A day in old Rome; a picture of Roman life

Preface

Tuis book tries to describe what an intelligent person would have witnessed in Ancient Rome if by some legerdemain he had been translated to the Second Christian Century, and conducted about the imperial city under competent guidance. Rare and untypical happenings have been omitted, and sometimes to avoid long explanations probable matters have been stated as if they were ascertained facts: but these instances it is hoped are so few that no reader can be led into serious error.

The year 134 after Christ has been chosen as the hypothetical time of this visit, not from any special virtue in that date, but because Rome was then architecturally nearly completed, the Empire seemed in its most prosperous state, although many of the old usages and traditions of the Republic still survived, and the evil days of decadence were as yet hardly visible in the background. The time of the absence of Hadrian from his capital was selected particularly, in order that interest could be concentrated upon the life and doings of the great city itself, and upon its vast populace of slaves, plebeians, and nobles, not upon the splendid despot and his court, matters too often the center for attention by students of the Roman past.

To acknowledge all the modern books upon which the writer has drawn heavily would be to present a list of almost all the important handbooks or discussions of Roman life and antiquities. It is proper to say, however, iil iV Preface that such secondary sources have been mainly useful so far as they reénforced a fairly exhaustive study of the Latin writers themselves, especially of Horace, Seneca, Petronius, Juvenal, Martial, and, last but nowise least, of Pliny the Younger. Inevitably this volume follows the lines of its companion “A Day in Old Athens,”’ published several years ago, a book which has enjoyed such public favor as to prove the usefulness of this method of presentation; but life in the Roman Imperial Age has seemed so much more complex than that in the Athens of Demosthenes, and our fund of information is so much greater, that the present volume is perforce considerably longer than its companion. The “‘day”’ devoted to Rome will probably seem therefore a somewhat lengthy one.

To my colleague and friend Dr. Richard C. Cram, Professor of Latin in the University of Minnesota, I am deeply grateful for a careful reading of the manuscript and for many helpful and incisive suggestions; and for a careful checking over of every feature of the work I must once again gladly acknowledge the gracious and untiring services of my wife.

The illustrations, which, it is hoped, add considerably to the interest of the book, have been collected from many sources. Many of the highly informational ‘“restorations”’ included are from the monumental work of Jakob von Falke, Hellas und Rom, the English version whereof has long ceased to be available to American readers.

List oF ILLUSTRATIONS

Chapter 1. The General Aspect of the City t. —_ ut

SOMNAAR WH

The Prosperity of Rome in the Reign of Hadrian (a.D. 117-138) - : : : A :

Increasing Glory of the aerial City

Population and Crowded Condition of Rome

The Country around Rome

| The Tiber and Its Valley .

A View over Rome from the Ganon Ararictid :

The Seven Hills of Rome .

Building Materials Used in Rome

The Great Use of Concrete

Greek Architectural Forms Plus the Ail ‘aa Vault

Chapter II. Streets and Street Life

The Regions of Rome: Fashionable and Plebeian Quarters : : A Typical Short Street, ? deh ury & Street” The House and Shop Fronts Street Shrines and Fountains Typical Street Crowds Frequent Use of Greek in Rome Clamor and Thronging in the Streets The Processions Attending Great Nobles . A Great Lady Traveling . ; Public Salutations: the Kissing Habit The Swarms of Idlers and Parasites .

Public Placards and Notices Wall Scribblings : The Streets Dark and —— rous at Night Discomforts of Life in Rome Vv

PAGH xxl

ONAAWD

15 16 18

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

30 32 vl

Chapter II]. The Homes of the Lowly and of the Mighty

SECTFON

The Great Jnsula — Tenement Blocks A Typical Insula The Flats in an Insula

The Cheap Attic Tenements ae Their Beinn Oceunante ;

A Senatorial ‘‘ Mansion” (Domus)

The Plan of a Large Residence

Entrance to the Residence ;

The Atrium and the View across It .

The Rooms in the Rear and the Peristylium The Dining Room (T'riclinium) and the Chapel The Garden and the Slaves’ ee 5 The Floors and Windows .

Frescos, Beautiful and nemnorables ;

The Profusion of Statues and Art Objects Family Portrait Busts ; s : Death Masks (Imagines) .

Couches, Their General Use

Elegant Chairs and Costly Tables

Chests, Cabinets, Water Clocks, and Curios Spurious Antiques : , ;

Pet Animals

Chapter IV. Roman Women and Roman Marriages Honorable Status of Roman Women

. Men Reluctant to Marry . ;

. Rights and Privileges of Married wicca, . Selection of Husbands for Young Girls

. A Marriage Treaty among Noble-Folk

. A Betrothal in Wealthy Circles

. Adjusting the Dowry

. Dressing the Bride

. The Marriage Ceremonies

. The Wedding Procession .

. At the Bridegroom’s House

. Honors and Liberties of a Matron

. Unhappy Marriages and Frivolous Women . Divorces, Easy and Frequent

PAGE

61. 62. 63. 64.

Celibacy Common: Old Families Dying Out . Nobler Types of Women . : : Famous and Devoted Wives

The Story of Turia .

Chapter V. Costume and Personal Adornment The Type of Roman Garments

The Toga, the National Latin Garment

Varieties of Togas

Draping the Toga

The Tunica :

Capes, Cloaks, and Gala Covcentstils :

Garments of Women: the Stola and the Palla . Materials for Garments. Wool and Silk . } Styles of Arranging Garments. Fullers and Cleaners Barbers’ Shops. The Revived Wearing of Beards Fashions in Women’s Hairdressing. Hair Ornaments Elaborate Toilets

Sandals and Shoes

The Mania for Jewels and Rings

Pearls in Enormous Favor

Perfumes: Their Constant Use

Chapter VI. Food and Drink. How the Day is Spent. The Dinner

- Romans Fond of the Table. Gourmandizing. The

Famous Apicius

. Vite'lius, the Imperial lagi,

. Simple Diet of the Early Romans

. Bread and Vegetables

. Fruits, Olives, Grapes, and Spices

. Meat and Poultry

. Fish in Great Demand ;

. Olive Oil and Wine: Their Ciera) Seo

. Vintages and Varieties of Wine

. Kitchens and the Niceties of Cookery :

- A Roman Gentleman’s Morning: Breakfast theinsicsitionn)

and the Visit to the Forum .

. The Afternoon and Dinner-Time. Raveetiess of the

Dinner (cena)

SECTION PAGE 93. Dinner Hunters and Parasites (‘‘Shadows”’) . ; « be 94. The Standard Dinner Party — Nine Guests . : . aS 95. Preparing the Dinner and Mustering the Guests. -| Tee 96. Arrangement of the Couches: Placing the Guests . -) hai 97. Serving the Dinner . : : .- 6 98. The Drinking Bout (omiseate) atéer thie inner se AS 99. Distribution of Garlands and Perfumes. Social Con-

versation . ; : : : : : : 1 1a

100. Elaborate and Vulgar Banquets. Simple Home

Chapter VII. The Social Orders: The Slaves

101. Enormous Alien Population in Rome. The ‘“Grecules ”’ : s 122 102. Strict Divisions of Sheighan The Racine of Siguiee . 128 103. Vast Number of Slaves. Universality of Slavery . . 124 104. Power of Master over Slaves . : ; 2) 125 105. The City Slaves and the Country Slave, : ve A25 106. Purchasing a Slave Boy . R : : ; . 16 107. Traffic in the Slave Pens : : , A a) ae 108. Sale of Slaves . : , : . 128

109. Size of Slave Householder (Barnstie). Slave Workmen . 129 110. Division of Duties and Organization of Slave Households : : : a 13 111. Discipline in a Well- Orieea Mnawical tear Hours of

Idleness : 132 112. Inevitable Desmadacon @yunedi a Slavery Evil

Effect upon Masters . . 3 é 4 fo 133 113. Punishment of Slaves. ; : : E 135 114. Branding of Slaves. Ergastula— Slave Prisons . . 136 115. Death Penalties for Slaves. Pursuit of Runaways ~ 186

Chapter VIII. The Social Orders: Freedmen, Provincials, Plebeians, and Nobles

116. Manumission of Slaves Very Common . : : . 189

117. The Ceremony of Manumission . . 140

118. The Status of Freedmen. Their Grade SnCeers in Business. : : ‘ ‘ : ‘ : . 140

Contents ix SECTION PAGE 119. Humble Types of Freedmen 141 120. Wealth and Power of Successful Greedien 142 121. Importance of Freedmen in a Roman Family 143 122. The Status of Provincials. The Case of Jesus 143 123. Great Alien Colonies in Rome ‘ 145 124. The Roman Plebeians, the “Mob” iilifus) . 145 125. The Desirability of Roman Citizenship. The Gens of St. Paul . , . : : ; E . 146 126. Clientage: Its Oldest Rava : ; } ; > 4 127. The New Parasitical Clientage: the Morning Sal- | utation : 7 oo 128. The Dole to Chenu (the Saree. : ; 3 . 150 129. Attendance by Clients in Public. Insults They Must Undergo - : : é ; ; ; . 151 130. The Decurions: the Notables of the Chartered Cities : ; : ; ; : 152 131. The Equites: the Nobles of the Second Class 153 132. Qualifications and Honors of the Equites 154 133. Review of the Equites. Pretenders to the Rank 156 134. The Senatorial Order. The First-Class Nobility 156 135. Social Glories of Senators 157 136. The Senatorial Aristocracy Greater Siar the Sehnte 158 137. Insignia, Qualifications, and Titles of Senators 158 Chapter IX. Physicians and Funerals 138. Scanty Qualifications and Training of Doctors 160 139. Superior Class of Physicians 161 140. A Fashionable Doctor 161 141. Medical Books and Famous Rieti 163 142. Absurd Medicines. Theriac . 164 143. Fear of Poisoning. Popularity of iAasiadates ; 165 144. Medical Students, ‘ Disciples,’’ Beauty Specialists . 166 145. Cheap Doctors: No Hospitals 167 146. Suicide as Escape from Hopeless Disease 168 147. Execution of Wills. Numerous Legacies Gakwumcs 169 148. Regular Incomes from Legacies. Professional Legacy Hunters 171 149. Public Bequests : : ; ; . 17 150. Great Funerals Very Fashionable. Desire to Be

Remembered after Death

X

151. 152.

160. 161. 162.

Preliminaries to a Funeral ’ ; : ; d

The Funeral Procession. The Display of Masked * Ancestors”’ ‘ : ; 2 :

The Exhibits in the Processional The Retinue around the Bier .

The Funeral Oration in fhe Rong

Family Tombs. The Columbarium and the Gakden

The Funeral Pyre and Its Ceremonies

Funeral Monuments. Memorial Feasts to fie Dead

Funerals of the Poor. ‘‘Funeral Societies”’

Chapter X. Children and Schooling

Theoretical Rights of Father over Children. The Patria Potestas :

Ceremonies after Birth a a Child. "phe, Bulla

The Roman Name: Its Intricacy

Irregular and Lengthy Names andes fie Binpine: Names of Slaves . . :

Names of Women. Gonfution of Rovian Names

Care of Parents in Educating Children .

Toys and Pets ;

The Learning of Greek be onan Children

Selection of a School d :

Extent of Literacy in Rome. Mducation of Girls .

Schools for the Lower Classes .

Scourging, Clamors, and Other Avnces tor Cheap Schools : : ; ; ;

A Superior Type of Sehool

Methods of Teaching :

Training in Higher Arithmetic

The Grammarians’ High Schools

Oratory Very Fashionable

Professional Rhetoricians g ; ‘

Methods in Rhetoric Schools: Mock Trials

Enormous Popularity of Rhetoric Studies

Philosophical Studies: Delight in Moralizing .

Children’s Games. ‘‘Morra’”’ and Dice .

Board Games of Skill: ‘‘Robbers” (Latruncult)

Out-Door Games. Ball Games, Trignon

PAGH

184 185 186

Contents x1 Chapter XI. Books and Libraries

SECTION PAGS 183. Letters and Writing Tablets . 20 184. Personal Correspondence and Be ctatics 208 185. Books Very Common: Papyrus and the Papyrus Trade 209 186. Size and Format of Books ; : ; . - 210 187. Mounting and Rolling of Books : _ oes

188. Copying Books: the Publishing Succes | rae and Martial’s Publishers : : : : 212 189. Passion for Literary “Fame” : 214 190. Zeal for Poetry : Walépicaton of Wen 216 191. Size of Libraries ‘ : : A 217 192. A Private Library . 218 193. The Great Public Teprarice of Rowe 219

Chapter XII. Economic Life of Rome: I. Banking, Shops, and Inns

194. Passion for Gain in Rome 5 ; . ‘ . 220

195. Life in Rome Expensive. Premiums upon Extravagance and Pretence : 221 196. Rome a City of ecstond and eve a Peed : 222 197. Multiplicity of Shops. The Great Shopping Districts 223 198. Arrangement of Shops. Streets Blocked by Hucksters . 224 199. Barbers’ Shops and Auction Sales . : ; 225 200. Superior Retail Stores 226 201. Numerous Banks and Bankers 227 202. A Great Banker and His Business . 228 203. Trust Business: Savings Banks 229 204. Places of Safe Deposit: The Temple of Vesta: 230 205. Inns: Usually Mean and Sordid : : 231 206. Reckonings and Guests at a Cheap Inn . 233 207. Noble Frequenters of Taverns 234 208. Respectable Eating-Houses ‘ 235 209. Thermopolia — “Hot Drink Buidblidhenents? 236

Chapter XIII. Economic Life of Rome: II. The Industrial Quarters. The Grain Trade. Ostia. The Trade Guilds

210. Industrial Quarters by the Tiber 238 211. Conditions of Industrial Labor 238 xil

BECTION

225. 226.

228. 229.

238. 239.

Great Trade through Ostia and the Campanian Ports

The Emporium and Its Wharves: The Tiber Barges

The Marble and Grain Trades :

The Public Grain Doles .

Distribution of Free Bread: Patrerdiages Bonners (Congiaria and Donativa)

The Trade in Sculptures and Poverant Suatues,

The Tiber Trip to Ostia: The Merchant eee

Imperial Naval Vessels .

The Harbor Town of Ostia

The Roman Guilds (Collegia) .

Very Ancient Guilds. The Flute-Blowers

Importance of the Guilds

Multitude of Beggars

Chapter XIV. The Fora, Their Life and Buildings. The Daily Journal The Fora, the Centers of Roman Life ‘ ’

Incessant Crowds at the Forum. ‘The Centers of Gossip . § : , d : i

Grandiose Neoninestine: tad Quantities of Ornaments and Statues. ;

Use of Color on Seuipiines dnd Archtecuee é

Entering the Series of Fora: the Temple of Venus aud Rome . 3 ; :

The Arch of Titus: G@oneimenian a the (Sapeed Way

House and Temple of Vesta: the Regia: the Temple of the Divine Julius. : f ;

The Old Forum (Forum Ramana 4

The Forum Area: the Posting of Public N atiees j

Western End of Forum: Rostra: the Golden Milestone: the Tullianum Prison ‘ : y

The Basilica Aimilia: the Temple of dius the Senate House (Curia)

The Basilica Julia, the Greatest Court Hove in Rene: . the Lacus Curtius 3

The New Fora of the Hifoararsk the Temple i Pos :

The Fora of Julius, Augustus, and Nerva ‘

The Forum, Column, and Libraries of Trajan

PAGH

239 240 241 242

258 259

260 262

265 265 268

269 271 272 275

276 278

X1ll

240. The Park System of the Campus Martius: the Pantheon . ’ : ; ;

241. The Daily Eavatic (hen Diurna). How Rome Gets Its News ‘ ‘ 2 ; ;

242. Contents of the inte Daiens ‘

243. Miscellaneous Entries and Gossip in the “Gazette” Chapter XV. The Palatine and the Palace of the Cesars. The Government Offices, and the Police

and City Government of Rome

244. History of the Palatine: Its Purchase by Augustus

245. Extension of the Imperial Buildings: Central Position of the Palatine : ’ ‘

246. Commanding View from the Palatino Hill

247. Magnificence of the Palatine Structures .

248. The More Famous Buildings on the Palatine : ree Display of Art Objects -

249. The Triclinium and Throne Room of Taatien

250. Swarms of Civil Officials Always on the Palatine

251. The Emperor Center of High Social Life

252. Friends of Cesar (Amici Ce@saris) .

253. The Imperial Audiences . :

254. Social Ruin through Imperial faeces .

255. Enormous Value of Imperial Favor

256. City Government of Rome: the “City Prefect” fete as tus Urbt).

258. Excellent Water Supply e ae

259. The Great Aqueducts :

260. The Police System Instituted by eatin :

261. The Police-Firemen of the Watch (V ris ie Prefectus Vigilum ; 3 : ; ‘ Chapter XVI. The Pretorian Camp. The Imperial

War Machine 262. The Army the Real Master of the Roman Empire . 263

. Army Held under Stiff Discipline and Concentrated on Frontiers

PAGE

282 283 284

287 288 288

299 301 301 303 304

X1V Contents

SECTION PAGE 264. The Pretorian Guard of the Emperors . ; . 3809 265. The Pretorian Prefect and the Pretorian Camp . . end 266. Organization and Discipline of the Pretorians ; ol2 267. The City Cohorts (Cohortes Urbane) : 313 268. A Private in the Legions. The evan Green ization ‘ 314 269. Training of the leciaantices fhe Pia ne fhe Gladius j : ; : : , : : > SEG 270. Defensive Weapons : : ; : . 318 271. Rewards and Punishments ae Bateiior : ; : 1g 272. Pay and Rations in the Army: Soldiers’ Savings Banks : é : , : ; . 320 273. The Training of Solder Non-Military Labors. . . 821 274. Petty Officers in the Legions . 3 322 275. The Centurions: Their Importance nad “Onde of Promotion . : ; . o20 276. The Primipilus: the Great Eagle a the iene : . 325 277. Locations and Names of Legions . 326 278. The Auxiliary Cohorts: the Second Grind Dicken of te Army > oan 279. The Prefect or fhe Ce, andl ine Pecan of the Legion ; 328 280. Care for iictenance Reine Bonuses afd mati Grants : 5 329 281. Barrier Fortresses ; Seater of Hincanoneniee Flexible Battle Tactics; Siege Warfare . ; 330 282. Limited Size of the Imperial Army: Its Gru Efficiency . ; : : ; : : ; . dal Chapter XVII. The Senate: A Session and a Debate 283. Apparent Authority and Importance of the Senate . 3384 284. Actual Weakness of the Senate 2 . 3835 285. Amount of Power Left to the Senate . ’ . 336 286. Organization and Procedure of the Senate. : 337 287. The Curia (Senate House) and Its Arrangement of Benches ; : ; : : . 338 288. The Gathering of ihe Ganaians . 339

289. Opening the Session: Taking the epee , ‘ . 3840

291. 292.

295. 296. 297.

304. 305. 306.

Presentation of Routine Business: Taking a Formal Vote

Presenting an aucun a a Senate Trial ;

The Water Clocks; Method of a Prosecutor; Applause in the Senate ; ; , ; : ,

Speech for the Detgadant Methods of a Professional Advocate : :

Concluding Speeches ; Tyee ae Shouts; Personal Invectives ‘

Taking the Opinion of ‘ie Senate :

An Uproar in the Senate: An ‘‘ Altercation”’ :

Taking a Vote of the Senate. A Sentence of Baal ishment

Chapter XVIII. The Courts and the Orators. The Great Baths. The Public Parks and Environs of Rome

Roman Court Procedure Highly Scientific

The Great Tribunals in the Basilicas

Great Stress on Advocacy

Cheap Pettifogging Lawyers . :

Character Witnesses; Torture of Slave Ww heeded ; :

Written Evidence; High Development of the Advocate’s Art

Popularity aad Mebassity of the Baths

Luxurious Private Baths : :

Government and Privately Owned ‘Public Baths. ‘Both Very Popular

The Great Baths of Trajan: Baths, Club- Betas oe Café

Entering the Thermze : ; ; ;

Interior of the Baths: the Cold Room (Frigidarium)

The Great Swimming Pool and the Tepidarium

The Hot Baths (Caldaria): Their Sensuous Luxury

Restaurants, Small Shops, and Sports in or around the Baths ; ;

The Great Porticoes eine ie Camus Martius. The Park System towards the Tiber .

XV

PAGE

341 342

347 348 390

353 304 359 356 307

361 362 363 364 365 366

Xvl Contents

SECTION PAGE 315. Public Buildings upon the Campus Martius . : . 869 316. The Tombs of Hadrian and Augustus . : : » one

Chapter XIX. The Public Games: the Theater, the Circus, and the Amphitheater

317. Roman Festivals: Their Great Number ; . 874 318. Passion for Public Spectacles: Mania for Gambling . 375 319. Expenses of Public Spectacles to Great Officials. . 376 320. Indescribable Popularity of the Games . , ald 321. The Theater Less Popular than the Circus or ee theater ’ : ; ; ; . 318 322. The Mimes: @nermcicr elas : ; . 3880 323. The Pantomimes: Their Real Art . ‘ : ; | Boe 324. Extreme Popularity of the Circus . ; : : . 382 325. Popular Charioteers (Auriga) : the Great Racing Factions. : ’ ; : : . . 383 326. The Circus Meaxaanus 2 f . 384 327. The Race-Track: Procession pee the Piles : . 3884 328. Beginning a Race in the Circus ; : ; . 3886 329. Perils of the Races; Proclaiming the Wictors : ; 386 330. Gladiatorial Contests Even More Popular than ie Circus : . 3889 331. Gladiator Fights at Bunerala , ; ; : : . 390 332. Gladiator ‘Schools’ (Ludi): Inmates Usually Criminals . : ‘ 3 : : . 390 333. Severe Training of Gladiators Their Ephemeral Glory : : . 392 334. Normal Anmeetioaie fon an fens Contest : . 093 335. The Flavian Amphitheater (Later ‘“‘Colosseum’’) . 394 336. Exterior and Ticket Entrances to the Flavian ArapERe theater ; . 396 337. Interior aviemieement a the nites : : . 3896 338. Procession of Gladiators . : ; ood 339. Throwing a Criminal to the Banets, The Animal Hunt j 398 340. Interval in the foment Scaience of Lottery Tickets ; 399

341. Beginning the Regular Gladiatorial Gounbaee ; . 401

342. 343.

345. 346.

347. 348. 349. 350.

351. 352.

359. 360.

Mounted Combats: the Signals for Ruthlessness and Mercy : ; : : , : : Combats tence, Netters (Retiarii) and MHeavy- Armed Warriors (“‘Thracians’’) . ; : End of the Combats: Rewarding the Wasa

Chapter XX. The Roman Religion: the Priesthoods, the Vestal Virgins

Religious Symbols Everywhere in Rome

Epicureanism and Agnosticism among the Spee Classes

Stoicism: Revival of Behivion: eles ne Bineaee

Foreign Cults Intruded upon the ‘Religion of Numa’’.

Superstitious Piety of the City Plebeians

Roman Religion 5s aed Developed by alian Farmers

Native Italian Goda: Fanaa, Satin: Mora! The Lares and Penates i

Personified Virtues as Gods: Cold ia Legalise Chait acter of the Roman Religion

Priestly Offices: Little Sacrosanct shen Them

The Pontifices 2 : : : :

The Augurs

The Flamens . j

The Sali (“‘Holy nee a . ' : :

The Fetiales (“Sacred Heralds’’): Ceremony of Declaring War

The Arval Shean (Hinata Reielas) é

Rustic Ceremonies; Soothsaying, Astrologers, and Witches :

A Private Sacrifice .

Ceremony at the Temple ;

A Formal Prayer: the Actual —_

The Vestal Virgins: Their Sanctity and Teapertince

The Temple of Vesta and the House of the Vestals

Appointment of Vestals . :

Duties of the Vestals: the Maxima

Punishments of Erring Vestals

Remarkable Honors Granted the Vestals

XV1L

PAGB

404 405

407 408 410 411

414 416 417 418 420 421

422 423

XVlll Contents

Chapter XXI. The Foreign Cults: Cyhele, Isis, Mithras. The Christians in Pagan Eyes

383. 384. 385.

387. 388. 389. 390.

392. 393.

Saturnalia: the Exchange of Presents on New Year’s Day

Multiplication i real Cults

The Cult of the Deified Emperors .

The “Divine Augustus”’ and His Successors

The Cult of Cybele, the ‘“‘Great Mother”

Cult of Isis and Associated Egyptian Gods

Ceremonies at an Isis Temple

Cult of Serapis and of Other Oriental Gods

The Cult of Mithras: Its Relative Nobility .

The Taurobolium (“ Bath in Bull’s Blood’’)

The Christians: Pagan Account of Their Origin ;

The Bootes of Christians : Their ‘“‘Insane Obstinacy”’ ;

Chapter XXII. A Roman Villa. The Love of the Country

Appreciation of Country Life by the Romans. Praises of the Country Towns and Villas Comfortable Modes of Travel: Luxurious Watters and Carriages : 5 : : ; ; Multiplication of Villas’ Seashore Estates at Bais, etc. ; ; Villas in the Mountiine: : Ghualll Pattie near Ramee Great Estates in the Hills: Pliny’s Tuscan Villa Charming Location of Pliny’s Villa ‘ 4 Terraces of the Villa: the Porticoes: Summer-Houses and Bedrooms ‘ ‘ ’

The Baths: the Rear AvpantineHtas the Riding Course The Fountains and Luxurious Pavilions in the Gardens . Life of Sensuous Luxury at Such a Villa. Contrast in Human Conditions under the Roman Régime

Chapter XXIII. The Return of the Emperor

Character of Hadrian: Prosperity and Good Government of His Reign

PAGE

450 451

453 453

395. Return of Hadrian to Italy

396. Imperial Procession Entering Rome 397. Hailing the Emperor

398. The Donatives, Fétes, and Gasies :

399. A Christian Gathering INDEX

472 473

< 9 oo Fi f e ; yi bs =- - ¥. i ‘ = pay — q i a 0 I ; \ J ; f ‘ e , ‘ @ a ie g e Fr J ¥ 7 7" f # ? , "

F ' - Z ‘ \ as Bat, 7 4 ’ : ' 1 a t ; u e 1 i * , aay if Aiies p : ye AJ Ms a - a

[ILLUSTRATIONS

Interior of Great Public Baths in Imperial Rome Map of Rome in the Days of Hadrian

Capitoline Hill and Temples as seen from Palatine .

Typical Temple Front Arch of Constantine Street in Pompeii Stepping Stones across a Side Street

Street Scene before a Cook-Shop

Shrine at the Crossways .

Monument of a Wine Seller

Tenants Paying Rent to a Landlord’s een Atrium of House in Pompeii :

Plan of a Roman Mansion

Interior of a Roman Mansion .

Scene in a Peristylium : :

Roman Type of House at Pompeii .

Corner in a Garden in Rear of a Roman Patios Portrait Bust — Pompey the Great

Typical Roman Portrait — Mare Antony Roman Lamps : Altar with Design of a Sams Char

A Roman Matron : ;

Wedded Pair with Camillus

Seated Noblewoman

Romans wearing the Toga

A Roman Matron: showing the steal and pal Scene before a Barber’s Shop .

Roman Female Heads

Sandals

Roman Jewelry and Dradinants Roman Banquet Scene

Grist Mill turned by Horse Nine Guests in a Triclinium

PAGE Frontispiece 6

XxX1l Illustrations

Roman Serving Forks

Drinking Cup .

Slaves working in a Baton

Clients gathering in the Rain, before teen Bae 8 Dou Invalid with Attendants .

Scene along the Appian Way .

Pyramid — Tomb of Gaius Cestius.

View along the Appian Way showing Funeral Montanente a

Street of the Tombs at Pompeii

Boy Studying .

School Discipline

Wax Tablet with Stilus Attached

Writing Tablets and Stilus

Book Cupboard

Book Container

Double Inkstand

Pen and Scroll

Book Scroll ; b Old Forum, looking towards Nether side cesPoeaniOn Tradesmen’s Scales and Balances

Monument of a Hostler .

Gateway at Pompeii: present stare

Cheap Grocery and Cook-Shop ;

River Boat Loaded with Hogsheads of Wine . Distributing Bread . : ?

Oven and Grist Mill ina Balers

Environs of Rome . :

General View of Old Forum ba Caniol : A Old Forum: present state, looking towards the Capitol . The Heart of Rome; the Fora, the Palatine, etc.

Spoils from Jerusalem: Arch of Titus

View through the Arch of Titus

Old Forum: looking west. Restoration .

(ld Forum, looking towards Capitol. Restoration!

Old Forum, present condition, looking east

Interior of a Basilica: restored

The Tarpeian Rock .

Forum of Augustus and Tonnle of ian the overtone restored

PAGE

Illustrations XXI1l

PAGE

An Imperial Forum, near the Column of Trajan. Restoration. ‘ ; ; : : ; . 279 Interior of the Pariiean, Restoration . , . 281 Arch ot Titus . A : : ; ‘ > 287 Palatine and Palace of the Sen Seas ; : yeEg Roman Urn . : . : ; ; : ; : . 290 Cesar Augustus. . 298 Ruined Aqueduct in the Fermin eestieeetti ; ; : . 3802 Pretorian Guardsmen . ; ; : : , ; . 310 A Slinger . ; : ‘ : : ; F . 315 Roman Siege Works’ Restoration . ; ; : : Ansits Storming a City with the Testudo . ; ; : , mabe tbs Catapult . : ‘ : ; : : 2 ‘ ; . 318 Cuirass . : : : : : : ; , : . 319 Javelin: pilum ; : : , : d : ; . 320 Sword. : : : ; : ; ; , 2 ee | Helmet . ; ; : ‘ d : ; ; . o2l Shield of the i ionasy . : : ; ‘ ; : . 322 Military Trumpet . : : ; : ; : : . 323 Legionaries . ; ; ; . : ; ; . oe Roman Officer . ; ; : : : : : . 325 Light-Armed Soldier : : ; ‘ . 3827 Storming a Besieged City ; : : , : . sal Coop of Sacred Chickens ; p : i at Cicero denouncing Catiline before fie nate. : . 346 Plan of Roman Public Baths : . 363 Castle of St. Angelo: Tomb of Sean in its ee aes = ‘aan Tomb of Hadrian. Restored . : i . ofa At the Theater Entrance ; ; : : : ; . 376 Theater at Pompeii . ; f ; ; ; ; . 319 Circus Maximus. Becieration ; ; : : . 385 Race in the Circus Maximus . : : . 388 Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) : oe are ; : . 395 Boxers. ; ; . 400 Gladiators walt tas ioe Editor. , . 402 Defeated Gladiator Appealing for Mercy. ; ; : . 403 Maison Carrée, Nimes. , ; . 408 Farmer’s Calendar . : . 413 Circular Temple, sie ve. of Goddess Matuta, Rame . 415

Roman Altar . P ‘ ; : : ; . 425

XXIV Illustrations

A Military Sacrifice

Roman Altar .

Vestal Virgin . ;

Shrine of Cybele

Mithras the Bull Slayer .