A history of Cumberland

Contents

I.— THE BARONIES

-THE FOREST OF CUM-

CHAPTER

Preface

The time has gone past for writing a history of Cumberland, or of any county, on the old-fashioned lines and scale. The work is now subdivided ; the fauna and the flora, the pedigrees and the geology, the ecclesiology, and the everything else, are dealt with by specialists in little books devoted exclusively to one subject. A few years ago one or two ponderous tomes supplied a country gentleman with all that was in print concerning his county, whereas nowadays a whole bookcase is required to house the more portable and numerous volumes that are in vogue. A guide to these volumes is required, and that the writer has endeavoured to supply for Cumberland in the classified list of books relating to that county which precedes the index.

As to this volume itself, it is an attempt to discharge the functions of the " General Introduction " to an old-fashioned county history in two or three quarto volumes. How far the writer has succeeded it is not for him to say. Many monastic chartularies and other documents relating to Cumberland are still unprinted and unindexed. These the writer has done his best to consult, but until they are printed and indexed, he, or any other local writer, must expect in course of time to be set right on many points.

The writer has made liberal use of papers in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, and thanks the authors thereof for much assistance and advice, particularly his old friends W. Jackson, F.S.A., the Rev. T. Lees, F.S.A., the Rev. W. S. Calverley, F.S.A., the Rev. H. Whitehead, and others. Dr. Prescott's pamphlets have been of much service, and suggested many important points. Mr. Robert Ferguson's works have been a great help ; but it would occupy too much space to enumerate all the authors from whom the writer has derived information. The Classified List of Books must be turned to.

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND.

Chapter I. Introductory. — The Early Inhabitants

The most northerly point of the county of Cumberland is niched into an angle between the English county of Northumberland and the Scotch one of Roxburgh, at a place in the Cheviots situate on the Kershope Water or Burn, and called on the six-inch Ordnance Map Scotch Knowe, but called by the older writers on local history Lamyford.

From Scotch Knowe the western boundary of the county runs down the Kershope Water to Kershope Foot, the junction of the Kershope and Liddell Waters, then down Liddell Water to its junction with the river Esk, and then down the Esk a short distance to a point called Scotsdike : hence the boundary line runs due west to the river Sark, a distance of four miles, defined by an earthen bank, known as the Scotsdike ; the boundary next runs down the Sark to its junction with the Esk, and down the Esk into the Solway Firth. So far the direction of the boundary has been generally south-west. The Solway Firth now becomes the boundary of Cumberland, and runs westerly as far as Skinburness, where it turns to the

History of Cumberland.

southward to St. Bees, whose North Head is the most westernly point of Cumberland, and marks the hmit of the Solway Firth. From St. Bees the Irish Sea forms the boundary, until the mouth of the river Duddon is reached, where Hodbarrow Point marks the most southerly point of the county.

From Scotch Knowe to Hodbarrow the western boundary of Cumberland is defined by water, fresh and salt, with the exception of the four-mile bank of earth cutting off the angle between Esk and Sark. This angle was added to Cumberland on the division between England and Scotland, in 1552, of the Debateable Lands, which, from being a common pasture to both countries, had degenerated into a lawless harbour of ruffians.

To return to the Scotch Knowe, the eastern boundary of the county of Cumberland runs from thence in a south-easterly direction over the fells, keeping to the eastward of Christenbury Crag, by a line defined, more or less, by piles of stones and mounds of earth, until it runs into a little affluent of the river Irthing, called variously the Troutbeck and the Gair Beck ; it continues down this affluent to the Irthing, and down Irthing until it meets the Poltross Burn, near Gilsland Railway Station. It next ascends the Poltross and goes up the fells, and after running south for a time it turns due east and makes a great detour to the east side of the watershed to include the mining district of Alston, running up or down one or other burn, over or along one or other watershed, to the most easterly point of the county at Knoutberr}^ Hill : hence over the fells to the river Tees, which it ascends in a westerly direction to its head ; thence over the watershed, and by the Crowdundle Beck to the river Eden, and down the Eden to its junction with the Eamont. It then ascends that river to its source in Ullswater, which lake, for two-thirds of its length, forms the boundary between Cumberland and Westmorland,

Introductory, 3

The boundary leaves the lake at the west end of Gowbarrow Park, and by Glencoin Beck ascends Helvellyn, from which it descends over Dolly Waggon Pike to Dunmail Raise on the coach-road between Ambleside and Keswick. From Dunmail Raise it proceeds over Bow Fell to the Shire Stones on Wrynose, where the three counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire meet in a point. From thence it runs to Blackball above Ulpha, and then down the Duddon to the sea.

The area thus enclosed is irregular in outline, and the mining district of Alston is separated from the rest of the county, with which it has little in common, by a lofty range of fells, rising in Crossfell to a height of 2,930 feet above the sea-level. These fells extend along the whole east side of the county from Scotch Knowe to close upon Penrith, and are part of the great range which runs from the Tweed to Derbyshire, losing itself in the Midlands ; they include, beside Alston Moor in the extreme east of the county, the bleak expanses of Spadeadam Waste and Bewcastle Fells in the extreme north. The south-west angle of Cumberland is occupied by mountains and fells, and forms part of what is well known as the Lake District ; these mountains and fells extend eastward nearly as far as Penrith, and northward to Caldbeck and Binsey : on the west a narrow strip of plain, widening as it goes to the north, separates them from the sea. They include such famous heights as Scawfell, Helvellyn, Skiddaw, Bow Fell, the Pillar, Saddleback, etc. ; and the lakes of Ullswater, Bassenthwaite, Derwentwater, Crummock, Wastwater, Thirlmere, Ennerdale, Buttermere, and Loweswater, as well as many smaller lakes and tarns. The eastern and the western fells approach each other somewhat narrowly at Penrith, from whence they widen out to the north, including between them a plain, the great central plain of Cumberland, afterwards familiar as

History of Cumberland.

Inglewood Forest, which has in its centre, rising Hke the umbo of a shield, the conspicuous hill known as Barrock Fell; this plain sweeps round to the westward by the alluvial flats south of the Solway to join the strip of plain between the Lake Hills and the sea.

The Lake District of Cumberland sends its waters mainly westward to the sea. At the south, Duddon gathers the waters from Wrynose, and, running between Cumberland and Lancashire, expands into an estuary some nine miles long, over whose sands, bared at low water, somewhat dangerous fords exist. A little to the north, Esk, Mite and Irt drain Eskdale, Miterdale, and Wasdale, and unite in the land-locked harbour of Ravenglass, now so silted up and shallow on the bar as to be almost useless. Calder and Ehen drain the Ennerdale District, the latter issuing out of Ennerdale Lake- The Derwent, rising in Borrowdale, flows through Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite Lake, and falls into the sea at Workington. Its affluents are the Greta,, which drains Thirlmere, and the Cocker, which performs the same office for Buttermere and Crummock Lakes ; while the Elne, or Ellen, rises in Caldbeck Fells, and drains a range of plain between those fells and the sea at Maryport.

From the eastern side of the Lake Fells issue the rivers Eamont, Petteril, and Caldew, all of which empty themselves into Eden : the first issues from Ullswater, and runs due east ; the second from Greystoke Park, Hutton, and Skelton, and turning to the north drains the centre of the plain of Cumberland, and falls into the Eden close to the east of Carlisle ; the third rises on Caldbeck Fells, and, running north, drains a portion of the plain of Cumberland, and falls into the Eden just west of Carlisle.

The Eden itself, the most important river in the county, rises in the eastern fells in Westmorland, and.

Introductory, entering Cumberland near Penrith, runs north through the eastern side of the plain of Cumberland, until it receives the Irthing; then, turning westward, it flows past Carlisle to the Solway. The eastern fells in Cumberland are drained by the Croglin, another tributary of the Eden, and by the Irthing and its tributaries, the Gelt, Kingwater, and Cammock. The two Lynes, Black and White, rise in the Bewcastle Fells, and, coalescing into one, run into the Esk, which with its tributaries, the Liddell and Sark, fall into the Solway. Waver, Wiza, and Wampool drain the alluvial flats south of the Solway into that Firth. With exception of the three last, the rivers of Cumberland are rapid, bright, and clear : shallows and deep pools alternate ; they are not navigable, with the exception of the Eden, and that only for small craft to a place called Sandsfield, below Carlisle. Fords or waths abound on most of them, even in the lower reaches of the Eden between Carlisle and the sea. Tees and South Tyne rise in a swamp on Crossfell, and Nent in Alston, but can hardly be reckoned among the rivers of Cumberland.

The Eden runs from east to west immediately to the north of Carlisle, while its tributaries — the Petteril and the Caldew — flow into it from the south immediately to east and west. About a mile south of Carlisle their courses approach one another so nearly as to almost make the site on which Carlisle stands a triangular island. In this quasi island a long hill of New Red Sandstone rises gently from the south to a head on which now stands the Cathedral of Carlisle. A deep valley then intervenes (or once did intervene, for it is now filled up), and then the hill rises again to a second and higher head, whose slopes to east, and north, and west, are steep towards the meads through which the three rivers flow. Some sixty feet above their level the castle - hill of Carlisle looks out towards Scotland like a lion— a natural

Canon Greenwell has opened them on Castle Carrock in the east of the county, and Lord Muncaster at Barnscar in the south-west. Many remain, still untouched so far as known, on Burnsmoor, on Ulpha Fell, Seatallan, Bewcastle, and other places. But it must not be supposed that every mound is a barrow. There are many mounds near Brampton which were supposed to be barrows, until the spade proved them to be knolls of gravel — the remains of a great sheet which had perished by denudation. The Ordnance Map marks two tumuli near Dalston Hall as barrows — one long, the other round ; but again the spade proved them to be mere natural knobs on an esker of gravel.*

The glaciers that at some time or other — most probably after the Palaeolithic period — covered the area of Cumberland must have completely changed the surface of the country ; but the men of the Polished Stone period and of the Bronze period saw the country in its main features much as we see it now, though it is possible that three lakes, or meres, at Lazonby, Langanby, and Appleby, occupied the valley of the Eden, and that the Petteril ran into that river at Great Salkeld, and not near CarHsle, and perhaps that both joined the Caldew south of Carlisle instead of north, while Waver, Wiza, and Wampool sought the sea by old channels, to which very little change of level would make them even now revert. f We will venture here to give a picture of Britain as the Romans found it, drawn by a master hand — a picture which we have already utilized in another little work :

* Tra7isactio7is, Cufnberland ajid Westmorland Afitiquarian and ArchcBologicai Society^ vol. ix., p. 117.

t See " Ice-work in Edenside," Transactions^ Cumberland and Westmorland Association^ part xiii. ; " The Physical History of Greystoke Park and the Valley of the Petteril " ; and " The Old Lakes of Eden," ibid., part xiv., all by J. G. Goodchild, F.G.S., F.Z.S. ; "Notes on Physical Geography of North-West Cumberland," ibid.^ part vi., by T. V. Holmes, F.G.S.

Introductory. 9

It was a land of uncleared forests, with a climate as yet not mitigated by the organized labours of mankind. ... It is certain that the island, when it fell under the Roman power, was little better in most parts than a cold and watery desert. According to all the accounts of the early travellers, the sky was stormy and obscured by continual rain, the air chilly even in summer, and the sun during the finest weather had little power to disperse the steaming mists. The trees gathered and condensed the rain ; the crops grew rankly, but ripened slowly ; and the ground and the atmosphere were alike overloaded with moisture. The fallen timber obstructed the streams, the rivers were squandered in the reedy morasses, and only the downs and hilltops rose above the perpetual tracts of wood."^

Of the truth of this description as applied to what was afterwards the count}^ of Cumberland there is no difficulty in adducing proofs. The country was covered with forest and with dense scrub of oak, ash, thorn, hazel, and birch, whose stools are frequently found buried beneath the peat at Alston and other places, while the scrub itself remains in many places in the low bottoms. The great hill near St. Bees, known as Tomline, was, even within this century, covered with scrub high enough to hide a horse. The frequent occurrence of the antlers of red deer, many much larger than any of the present day, shows that the deer must have had abundance of '' browse " — that is, '* scrub " — for their support in times past, extending over a wide range of country. Edmund Sandford, who wrote, in the time of Charles II., a gossiping account of the county, still remaining in manuscript, tells us that great part of it was then forest. The bogs and mosses of the present day are the puny and degenerate survivals of vast morasses which once covered the alluvial fiats bordering on the Solway, and stretched eastward from the vicinity of Rockcliffe along the north of Carlisle for many miles. This last has dwindled down to Scaleby Moss, while

* " Origins of English History," by C. Elton : London, Quaritch, 1882, p. 222, cited by the writer in " Diocesan Histories— Carlisle," Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1889, p. 15.

lo History of Cumbe7dand.

Solway Moss, Bowness Moss, and Wedholm Flow record others.

We have already divided the early inhabitants of the land, v^hose appearance we have been discussing, into two races — the one, the earher, dolicho-cephalic of the PoHshed Stone period ; the other, the later, brachycephalic of the Bronze period — a Celtic race — a branch of that great Aryan family which has peopled nearly all Europe and great part of Asia, and which appears always to have possessed a knowledge of the use of metal. This Celtic race was, compared with their non-Aryan predecessors, a set of very ugly customers ; their bones, as dug up, prove them to have been bigger (their average stature over 5 feet 8 inches), thicker, and more muscular; they had broad jaws, turned-up noses, high cheek-bones, wide mouths, and eyes deep sunk under beetling brows that overhung them like pent-houses — the superciliary ridges on their skulls tell that — characteristics in striking contrast to the short stature and mild and pleasant countenances which their bones show the dolicho-cephalic men to have possessed. Armed with the superior weapon, the round-heads soon asserted their superiority over the long-heads. They did not annihilate them ; in the round barrows of the round-heads both long and round skulls appear, and in the later round barrows the skulls begin occasionally to appear of an intermediate shape ; this shows that the round-headed men of the bronze weapons probably enslaved the long-headed men with the stone weapons, and took the long-headed women for their wives. The language of the round-headed men swallowed up the language of the long-headed, and the land was in the possession of the Celts. These Celts have been written about under many names ; they have been called Gauls, as being a tribe of the Gauls, who inhabited the neighbouring continent ; Welsh, as being the progenitors of the present inhabitants of Wales ;

The Eaidy Inhabita^its. 1 1

Irish, for a similar reason ; and Britons, or British, as being found in Britain. That the CeUs arrived in this country in two waves of migration appears certain : to the earher wave belonged the ancestors of the people who speak Erse, or Irish, in Ireland ; Gaelic in the Highlands of the North, and who are called by Professor Rhys Goidals ; to the later wave belonged the ancestors of the people who speak Welsh in Wales, and Breton in Brittany, and are called by Professor Rhys Brythons.* They are called Hiberno-Celts and Cambro-Celts by a local writer, Mr. Sullivan. How far the traces of the language spoken by these people survive in the place-names and dialect of the district is a moot question : that they do survive is undoubted, but the question is as to the degree ; both Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Robert Ferguson, F.S.A., have written on the subject.t The latter writer says :

We find no vestiges of a Celtic origin in the characteristics, physical and moral, of the present inhabitants of the district. Nor does their dialect present any but the faintest traces of the language of the ancient Britons. And though a more considerable number of Celtic names of places exists than in most other parts of England, yet, taking the district of the mountains, where ancient names usually linger much longer than elsewhere, the number of such names is in point of fact less than in some other mountain districts of England, as, for instance, Derbyshire.^

Mr. Ferguson is of opinion that the rivers in Cumberland may be said, with very few exceptions, to retain their original Celtic names ; he declines to admit the

* " Celtic Britain," by J.Rhys, M.A. : London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1882.

f " Cumberland and Westmorland, Ancient and Modern," by J. Sullivan : London, Whitaker and Co. ; Kendal, John Hudson, 1857. "The Northmen in Cumberland": London, Longman and Co.; Carlisle, Steele, 1856 ; "The Dialect of Cumberland": London, Williams and Norgate ; Carlisle, Steele, 1873. Both by Robert Ferguson, F.S.A.

% " Northmen in Cumberland and Westmorland," p. 13.

same in the case of the mountains, with the exception of Blencathra (Saddleback), or ''the seat on the peak," Helvellyn, "the yellow mountain," and Rivelyn, by the side of Ennerdale Lake, '' the red mountain." Of other place-names he assigns to the Celtic all the names formed from hlen, as Blencogo, Blencow, Blencairn, and Blennerhasset ; those from caev, as Carlisle, Cargo, and Cardurnock; those from glen, as Lamplugh (formerly Glanplough), Glencoin, Glenridding, Glenderaterra and Glenderamakin ; in dun, as Dundraw; also Gilcrux and. Gilgarron, which should be Cilcrux and Cilgarron, "the chapel of the cross " and " the chapel of Gerain," who was a Celtic saint. Of the words of the dialect of Cumberland, Mr. Ferguson takes a proportion of about four in a hundred to be probably, and about an equal proportion to be possibly, derived from the Celtic. It may be possible to accuse Mr. Ferguson of too great a partiality for the Scandinavian tongue, but his views now meet with general acceptance. Both he and Mr. Sullivan find in the place-names and dialect traces of the languages of the two waves of Celtic migration already alluded to, and Mr. Sullivan attempts to show the direction from which each wave entered Cumberland, and the limits of their settlements. Such attempts verge on the speculative rather than on the exact ; we may rest content with the fact that the relics of the Stone and Bronze periods, the skulls found in the barrows, the place-names and the dialect, taken together, show that there were, prior to the advent of the Romans, three peoples settled in the district, whose history we are endeavouring to tell, namely, two Celtic, and one pre-Celtic. Professor Rhys, however, in his map of Britain showing the relative positions of its chief peoples during the Roman occupation, assigns the district wholly to the Goidels, with faint traces of the pre-Celtic race in the hills.

Be the proportions of the mixture as they may, the later

The Early Inhabitants. 13

comers conquered and absorbed the earlier ones ; and, under the name of the Brigantes, or free men, as Professor Rhys conjectures, inhabited, probably sparsely, the mountainous and woody districts now known as Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmorland, Cumberland, and Northumberland. Whether the name of Brigantes denoted a league of several peoples, or else a dominant people ruling over a considerable territory containing a number of subject tribes, is uncertain. The chief subtribes of the Brigantes appear to have been the Setantii, whose port was not far from Lancaster, the " Gadeni " and " Otadeni " of Cumberland and Northumberland, and others ; but, as Mr. Elton points out,* there were probably a great number of Brigantian clans, both of Celtic and pre-Celtic origin, of which the names have now been forgotten. These probably represented the earlier comers driven into the more remote corners of the district, and held in some sort of subordination by the later comers. The geographer Ptolemy, who lived in the reign of Antoninus Pius, circa a.d. 140, has given, in his description of Britain, the names and positions of the chief towns of the Brigantes as follows :

Epiacum - . .

Vinovium . - -

Caturractonium

Calatum

Isurium . - .

Rigodunum - - -

Olicana

Camulodunum

Of these towns Vinovium, Caturractonium, Isurium, Ehoracum, and Camulodunum, are identified by help of the *' Itinerary," or road-book, of Antoninus Pius as Bin-

* '• Origins of English History," p. 242.

Long, (from the Insulse Fortunatae).

Lat.

18.30

58.30

17.30

58.00

20.00

58.00

19.00

57.30

20.00

57.40

18.00

57.30

19.00

57.30

20.00

57.20

18.15

57.00

14 History of Cimiberland,

Chester in Durham, Catterick, Aldborough, York, and Slack, all four in Yorkshire. Calatum is probably the same as the Galattim of the same work, and situate, as will hereafter be seen, in either Lancashire or Westmorland. Olicana is probably Ilkley in Yorkshire.* Rigodunum is not yet identified, but is probably on the Ribble. Epiacum alone remains, and for this Mr. Gordon Hills suggests Keswick, while Professor Rhys suggests Old Penrith, a place where was a Roman camp, identified as the Vorcda of the Antonine " Itinerary." Ebchester, Lanchester, and Hexham, have also been suggested ; but the cities of the Brigantes, prior to the advent of the Romans, can have been little else than collections of miserable wigwams, and their roads but forest tracks.

We begin to get more positive information about the state of Britain when we come to the expeditions to Britain of Julius Cassar in B.C. 55 and 54. He found in the southern and maritime parts of the island a state of civilization much greater than is generally supposed,t due to a large Belgic immigration from the comparatively civilized Gaul. The tribes that Csesar fell in with were acquainted with the use of iron, and Dr. Evans shows that the inhabitants of the south of Britain must have begun to coin gold pieces in imitation of the Macedonian stater of Philip H. so soon as from 200 to 150 B.C. ; but none of these coins have been found in the territories of the Brigantes, nor had they any of their own. The civilization of the southern coast did not extend very far into the interior. Csesar describes the tribes of the interior as little given to cultivating the soil, but as living on milk and flesh, and clothing themselves in skins.

* Watkin's " Roman Lancashire," pp. 2, 3. See also a paper by Mr. Gordon Hills in Joiirnal, British Archceological Association, vol. xxxvi., p. 367.

f Evans' " Ancient Stone Implements," p. 10 ; Evans' " Coins of the Ancient Britons," pp. 42, 263 et alibi.

The Early Inhabitants.

They were tall and stout, but clumsy; wore their hair long, and shaved all but the upper lip. He says they stained themselves with a blue dye made from woad, to give themselves a more terrible appearance in battle. Many will be deprived of long-cherished ideas when they hear that Professor Rhys only takes this to mean that they painted their faces blue."* Caesar can, of course, have had no personal knowledge of the Brigantes ; but we may safely take it that they were among the fiercest and least civilized of the Celts.

Whether those remarkable circles of upright stones, several of which are still existing in Cumberland, belong to the pre-Roman period, which has been under discussion in this chapter, or whether they were erected at a much later date, has been the subject of controversy. The common name of Druid temples and circles implies the popular belief as to their origin, but temples they never can have been. The climate of Cumberland does not favour the use of hypsethral temples. Nine-tenths of them the spade and the pickaxe have revealed to be places of sepulchre — the places of sepulchre of bodies that have chiefly been burnt — and most antiquaries have attributed them to the pre-Roman period ; but Mr. James Fergusson, in his " Rude - Stone Monuments," asserts them to be the work of post-Roman times, and of a people that had been influenced by Roman civilization. The better opinion is that they are of pre-Roman date.-f* The principal of these remains in modern Cumberland are the circle known as Long Meg mid her Daughters, in

* " Celtic Britain," by J. Rhys, M.A. : London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1882, p. 540.

t When the Royal Archaeological Institute visited Stonehenge in 1887, Mr. Arthur Evans, F.S.A., arguing as to the date of that great circle, from the finding of an amber necklace in a neighbouring barrow, and proving this relic to be coeval with certain Greek vases of known date, gave Stonehenge an approximate age of B.C. 450.

the parish of Addingham, the stone circle on Castle Rigg near Keswick, those on Burn Moor in Miterdale and Eskdale, the stone circle at Swineside near Millom,* the circle on Elva Plain, the circle at Studfold Gate, the Grey Yauds near Kirkoswald, the circle near Seascale Hall, prehistoric remains at Lacra and Kirksanton. One thing seems certain, and is this — that whoever were the builders of these circles, they also inhabited the Isle of Man ; for the kirks, or stone circles, the cairns, and giants' graves of that island, are the exact counterpart of those in Cumberland — a fact that would point to Hiberno- Celts as the probable architects. Mr. James Fergusson shows that a circle-building race came from the north, touching first at the Orkneys, and, passing down through the Hebrides, divided themselves in the north of Ireland, one branch settling on the west coast of that island, while the other landed in Cumberland, and penetrated into England in a south-easterly direction. This fits in with what is known of the migration of the Hiberno- Celts.

Careful examinations of some of the stones of these monuments have resulted in the discovery on some of them, and also on the stones of cists, of curious circular markings and cups, notably on Long Meg itself, on the stone of a cist found near Long Meg, and on the cover of a cist found at Redhills, near Penrith. -j- Antiquaries are not agreed upon the meaning of these markings ; but they have been found largely in India, and probably refer to Lingam and Mahadeo worship.

* Accurate surveys oi Long Meg a7id her Daughter s^oi\\vQ. Keswick stone circle, of the great one on Burn Moor, and of that at Swineside, made by Mr. C. W. Dymond, F.S.A., are in the Traiisactiotis of the CMinberla?id and Westmorland Antiqitarian and Arches olocrical Society^ vol. v., p. 39, and in i\\^ Jouriial of the British Archcso logical Association^ vol. xxxiv., pp. 31-36.

•j* Tratisactions, Cumberland a?id Westmorland Antiquaria^i and Archceological Society, vol. vi., p. no.

The Early Inhabitants, 17

The cities of the Brigantes have already been dealt with. It is possible to point out various places where the pre-Roman inhabitants of the district had settlements of some sort or other. The late Mr. Clifton Ward compiled the following list of ancient — i.e., prehistoric — settlements in Cumberland that were within his knowledge — the figures refer to the six-inch Ordnance Map on which the remains are, and the letters to the quarters of the maps :