Diseases of the nose

Front matter

"IgLve theft Baoki

for. the founding of & College in ihUColonf

Y^LE'OTinviii&sinrY'

Preface

In an experience extending over twenty-five years, nearly fourteen of which have been devoted exclusively to the study of the diseases of the nose and throat, I have enjoyed unusual opportunities in private, hospital, and dispensary practice, for gathering and utilizing material upon which to base this work.

The literature upon diseases of the nose is of recent origin ; by far the greater part has been the outgrowth of investigations and labors, in this special branch, made during the past twelve or fourteen years. The introduction of the present methods of examining has enabled us to recognize, account for, and properly treat, pathological conditions, the existence of which, in the pre-rhinoscopic era, would not have been suspected.

I might instance the presence of small gelatinous polypi, producing severe paroxysms of sneezing, or attacks of asthma ; of adenomata at the vault of the pharynx, causing deafness and interfering with nasal respiration ; of the " sensitive area" of Mackenzie, of Baltimore, giving rise to obstinate and persistent cough ; and the causes of certain forms of epistaxis, as described by Little and Lefferts.

Modern rhinoscopy has made nasal surgery comparatively easy for the operator ; unlike laryngoscopy, it has originated no operation requiring that high order of skill which only the trained eye and hand possess, for the removal, per mas natur ales, of foreign bodies lodged in the larynx.

Any one competent to make examinations properly by the present known methods, who has a fair knowledge of the anatomy of the parts, requires no special skill or training for performing the operations on the nose daily undertaken by specialists.

The operations for the removal of polypi, for deflected septum, hypertrophied mucous membrane, removal of a foreign body, adenoid vegetations, necrosed bone, are simple and easy of performance, and usually unattended with danger to the physiological function of the organ, and still more rarely, the life of the patient.

The consideration of certain subjects, such as rhino-plastic operations, tumors of the external surface, diseases of the skin, of the lachrymal

VI PREFACE.

gland and duct, glanders, aural and pharyngeal complications, I have purposely omitted ; they belong properly to other departments of general or special surgery, and the reader is referred to the numerous excellent treatises and monographs in which they are contained.

I take pleasure in acknowledging the valuable assistance I have had from several friends, especially Prof. G. F. Whiting in the chapters on Anatomy and Physiology, and in collecting references and making abstracts from interesting articles ; also to my assistant. Dr. W. K. Simpson, of the Metropolitan Throat Hospital and N. Y. Post- Graduate Medical School.

To Prof. Lefferts, I am under obligations for kindly placing at my disposal original drawings, from which I was permitted to have wood cuts taken. C. W.

June, 1884, 341 Fifth Avenue, New York.

Contents

ERRATA.

Page viii., Chap. X., after Cavities, insert Myxomata or Gelatinous Polypi.

" XIII ., after Gummata, insert Blood Tumors of the Septum. " " " " for Lypomata read Cystomata.

Chapter I. Anatomy Of The Nose And Nasal Fossje

The nose — the roof or protective shield of the nasal fossae — is a hollow triangular pyramid placed perpendicularly in the median line of the face, its apex above and its base below. While its apex is attached to the frontal bone, its base is free, looks directly downward, and is pierced by two openings, the anterior nares. Though described as a triangular pyramid, one of its sides, the posterior one, is wanting, and in its place we find the nasal fossae, whose floor is formed by the superior surface of the hard palate.

The two existing sides of the pyramid are composed of a framework consisting of bones and cartilage connected by a firm fibrous structure. Upon the external surface of this framework lie the nasal muscles, covered by the skin, in which some of them are inserted.

Its internal surface is lined by mucous membrane, the olfactory and pituitary membranes.

The summit or apex of this pyramid is united to the middle of the frontal bone at its inferior border.

The upper half of the nasal framework is composed of very firm and resisting bones, resting upon and supported in the median line by the nasal spine of the frontal bone, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and the cartilage of the septum. The inferior portion of this, the osseous half of the nasal framework, is

DISEASES OF THE NOSE.

united to the lower or cartilaginous half by a firm osseocartilaginous articulation or suture.

Osseous Portion — This portion of the roof of the nasal fossae consists of the two nasal bones and the nasal processes of the superior maxilla. The nasal processes of the latter bone project upward, forward, and inward, the superior margin of each articulating with the frontal bone on either side of the nasal spine, and their internal border articulates with the outer margin of the nasal bones proper. As these two latter

Fig. 1.— Cartilaginous and Osseous Frame-work op the Nose.

I. Eight lateral cartilage. IT. Anterior border of the cartilage forming with the corresponding border of the opposite cartilage, an angular pit at bottom of which is seen the cartilage of the septum. III. Anterior border of the cartilage of the septum. IV. Anterior accessory cartilages. These cartilages are always present. V. External branch of the cartilage of ala of the nose. VI. Cartilaginous nodules. VII. Middle part of the right cartilage of the ala separated by a depression from the middle part of the left side.—SAPPET.

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSS.E. 11

bones articulate with each other in the median line, the upper portion of the roof of the nasal f ossse is thus complete. The superior ends of the nasal bones articulate with that portion of the lower border of the frontal bone lying between the nasal processes of the superior maxilla. These bones thus uniting form a very resisting roof, narrow and very thick above wdiere it articulates with the frontal bone, but in descending it spreads out, becomes much thinner and terminates in a very sharp border to which is united the lateral nasal cartilages. Thus this firm and unyielding portion of the roof securely protects the olfactory region from any external violence.

The Cartilaginous Portion. — This portion of the nose consists of four large and distinct cartilages, situated two on either side of the median line, united together by strong fibrous tissue, and of several small floating cartilages, which vary in number and form. Of the four larger cartilages, which, as already stated, are divided into pairs, situated two on either side of the median line, the upper two are known as the lateral nasal cartilages ; and the lower pair, together with the floating cartilages, are called the cartilages of the aloe.

The Lateral Nasal Cartilages. — These triangular cartilages are situated below the inferior border of the nasal bones, and are united to them by a firm fibrous union. Besides being joined to the nasal bones, they are united to the anterior margin of the septum and also to the nasal process of the superior maxilla. While their external surface is convex their internal surface is concave, this concavity forming a part of the superior portion of the nasal fossae. Externally these two cartilages are covered by the borders of the pyramidalis nasi, and the compressor nasi muscles ;

DISEASES OF THE NOSE.

their internal surface is lined by the pituitary membrane.

I. Portion of the external wall. II. Curved line marking the respective limits of the nares, and of the corresponding nasal fossa. III. Anterior part of this line formed by the prominence of the interior border of the lateral cartilage. IV. Its posterior part formed by the superior border of the cartilage of the wing of the ala. V. Depressed portion of the external wall. VI. Prominence that the latter cartilage presents. VII. Anterior extremity of the cavity of the nares.— -Sappet.

The Caetilages of the Al.e. — There are several cartilages in the framework of the ala, one large one known as the " cartilage of the ala," (also known as the " lower lateral cartilages of the nose " ) and three or four smaller ones called " floating cartilages." The larger cartilage is composed of two portions, an external and an internal portion. The external portion, which is by far the greater of the two divisions, is irregularly quadrilateral in form ; while its external surface is convex and covered with skin, its internal sur-

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSSAE. ' 13

face is concave and lined with mucous membrane. The internal portion of the cartilage is generally triangular in shape, while the outer surface is slightly concave from before backward, and is lined by the pituitary membrane. The internal surface is correspondingly convex and lies in apposition to the cartilage of the opposite side.

The two divisions of this cartilage join each other in front at an acute angle, and thus inclose between them the anterior portion of the vestibule of the nostril.

The general contour of the nares is dej)endent upon the shape of the two wings or divisions of this cartilage and the patency of the nares is maintained by the two divisions of this cartilage being kept apart by the elasticity of the cartilaginous band uniting them. This elasticity can, however, be overcome by the action of certain of the nasal muscles. This voluntary closure of the nares will be explained later on when speaking of the muscles of this region.

The remaining cartilages are improperly called " floating cartilages," for several of them are often firmly attached, either to the lateral nasal cartilage or to the cartilage of the ala by a continuation of the perichondrium. The number and position of these cartilages vary. There is generally one situated at the inferior end of the lateral nasal cartilage, and closely united to it by a continuation of the perichondrium. A second cartilage is found between the posterior angle of the cartilage of the ala and the superior maxilla. Besides these there may be present one or two others, but their relative positions when present are not always the same. All the floating cartilages are united to each other and to the fixed cartilages by bands of strong fibrous tissues.

The Septum. — If a strong knife is introduced into one of the anterior nares of the subject, and keeping the instrument close to the median line, the nose laid open from its tip to the frontal bone, it will be found that the middle portion of the nasal roof is supported throughout from its superior to its inferior extremity by a strong osseo-cartilaginous framework (the septum) and that this support divides the cavity bridged over by the nasal roof into two equal portions, the right and left nasal fossa. The right and left nasal fossae are not invariably of the same dimensions, for not unfrequently the septum, instead of maintaining the median line throughout its extent is deviated either to the right or left, thus diminishing the caliber of the nasal fossa of that side.

Stejctuke of the Septum. — The antero -superior half of the septum is composed of bone and cartilage. The bony portion, which forms nearly one-half of this division of the septum, consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, which plate arti~ula.es in front with the cartilage of the septum, below with the vomer, and above with the frontal bone. The remaining portion of this division of the septum consists of the so-called " cartilage '' of the septum. This cartilage is quadrilateral in form, articulating by means of its postero- superior border with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid ; by its anterosuperior border with the nasal spine of the frontal bone, and is connected by a continuation of the j)erichonclrium with the lateral nasal cartilages and the ?artilages of the ala. Its postero-inferior border articulates with the antero-superior border of the vomer. The only remaining border, the antero -inferior, is free. The posterior angle of the cartilage often penetrates between the two laminse of the vomer, sometimes extending

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSS.E.

even as far as the sphenoid. The inferior half of the septum consists of the vomer, a thin osseous structure, quadrilateral in form, presenting four borders and two surfaces, extending from the sphenoid to the anterior nasal spine of the superior maxilla in front, where it terminates in a very short point. This bone is sometimes composed of two laminae. Its superior surface articulates with the sphenoid ; its anterior surface articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the cartilage of the septum ; its inferior border articulates with the horizontal plate of the

Fig. 3.— The Septum.

I. Cartilage of the septum. II. Supero-posterior border of this cartilage. III. Anteroposterior border. IV. Cut surface of the right lateral cartilage. V. Anteroinferior border of the cartilage of the septum. VI. Internal wing of the cartilage of the left ala. VII. Postero-inferior border of the cartilage of the septum. VIII. Intra-vomerian prolongation of the cartilage, the superior and inferior borders are indicated by two dotted lines. IX. Superior border or base of the vomer. X. Posterior border of this bone. XI. Its inferior border united to the palatine bones at the palatine-apophysis of the superior maxillary bones.— Sappey.

palate bone and the palate process of the superior maxilla. The posterior border of the vomer is free and is covered by mucous membrane. Between the anterior portion of the vomer and the cartilage of the septum there is always present a small oblong cartilage which projects as far forward as the point of the anterior nasal spine. On either side of the vomer is a deep groove running nearly parallel with the superior border. In this groove lies the naso-palatine nerve. Below this groove, and running almost parallel with it, is a prominent ridge. This ridge is also continued across the inferior angle of the cartilage of the septum. This ridge, the agger nasi, serves during the act of sniffing to direct the current of air upward and toward the olfactory region. The mechanism of this action will be described later on.

The Anterior Nares. — The anterior nares are two small cavities situated at the base of the nasal pyramid, lying under and in front of the nasal fossae, with which they communicate by their superior apertures. The anterior nares are usually understood to be merely the openings of the nasal fossae, but some authors consider them as cavities extended somewhat less than an inch backward and upward toward the nasal fossae. Again, these cavities are called the vestibules of the fossae. This latter term is by far the most convenient, for we can then consider the anterior as well as the posterior nares as the mere entrances and exits of the nasal fossae.

These vestibules (or cavities of the nares) extend from the base of the pyramid upward and backward to the extent of from one-half to three-quarters of an inch, their upper limit being marked by the superior border of the cartilage of the ala.

These cavities, as stated above, open upward and

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSSiE., backward into the nasal fossae. While the nasal fossas are throughout their entire extent lined with mucous membrane, their vestibules are merely lined with a fold of skin which extends inward from the external surface through the anterior nares. The skin lining the vestibules does not present the same character throughout their entire extent.

At the inferior entrance of the vestibules the skin is freely supplied with sebaceous glands and hair fol-

Fig. 4.

1, 1. Anterior-inferior border of the cartilage of the septum. 2. 2. Middle part of the cartilages of the ala of the nose. 3, 3. Internal branch of the cartilages. 4,4. The inferior border of their external branch.

licles, which gradually diminish in number as we approach their superior border, a short distance from which they entirely disappear. The coarse hairs which grow in the inferior part of the vestibule have the same mechanical action as the hair growing from the free margins of the eyelids and the hairs found growing in the external auditory meatus. The action of the hairs in these different places is to prevent particles of dust from coming into contact with the sensitive organs near which they are found.

DISEASES OF THE NOSE.

The Nasal Fossae. — The nasal fossae are two large and irregular cavities, situated in the middle of the face, one on either side of the septum. They present for consideration a roof, floor and two walls — the external and internal walls — two orifices, the anterior and posterior nares, and finally the mucous membrane lining their walls.

Fig. 5.— Sappey.

The vault of the nasal fossse is long and narrow, concave from side to side, and from before backward. Its antero-superior part is formed by the nasal roof, its superior portion by the horizontal plate of the ethmoid, and its postero-superior portion by the anterior surface of the body of the sphenoid.

The anterior portion of this wall presents no feature of special interest, but the middle portion of the crib-

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSSjE. 19

riform plate of the ethmoid presents to our notice numerous minute apertures through which the fila-

Fig. 6.

Figure 6 was drawn expressly for this work from a carefully prepared frozen section of the head. It represents accurately what may be termed the " dip " of the turbinated bones. Usually they are made to appear parralel with the hard palate as in figure 5 taken from Sappey.

I. Sphenoidal sinus. II. Eustachian orifice. III. Sphenoidal foramen. IV. Superior turbinated bone. V. Inferior meatus. VI. Middle turbinated bone. VII. External wall. VIII. Inferior turbinated bone. IX. Uvula. X. Tonsil.— Original.

ments of the olfactory nerves find exit from the cranial cavity. It should be remembered that these openings are only to be seen in the dried bone, for during life they are filled by the olfactory filaments and covered by the nasal mucous membrane.

In either fossa there is to be seen a small opening upon the anterior surface of the perpendicular laminge of bone, which form the front wall of the sphenoidal cells. By means of their two openings the sphenoidal cells communicate with the nasal f ossse.

The floor slopes slightly from before backward, and is concave from side to side. It is formed in front by the palate processes of the superior maxillary bones ; behind by the upper surface of the horizontal plates of the palate bones. That portion of the floor of the nasal fossre which is formed by the upper surfaces of the anterior nasal spines of the superior maxillary bones is more elevated than its general level. Immediately behind their elevated portion is a slight depression, one on either side of the septum, and at the bottom of each depression is the superior opening of the anterior palatine canal. The inner wall, which is formed by the septum, has already been described when speaking of the structure of the latter.

The outer wall of each nasal fossa is composed solely of osseous structure. The bones which form this wall are six in number. In front we have the anterior portion of the inner surface of the body of the superior maxilla and the inner surface of its nasal process ; in the middle the lachrymal bone— sometimes called the os unguis— immediately behind this the lateral masses of the ethmoid, the posterior portion of the inner surface of the superior maxilla ; behind we have the vertical plate of the palate bone and the internal pterygoid process of the sphenoid. For a description of these bones the reader is referred to some treatise on human osteology, for it does not come within the scope

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSS.E. 21

of the present work to enter into a description of the facial bones.

Projecting from the onter wall, and forming part of its framework, are the three turbinated bones. The middle and inferior turbinated bones are very thin structures ; are, in fact, mere osseous shells, so thin that when dried they are easily broken with the lingers. What makes them appear bulky on the live subject is the thick erectile mucous membrane which covers them. Of these two turbinated bones, the inferior is the longest, extending from the vestibule to the posterior nares. The middle turbinated, arising about a

Fig. 7.— Dwight.

quarter of an inch farther back, terminates posteriorly on the same line as on the preceding.

Both of these bones are concavo-convex, their convexity facing upward, inward, and toward the septum, while their concavity looks downward and outward toward the external wall of the nose. By their superior border they are attached to the osseous walls of the nose. The superior turbinated bone is merely a plate of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone. This so-called superior turbinated bone protrudes so slightly into the nasal fossa that it cannot be seen on the living subject, either through the anterior or posterior nares. These thin bones divide the nasal fossa into three divisions, the so-called meati of the nasal fossa. Of these meati the middle and inferior are the chief nasal respiratory channels ; the superior meatus giving passage to but little, if any, air during quiet respiration, allows quite a volume to pass through it during the act of sniffing, which voluntary act is performed when we are desirous of obtaining a decided olfactory impression of an odorous gas.

Mucous Membrane. — The mucous membrane lining the nasal fossse is called by some the Schneiderian membrane, and by others the pituitary membrane. That portion of the membrane endowed with the filaments of the olfactory nerve is known as the olfactory membrane. Anteriorly the nasal mucous membrane terminates at a line corresponding to the superior border of the cartilage of the ala ; posteriorly it is continuous with the mucous membrane of the upper pharynx. In health this membrane is of a roseate hue, except in the olfactory regions, where it is of a saffron brown color. In structure it is very delicate and easily torn, affording such slight support to its bloodvessels that they are frequently ruptured during the act of freeing the nostrils of accumulated secretions. Upon its free surface can be seen numerous minute openings, which are the mouths of the follicles of the mucif erous glands. From each of these little follicles exudes the mucus secreted by the glands, and this mucus serves to keep the pituitary membrane moist — a condition very necessary to the proper performance of the functions of this organ.

The olfactory membrane is the thickest of the nasal mucous membrane, though less dense in structure than the mucous membrane lining the other portions of the

ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND NASAL FOSSAE. 23

nasal fossae. This varying degree of thickness is due to the relative supply of bloodvessels and muciferous glands. The nasal mucous membrane sends prolongations to line the sphenoid cells, the antrum and the ethmoid cells.

The nasal mucous membrane is composed of ciliated epithelium.

The Arteries and Veins, etc. — The nose is supplied with arterial blood from several sources, above by branches from the ophthalmic ; on the sides by branches from the facial ; and below by the terminal branches of the superior labial. The ophthalmic artery furnishes to the nose two of its branches. 1st, the so-called nasal artery which divides into two branches, one of which, the external, descends the side of the nose and anastamoses with the facial, whilst the other branch, the dorsalis nasi, runs along the ridge of the nose, anastamoses with the artery of the opposite side and is distributed to all the soft parts of the dorsum nasi. 2nd, the anterior ethmoidal, which after having first penetrated the cranium through an aperture in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid supplies the upper portion of the pituitary membrane lining the bones of the nasal framework . The principal arterial supply of the nose is that which is derived from the facial. This artery supplies not only the entire external surface of the nose from base to apex, but also sends a branch, the superior coronary artery, to supply the skin lining the vestibule, the mucous membrane lining the septum nasi. This branch of the coronary artery is called the septi nasi artery.

The veins of the nose though small are very numerous. Those upon the external surface of the nose do not follow the course of the arteries supplying the parts, but are more or less separated from them. The

DISEASES OF THE NOSE.

most important are: 1st, the dorsalis nasi vein, which accompanies the artery of the same name, (this vein, as do all the other external nasal veins, empties into the common facial vein), 2nd, the superior and inferior nasal veins, 3rd, the superior labial.

The great vein of the nasal fossa is the ophthalmic, which vein accompanies the artery of the same name, and empties into the cavernous sinus.

The lymphatics of the nose are also numerous. These vessels collecting into small trunks follow the course of the arteries and veins and finally empty into the lymphatic channels of the face.

The sensitive and motor nerves of the nose are derived from the fifth and seventh cranial nerves and also from the spheno-palatine ganglion. The olfactory nerve, the nerve of special sense, will be described in the chapter on the physiology of the sense of smell.

The Muscles of the Nose.— It is hardly necessary to enter into a description of this group of muscles ; we will content ourselves with describing their action.' Of the action of these muscles, Gray says (p. 195) : The pyramidalis nasi is a dilator of the nostril. The levator labii superiori aleque nasi draws upward the upper lip and the ala of the nose ; its most important action is upon the nose, which it dilates to a considerable extent. The action of these muscles produces a marked influence over the countenance, and is the principal agent in the expression of contempt. The two levatores ala? nasi are the dilators of the pinnre of the nose, and the constrictores nasi appear to act as a dilator of the nose rather than as .a constrictor. The depressor alee nasi is a direct antagonist of the preceding muscles, drawing the upper lip and ala of the nose downward and thereby constricting the aperture of the nares.

OHAPTEE II.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NOSE.

THE ORGAN OF OLFACTION.

Authorities Consulted in the Preparation of the Chapters on Anatomy anal Physiology.

Bwiglit, TJiomas. — The Anatomy of the Head.

Gray, H. S. — Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical.

Magendie, F. — Precis Elementaire de Physiologie. Paeis, 1816.

Beclard, J. — Traite Elementaire de Physiologie Humaine, comprenant les principales notions de la physiologie comparee. 5. ed. Paeis, P. Asselin, 1866.

Brillat-Savarin. — Quelques Mots Snr les Metatases. Paeis, 1854. No. 97, Y. 552.

Haller, Albert Von. — First Lines of Physiology. Edinbueg, 1801.

Holler, Br. Albert. — Physiology. Lectures upon the Yisceral Anatomy and Economy of Human Bodies. London, 1754.

Schiff, Maurice. — Lecons sur la Physiologie de la Digestion. Paeis, 1867,

The organ of olfaction consists essentially of a soft and velvety yellowish brown mucous membrane, containing in its structure a fine plexus of the terminal filaments of the olfactory nerve. The exact extent of this membrane has not been very accurately defined, and some anatomists deem it sufficient to say, that it is limited to the superior portion of the nasal cavity, serving as a lining membrane of its osseous walls. As the terminal filaments of the olfactory nerves are the medium through which the brain receives the impressions made by the presence of odorous substances, the extent of the olfactory mucous membrane proper must be co-extensive with the distribution of these filaments. The ramification of the olfactory nerve discovered in 1536 by Massa, mentioned in the works of Schneider and Willis in 1665 — 64 respectively, were not described with exactness until the year 1789 by Scarpa. The olfactory nerves passing down from the olfactory bulb in the forms of numerous filaments, emerge through the apertures of the laminaB cribrosa, and are distributed in the form of a fine plexus to the mucous membrane, covering the perforated plate of the ethmoid, the inner surface of its lateral masses, as far down as the middle turbinated bone, and are also distributed to the upper half of the septum. It is claimed by some that the nerves extend as far down as the center of the middle turbinated bone, but this is, I think, a mistake. It was formerly thought that the mucous membrane lining the sinuses opening into the nasal cavities was also endowed with filaments of this nerve, but dissections and experiments have proved that such is not the case. These sinuses, laid open during surgical operations or by accident, have always been found to be incapable of detecting odorous substances brought into contact with their lining mem-

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NOSE.

brane. Though they are thus incapable of perceiving odors, yet they have no unimportant relation to the organ of olfaction, for they serve as reservoirs for the odoriferous particles which we sniff up through our nostrils, and not being directly in the respiratory channel the odorous particles may there remain undisturbed for several hours. This, though apparently contrary to the law of the diffusion of gases, can be readily explained. The inspired air may carry with it, besides the odorous particles, others which when inhaled may not at the time be of an odorous nature ; yet when brought into contact with the warm surface of the mucous membrane of the sinuses, will there gradually undergo certain chemical changes, and then give rise to odorous gases which, escaping from time to time, will come in contact with the olfactory region, and there produce identically the same impression as the particles gave with which they were inhaled, but which were then in a more gaseous state. One often distinctly perceives an odor several hours after having left the locality in which the odor alone existed, and this return of the odor can only be satisfactorily^ accounted for by accepting the above explanation. Since the mucous membrane lining the middle and inferior meati, the chief air passages of the nose, is not supplied with filaments of the olfactory nerve, it should not be capable of detecting odorous substances brought in contact with its surface ; and this from daily observation and experiment we find to be the case.