the so-called “ diggers ” in California, they are a miserable, degraded, and fast-disap¬ pearing set of beings, who must die out before the progress of the white man’s civilization, and for whom there is neither hope nor chance.

The Indian residents in and about the Yosemite Valley are said to have been a mixed race, made up of the disaffected of the various tribes from the Tuolumne to King’s River.* But little is known of their language; but it is well ascertained that they had a name for every meadow, cliff, and waterfall in and about the Valley. The families of the tribe had each its special “reservation” or tract set apart for its use, each of these, of course, having its distinct appellation. It were much to be desired that these names could be retained and perpetuated, but it is impossible; they have already almost passed into oblivion. They are so long, so uncertain in their spelling and meaning, that they have never been adopted into general use, and never will be. The only one which is current is that of the Valley itself, — “Yosemite,” and this, it appears, is not the name given to the Valley by the Indians; the word means “Grizzly Bear,” and was probably the name of a chief of the tribe; or, perhaps, this was the name given to the Valley by the band of Indians driven out by the whites in 1851. Such would seem to be the case, from the fact that the name became current at that time. At all events, it is well known that the present Indian name of the Valley is, not Yosemite, but Ahwahnee.

While our party was at the Yosemite, in 1866, the services of a person des¬ ignated as the most reliable Indian interpreter in the region were secured to accompany us around the Valley and give the Indian names of the dif¬ ferent objects and localities and their meaning. This gentleman, Mr. B. B. Travis, furnished the following names, which were taken down by Mr. Bolander as nearly as he could imitate them, the Italian sounds being given to the vowels : —

* See Dr. Bunnell’s account of the “Indian War” in Hutchings’s California Magazine, and in the “ Scenes in California,” by the same author.

THE YOSEMITE GUIDE-BOOK.

Pat eta. The mountain over which the Yosemite trail runs.

Topinemete. The rocks between the foot of the Mariposa trail and the Bridal Veil Fall; said to mean “a succession of rocks.”

Polimio. The Bridal Veil Fall; explained to signify a blast of wind, or the night-wind, perhaps from the chilliness of the air occasioned by coming under the high cliff and near the falling water, or possibly with reference to the constant swaying of the sheet of water from one side to the other under the influence of the wind. Mr. Hutchings, more poetically, says that “Pohono” is “an evil spirit, whose breath is a blighting and fatal wind, and consequently to be dreaded and shunned.”

Kosukong. The rocks near Cathedral Rock, sometimes called “ The Three Graces.”

Putputon. The meadow and little stream, on the Coulterville trail, first met in coming into the Yalley; means the “ bubbling of water.”

Keialauwa. Mountains west of El Capitan.

Lungyotuclcoya. The Virgin’s Tears Creek, meaning, Pigeon Creek.

Totokonula. Usually spelt Tutocanula, the rock generally called “El Capitan”; the Indians say that this name is an imitation of the cry of the crane, given because, in winter, this bird enters the Yalley generally by flying over that rock. How the name El Capitan, the captain, originated it is not easy to say; perhaps it may have been given with the feeling that it was the most striking and impressive mass of rock in the Valley, and the In¬ dians, who often have a smattering of Spanish, may have called attention to it as “ el Capitan ”; or, as we might say, “ the biggest fellow of them all.” The west side of El Capitan is called “ Ajemu,” or manzanita, that being a place where they gather the berries of this familiar shrub.

Waiuhawke. The Three Brothers; said to mean “ falling rocks.” The usual name given as that of the Three Brothers is “ Pompompasus,” equivalent to “•Kompopaise ” given by our interpreter as the name of the small rock a little to the west of the Three Brothers. It was said to mean “ Leaping Frog Rock.” The Three Brothers have a vague resemblance to three frogs with their heads turned in one direction, each higher than the one in front. The common idea is, that the Indians imagined the mountains to be play¬ ing “ Leap Frog.” It would remain, in that case, to show that the Indians practise that, to us, familiar game; we have never caught them at it.

INTRODUCTORY.

Posinaschucka. Cathedral Rock, a large “ cache ” of acorns; evidently from its shape resembling that of a large stack or cache of acorns, -which the Indians are accustomed to build in the trees, in order to secure their stock of food from the depredations of wild animals.

Loya. Sentinel Rock; means an Indian camp, or signal-station, probably.

Ollenya. Small stream between the Three Brothers and the Yosemite Fall; means Frog Brook.

Schotallowi. Indian Canon; the gulch between the Yosemite Falls and the North Dome.

Ummo. Rocks between the Yosemite Falls and Indian Canon; means “ lost arrow.”

Leliamete. Rocks next east of Indian Canon; meaning, the place where the arrow-wood grows.

Tokoya. The North Dome; meaning, the basket, so named on account of its rounded basket shape.

Schokoni. The Royal Arches; meaning, the shade or cover to an Indian cradle-basket, the shape of these rocks being somewhat like that of this aboriginal and domestic article.

Waiya. Mirror Lake.

Tesaiyak. The Half Dome, generally spelt Tisayac.

Waijau. Mount Watkins; meaning, the Pine Mountain.

Patillima. Glacier Point.

Tululowehdck. The canon of the South Fork of the Merced, called the Illilouette in the California Geological Report, that being the spelling given by Messrs. King and Gardner, — a good illustration of how difficult it is to catch the exact pronunciation of these names. Mr. Hutchings spells it Tooluluwack.

Peiwayak. The Vernal Fall; meaning, white water; spelt Piwyack by some. Said also to mean sparkling water, or, more poetically, “a shower of crys¬ tals ”; this is the translation of the word Piwyack given by Mr. Cunningham, from whom the Indian names for objects in and about the Valley have, heretofore, been mostly obtained.