Jefferson Davis, ex-president of the Confederate States of America;

Front matter

I

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

Chapter I. Page

From Washington to Mississippi i

The Task of Relating her Husband's Life in the Confederacy— One of the most Benevolent and Patriotic of Men — His Withdrawal from the Senate — Arrival at the Crutchfield House, Chattanooga, i-6 ; Met by Governor and State Authorities on Reaching Mississippi — Appointed to Command of a State Army, with rank of Major-General, on arriving at Jackson — Troops to be Raised — Had the Southern States Possessed Arsenals — He did not Understand Politics, but Understood the Art of War, 6-12.

CHAPTER H.

Election as President 13

The Convention of the Seceding States — The Constitution Modelled on that of the United States — The African Slave Trade Forbidden — Expenditure of Public Money, 13-15 ; No State to Levy Duties without Consent of Congress, Except on Sea-going Vessels— The Terms of President and Vice- President — Notice of Election to the Presidency of the Confederate States — Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President, 15-19-

CHAPTER HI.

On the Way to Montgomery, Made Brief Addresses — Judge Sharkey— False Reports — Assumed Office of President, Febiv CONTENTS.

ruary i8, 1861— Inaugural Address— First Letter "Written from Montgomery, Ala., February 20th, 20-33.

CHAPTER IV.

Going to Montgomery — Appointment of the Cabinet 34

Closing up Dwelling and Abandoning Library with Reluctance, and the Old Flag with Sorrow — Montgomery Swarming with Applicants for Commissions — Correspondent of the London Times — Members of the Cabinet — Provisional Government's Recommendation — President Went to his Office before Nine, came Home at Six — Every Change in the Constitution of the old Government Jealously avoided, 34-40.

CHAPTER V.

Mr. Davis never Intrigued — Wrong Impressions in Relation to him Refuted by Hon. J. A. P. Campbell, of Mississippi, afterward Justice of the Supreme Court of that State — Who should be President ?^— The Claims of no one else were Considered or even Alluded to — Mr. Davis Came to be the Commander-in-chief of a Country not yet Torn Loose from the Memories of a Common Glory — He Longed to Stretch forth his Hand to the North before Blood was Spilt, 41-47.

CHAPTER VI.

The Provisional Congress before the Arrival of Mr. Davis — The Free Navigation of the Mississippi — Peace Commissioners—Mr. Z. Chandler — Marshalling the States — A Plan Agreed upon by the Majority — Lincoln — Great Meeting in New York, 1861 — Views of Leading Newspapers — Slavery in the Territories — Confederate Commissioners Sent to Washington, 47-57 ; The Crooked Path of Diplomacy— Prepara-

CONTENTS. V

tions made in New York and other Northern Ports for a Military and Naval Expedition — Major Anderson's Letter— The Count of Paris Libels Memory of Major Anderson — Vessels Designed for Relief of Fort Sumter — Failure of the Manoeuvre, 57-64.

CHAPTER VIL

Officers of the Confederate Army— Captain Semmes Sent to Buy Guns — A Musket from the Tower of London — Appropriations for the Navy — Mr. Seward's Views Expressed to Mr. Dayton, Minister to France — President of the Confederacy Calls Congress Together, April 29th — President Lincoln Calls out Seventy-five Thousand Men — Manufactory of Arms and Powder — Population of the United States — The North Had all the Advantages — If the South had Arms, Whole Population would have been Enrolled — Seat of Government Removed from Montgomery -to Richmond, Va. — Spottswood Hotel — Guests of the City, 65-76.

CHAPTER VIIL

The Bombardment of Sumter. 77

March 3d, General Beauregard, Commander of All the Confederate Forces— The Federal Fleet — Hostilities Commenced— Forts Moultrie, Sumter, and Johnston— Surrender of Fort Sumter — Cheered by Confederates for its Gallant Resistance — Maryland Overrun with Troops, 76, 81 ; April 19, 1861, a Body of Union Troops Fired upon Unarmed Citizens at Railway Depot — The Relay House, at the Junction of Washington & Baltimore Railways, Occupied by Federals, May 5th — General Butler Moved to Baltimore and Occupied Federal Hill — A Demand for the Surrender of Arms — Provost-marshal Makes Arrests — Members of the Legislature at Frederick Arrested — Citizens Conveyed to Fortress Monroe and Imprisoned while Sick, without Blankets or Pillows, 81-85.

vi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX.

PAGE

The President Arrives in Richmond 86

On Arrival at Richmond Found General Lee in Command of Army of Virginia — General Johnston at Harper's Ferry — General Beauregard at Manassas — Generals Huger and Magruder at Norfolk — Official Letter to General Johnston, who Desires to Retire from his Post so as to Check the Advance of General Patterson — -Two First Encounters of the Northern and Southern Troops, June ii, 1861, at Bethel Church ; June 18th, at Bridge on Baltimore & Ohio Railroad — A Disaster to the Confederate Arms — General Garnett Killed — Great Activity and Commotion among the Confederates — OfiScial Correspondence, 86-91.

CHAPTER X.

Engagement at Bull Run, and Battle of Manassas • 92

July 2ist, Cannonade Opened by the Znemy — The Battle Raged with Varied Success — Around the House of Mrs. Henery was Fiercest — Reports that the Field was Lost to the Confederates— Some of the Confederates Suffering from Hunger — Signs of an Utter Rout of the Enemy — The Cry, "On to Richmond," changed to " Off for Washington"— Caring for the Wounded — Confederate Victory Complete at All Points — Flight of the Enemy — The Army under Mdlawell, 34,127 Present for Duty — The Confederate Force Numbered 13,000 only, 92-101.

CHAPTER XL Conferences after the Battle of Manassas 102

An Order to Pursue the Enemy— Correspondence Regarding the Failure to Pursue McDowell from the Field of Manassas—Victory Dearly Achieved through the Loss of the Lives of so Many Brave Men — Remarks on the Dispersion of Confederate Troops after the Battle— The Large Amount

CONTENTS. vii

of Fine Artillery, Small Arms, and Ammunition Captured, of Great Benefit— Generals all Content with what had been Done — Allusions to Crossing the Potomac, 102-113.

CHAPTER XII.

Reflections on the Victory 114

Confederate States Had no Disciplined Troops, were Inferior as to the Numbe.r of, and Excellence of, Arms — Great Disparity in Artillery — The Field very Extensive, Broken, and Wooded — Hulbert, of Connecticut — The Day after the Battle of Manassas — T. K. Fauntleroy, 114-119.

CHAPTER XIII.

Responsibilitv for the Failure to Pursue 120

The President's Letters on the Subject, and General Johnston's and General Beauregard's Replies — General S, Cooper is made Acquainted with Details, 102-137.

CHAPTER XIV.

General Johnston's Correspondence 138

After the Battle of Manassas — Confederates Camp in and around Centreville — Matters not Running Smoothly between Generals Johnston and Beauregard at Manassas — The President Snubs General Johnston, Designating His Arguments and Statements Utterly One-sided, and His Insinuations as Unfounded as They are Unbecoming — The Roster of the Generals of the Confederate Army in 1861-62 — Mr. Davis's Letter to Hon. James Lyons, Richmond, Va., 138-158.

CHAPTER XV.

The Opposition of Congress to the President. . . 159 The Term of the Provisional Congress about to Close — Newly Elected Members and Senators to be Sworn in — Ships for the Destruction of the Merchant Marine of the United States — Selling Cotton to the Enemy — Stringency of viii CONTENTS.

English Cotton Market— Party in Opposition to the Administration—To Give Entertainments or Administer the Government— Hints of His Getting Rich on His Savings— One or Two of the Generals had Their Cliques— Change of Circumstances Made it Impossible at Times to Act on Advice of Congress Committees— He was Abnormally Sensitive to Disapprobation— Wounds an Old Friend Unavoidably, 159- 164.

CHAPTER XVI. ]

A Period of Inactivity — Foreign Recognition Fully Expected — Mr. Hunter, of Virginia — General Beauregard Mentioned as Possibly Next President — An Estrangement Between Him and the Authorities at Richmond — Correspondence to the Richmond Whig — Generals Cooper and Lee, from the President — General Beauregard's Report on the Battle of Manassas, Commented upon by General Lee — Controversy between General Beauregard and the Secretary of War about this Time — The President to General Beauregard, 172-177.

CHAPTER XVn.

Roanoke Island — Mr. Davis's Inauguration 178

The Year 1862 — Campaigns of Confederate States Opened Early — A General Reorganization of the Cabinet, March 17th — The Enemy Unusually Active — Capture of Roanoke Island, an Important Outpost of the Confederates, by General Burnside — Captain O. Jennings Wise, of the Richmond Blues, Killed — His Father's Exclama,tion, 178-179.

CHAPTER XVIIL

The Inauguration t 180

A Contemporary Account of the Inaugural Ceremony, February 22, 1862— The President and the Vice-President Elect Received with Hearty Cheers— The Oath Administered to the President by Judge Haliburton, of the Confederate

CONTENTS. ix.

District Court— Mr. Hunter, President of the Senate, proclaimed Mr. Davis President for the Term of Six Years- Mr. Hunter Administered Oath to Vice-President, 180-183.

CHAPTER XIX.

Effort to Effect Exchange of Prisoners — Evacuation OF Manassas — Visit to Fredericksburg 184

Early in the War Confederate Government Desired a Free Exchange of Prisoners — Suspension Writ of Habeas Corpus — Martial Law Proclaimed — Extended over City of Richmond and the Adjoining Country for a Distance of Ten Miles- February 2d, General Beauregard Takes Leave of the Army of the Potomac — Instructions to General Johnston — He Began his Retreat March 7th, in Undue Haste, from the Front of McClellan — General Early States Unnecessary Loss at Manassas, 184-189; Correspondence— The President to General Johnston — The President and General Johnston Proceed to Fredericksburg and Make a Reconnoissance — The President Returns to Richmond to Await Further Developments— General Holmes Relieved of his Command and Directed to Report at Richmond — Letters Written by Residents of Fredericksburg, 189-197.

CHAPTER XX.

The Executive Mansion — The Hospitals 198

In July, Moved to the " Old Brockenbrugh House " — " The Carrara Marble Mantels were the Delight of our Children " — " Lovely Mary Brockenbrugh " — " Mrs. James Grant " — Impressed by the Simplicity, Sincerity, and Beauty of the Ladies of Richmond — Clothed and Cared for the Soldiers, and Labored in the Hospitals — Various Interesting Incidents — Mrs. Mary Arnold and Numerous Other Ladies Active in all Good and Patriotic Works — People Rose in Their Might and Met Every Emergency with Self-sacrifice and Reckless Daring — The President's Health Precarious —

X CONTENTS.

General Lee and the Silver Saucepan— The Last Part of the War no One had any Delicacies, 198-210.

CHAPTER XXL

Members of the Maryland Legislature Arrested, 1862, under Circumstances of Great Outrage — Lettres de Cachet — Drum-head Courts-martial — Civilians Condemned to Death — President Lincoln's Hopes and Plans — The Act of Confiscation, July 25, 1862 — Slavery Declared Abolished in all States after January First — Confederates are Willing to Have Peace, but not at the Expense of their Constitutional Rights — President Davis's Opinions on the Proclamation — The North Bends its Energies to Subjugating the South — The Condition of Servants — Thousands of Contrabands in Alexandria— Well-dressed Darkies are the Special Aversion of the Volunteers, 211-219.

CHAPTER XXIL

Missouri (Monitor) and Virginia (Merrimac) 220

After Disaster Victory again Crowned the Confederates in a Fight that Revolutionized the Art of Naval Warfare — The Evacuation of Norfolk, and Destruction of the Ram Virginia, as she could not be brought up the River— A Captured Flag — It was Damp with Blood — It was Borne to the President by Colonel John Taylor Wood, 220-221.

CHAPTER XXIIL

Shiloh, 1862— Corinth 222

February 4th, General Beauregard at Bowling Green — 6th, Surrender of Fort Henry— nth, Evacuation of Bowling Green— 1 6th, Fort Donaldson Fell— The Loss of Forts Henry and Donaldson Opened River Routes to Nashville and North Alabama — General Johnston Writes to President, who Replies— Enemy Commenced Moving up Tennessee River, March loth— Confederate Force at Corinth— General Bragg

CONTENTS. xi

on the Battle of Shiloh— When General Johnston Fell, had the Successes of the Confederates been Followed up, Grant and his Army Would have Been Fugitives or Prisoners, 222- 232 ; General Polk's Report — Colonel Le Baron's Statement — Colonel McCardle's Statement — Opinion of a Staff Ofificer — Mr. Davis's Reply to a Letter from a Friend — The Field Return of the Army of Mississippi before the Battle of Shiloh, 233-242 ; April gth. General Halleck left for Pittsburg Landing — An Advance on Corinth Made by General Grant — Orders to General Bragg — Physicians Certify that General Beauregard is too 111 for Active Service — Telegram to General Bragg — Telegram to Secretary Stanton after the Evacuation of Corinth, 243-248.

CHAPTER XXIV.

Depression at the Loss of Shiloh — The Fall of New Orleans a Terrible Blow — General Butler Inaugurated Ruler of the City — He Hangs Mumford — He is Proclaimed by President Davis a Felon, an Outlaw, and a Common Enemy of Mankind, to be Hanged at Sight — No Commissioned Officer of the United States Taken Captive to be Paroled before Exchanged until Butler Meets with Condign Punishment — Butler's Atrocities Further Denounced, etc., 249-258 ; Butler Denounced in the House of Lords— December 13th, Earl Russell said, etc. — The British Government not Inclined to Offer Mediation between North and South, 258-260.

CHAPTER XXV.

YORKTOWN AND WILLIAMSBURG 261

February 27, 1862 — Office of Commanding General — General McClellan's Account of his Movements — The " Formidable Fortifications " at Centreville Consisted of Thirty-one Wooden Guns — Federal Army Transferred to the Peninsula — Confederate Council of War — Instructions to General Johnston— Engagement at Williamsburg — Fifth North Carolina Annihilated— General Early Wounded— Supplies of Every xii CONTENTS.

Useful Implement Failing — Burning of all the Cotton in the Country— Form of Certificate Given for Cotton Burned June lo, 1862 — Extract from an Old Newspaper, 261-267.

CHAPTER XXVI.

The Gun-boats in the James River— Battle of

Seven Pines 268

May 9th, Mr. Davis Determined his Family Should Leave Richmond — Gun-boats Ascending the River — Mr. Davis Baptized — Campaign Begins in Dreadful Earnest — Mr. Davis Sends a Letter to Mrs. Davis, 270-274 ; Writes Again, May 19th — McClellan's Army, 156,838; Effectives Present, 105,- 825 ; Johnston's Effectives, 62, 696 ; Under Date, Mr. Davis Writes, ' We are steadily developing for a great battle ' — Sent for General Lee — Johnston Moves Upon the Enemy — Rode out to Meadow Bridge to See the Action Commence — May 31st, Firing in the Direction of Seven Pines — Field of Battle Briefly Described, 275-284 ; Report of General Longstreet Published by the War Department, Washington — Mr. Davis, June ist. Rode out — Was in Danger of Getting Too Near the Enemy — Confederates in Sore Straits — General Lee in Full Command — A Severe Battle — General Johnston Severely Wounded — Official Reports of Losses, 284-290; Mrs. Johnston Distressed and Watchful — Some Heavy Skirmishes— Cannot Telegraph Without Attracting Attention — The Movements of the Enemy Are Slow — Mississippi Troops Lying in Camp — ^Jackson on the Move, 291-294.

CHAPTER XXVII.

Jackson in the Valley 295

General Jackson Forms a Junction with General Edward Johnston, May 8th — A Panic in Washington— General Ewell Holds Fremont in Check— General Johnston Ties a Bucktail to the Color-lance— General Order, Affixing a Bucktail to the Color Staff of First Maryland— Fremont Defeated at Cross Keys by General Jackson, and General Shields at Fort Republic— The Valley of the Shenandoah Wrested from

CONTENTS. xiii

the Enemy— Description, Personal Appearance of "Stonewall " Jackson— Brutality ere the Close of the War, 295-300.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Mr. Davis's Literary Preferences 301

One of the Most Disheartening Periods of the War — Evacuation of Norfolk and Destruction of the Virginia. — Mr. Davis Reads "Guy Livingston" — His Love of Poetry and His Favorite Authors — Fond of Moore's Melodies, 301-306.

CHAPTER XXIX.

Seven Days' Battles Around Richmond 306

Condensed Account by Mr. Davis — Riding from Field of Battle, Seven Pines — Army in Fr=ont of Richmond — The Day after General Lee Assumed Command — Modification of Plans — Evidence of General Lee's Fortitude, 306-309 ; Letters from the President to Mrs. Davis, June nth, 13th, 21st, 23d, 25th, July 6th, and 7th, 310-326.

CHAPTER XXX.

Foreign Relations — Unjust Discrimination Against Us— Diplomatic Correspondence... 327 Our Representatives in Europe — Announcement, Governments Could not Assume to Judge Between the Combatants — Government of the Confederate States and the British Foreign Office — Dissatisfaction with the Latter — Her Majesty's Government Does not Discriminate Justly — Our Representatives Meet with Rebuffs — Mr. Mason's Communications to Lord John Russell — His Lordship's Replies, 327-346.

CHAPTER XXXI.

Memphis, Vicksburg, and Baton Rouge 347

June 7th, Gun-boats Steam Down Tennessee River — Enemy Try to Sink the Arkansas— On 27th Both Federal Fleets Retire— Siege Ended— Battle of Baton Rouge, and xiv CONTElVTS.

Destruction of the Ram Arkansas to Savp Her from the Enemy, 347.

CHAPTER XXXH.

Confederate Congress — The President's Message—Horace Greeley 348

August 23d, Vote of Thanks by Congress to General J. C. Breckinridge for Gallant Conduct— Several Resolutions Offered in Favor of Conscription — Mr. Foote's Bill for Retaliatory Purposes — Report of the Secretary of the Treasury — Report of the Postmaster-General, 348-354.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Retaliation for Outrages 355

Brutal Orders of General Pope — President Davis's Communications and Orders to General Lee on the Subject, 355- 360.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Campaign Against Pope — Second Manassas —

Sharpsburg— Fredericksburg - 361

General Jackson Sent to Engage General Pope — Enemy Forced to Withdraw — The Career of General Pope, Brief, Boastful, aud Disastrous — That of Lee and Jackson, Brilliant, Audacious, and Successful — A Battle Order Lost — After Battle Second Manassas Lee Crosses Potomac and Enters Maryland— Lee at Bay at Sharpsburg — Federal Army, 40,000, Confederate, 14,000 — Confederates Victorious ; Passed into Virginia Again— December 13th, Battle of FrecJt ericksburg, 361-365.

CHAPTER XXXV.

Visit TO Tennessee^Battle of Murfreesboro.. . 366 The President's Letter to Mrs. Davis from Chattanooga, Tenn., December 15th, 366-368.

Contents

CHAPTER XXXVI.

FAGB

Introduction to 1863 369

Mr. Davis Oppressed Through Reverses, but Confederates in Hopes of Recognition by England — Complaints from Subjugated States — Andrew Johnson, Governor of Tennessee — Iron-clad Oath Administered — Prisoners of War on Bread and Water — Slaves Driven from Their Homes, or Forced to Work under Bayonet Guard — Order 91 — Members of Congress Elected under Military Government — An Oath Required from All the Residents of the Conquered States — Mr. Lincoln Swore in 1861 to Sustain the Constitution — When the War Closed, Who were the Victors? — Bread Riot — Mr. Davis Addressed and Dispersed the Rioters, 369-376.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

April, 1863, General Hooker Crosses the Rappahannock with 132,000 Men — Lee's Army Numbered 57,000 — General Jackson Suffering from Illness — Battle Begins — Confederates Rush on the Earthworks — General Jackson's Cry in the Field at Every Success — His Officers Fatally Mistaken for the Enemy's Cavalry — Recital of the Terrible Incidents of General Jackson's Death, 377-383.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

May, 1863, General Lee's Army Rested Near Fredericksburg— General Hooker's Forces — Lee Began a Movement Culminating in the Battle of Gettysburg — Ewell's Corps Routs General Milroy at Winchester and Captures Prisoners and Stores — The Federal Commander Covers Washington- June 27th, General Lee at Chambersburg — Federal Cavalry First Encountered at Cashtown, July ist — General Reynolds Killed— Cemetery Hill, Hand to Hand Conflict— The Battle Rages — Mighty Feats of Valor on the Part of Both Combatxvi CONTENTS^

ants— Lee Defeated, but Not Disheartened— The Presidi Sorely Tried — Eulogy on His Army, 384-391.

CHAPTER XXXIX. .

General Lee's Offer of Resignation

General Lee Assumes All the Responsibility of Failurt Gettysburg — His Noble Letter to the President and' Offei Resign his Command — The President's Reply, 392-399.

CHAPTER XL.

Vice-President Stephens's Commission to Washington ■

An Attempt to Renew Negotiations with the Federal G ernment — Letter of Instruction from the President to Vice-President — Letter of Mr. Davis to President Linc( 400-407 ; Mr. Stephens Proceeds to Fortress Monroe un ■ Flag of Truce — Permission to Go to Washington Refused the Federal Government — The Military Authorities Si cient to Deal with " the Insurgents "— Repopb of the Vi President on the Subject, 407-411.

CHAPTER XLI.

Fall of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863

Dissatisfaction with the President and his Cabinet— Atl tion Directed, in January, 1863, to a Campaign with Vi( burg as an Objective Point — General Johnston Ordered, J 9th, to Proceed to Mississippi at Once and Take Chief C( mand of the Forces — The Enemy Between Jackson and C eral Pemberton's Force Thirty Miles Away — Pembei Forced to Retire to Vicksburg — May iSth, Grant Invests City — Details of the Siege — General Grant Telegraphs Washington — General Johnston Telegraphs to the Secrei of War — Grant Telegraphs to Hall eck "Joe Johnston postponed his attack " — After Forty-seven Days Vicksl Falls, July 17th — Johnston Abandons Jackson and Retr into the Interior, 412-424.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XLII.

President Davis's Letter to General Johnston

after the fall of vicksburg 425

Communication from the President to General Johnston Dated Richmond, July 15, 1863 — The Reasons for Condemning the Course and Conduct of the General Given in Detail — The General's Telegrams, 425-440.

CHAPTER XLIII.

Military Operations at Charleston 441

Defence of Charleston the Most Notable Event of the Summer of 1863 — Lack of Diligence on the Part of General Beauregard — ^July loth, a Concealed Battery Opened Fire on the Confederate Lines — Answered Briskly — July i8th, Federal Fleet Poured a Terrific Fire into Fort Wagner — After a Furious Cannonade by Sea and Land for Fifty-seven Days, the Fort and Island Evacuated on the Night of September 6th — Sabine Pass — A Confederate Force of Fortytwo Men and Two Lieutenants Drives th^ Whole Federal Fleet out of the Pass, 441-444.

CHAPTER XLIV.

Letter to His Holiness, the Pope 445

Mr. Davis's Early Education Prompts Him to Write to Rome and Thank the Pope for His Sympathy — The Pope's Reply — Refers to the Archbishops of New York and New Orleans — Sends His Likeness to Mr. Davis During His Imprisonment, 445-448.

CHAPTER XLV.

Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge 449

The Bloody Battle of Chickamauga, August 20th— Brigadier-General William Preston Sent to Mexico to Treat with the New Emperor— Grant's Movements— He Captures Lookxviii CONTENTS.

out Mountain— Confederates Retreat Toward Tunnel Hill- General Bragg Relieved— General Hardee Assigned the Command of the Army of the West, but Declines to Accept —General Joseph E. Johnston Directed to Take the Command Personally, December i6, 1863, 449-451.

CHAPTER XLVI.

Correspondence Between President Davis and Governor Z. B. Vance 452

Treasonable Purposes of Holden, Editor of the Standard — The Case a Grave One — Mr. Davis Begs for Information from Governor Vance — The Latter Replies — Rejoinder of the President — Lincoln Referred to in Severe but Merited Terms, 452-461.

CHAPTER XLVII.

The Maryland Line and the Kilpatrick and Dahlgren Raid 462

An Expedition Organized by the Federals, February, 1864 — Crossed Ely's Ford on the 29th, After Surprising and Capturing Picket — At Daylight, March ist, Marylanders Drove in One of Kilpatrick's Flanking Parties — A Despatch from Dahlgren to Kilpatrick Captured with an Officer and Five Men — Dahlgren Attacks North Side of the City— A Company of Richmond Boys Under Eighteen — Dahlgren Retreats, is Shot Dead, and His Command Captured — General Wade Hampton's Report, 462-465 ; Orders Discovered on the Body of Colonel Dahlgren — Mr. Blair Amused Over the Loss of Life and Suffering, 465-473.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

Diplomatic Correspondence 474

Her Britannic Majesty's Government to Observe a Course of Neutrality— Letter to President Davis from Lord Lyons, Legation, Washington— Full Copy of Earl Russell's Instruc-

CONTENTS. xix

tions— Won't Permit Confederates to Build Ships of War in any British Possession. The Cumberland and the Merrimac — The President's Reply, Proud, Pungent, and Just, 474-482.

CHAPTER XLIX.

Fort Pillow, Ocean Pond, and Meridian 483

Generals Forrest and Chalmers Attack Federal Forces Occupying the Fort— April 12, 1864, Captured the Fort After a Fierce Resistance, 14 Confederate Officers and Men were Killed, and 86 Wounded ; Many Federals Taken Prisoners— Generals Finnegan and Colquitt Victorious at Ocean Pond — Expel the Enemy from Florida — February 3d, General Sherman Crosses State of Mississippi to Meridian — Joined by Federal Cavalry from Corinth and Holly Springs — General Forrest Forces Him to Make a Hasty Retreat — General Banks's Attempt to Penetrate Central Texas Fails — Totally Routed, 483^486.

CHAPTER L.

Grant's Theory of War — He Takes Command March 17, 1864 — The Army of the Potomac, 141,160 Men — Lee's Entire Effective Strength, 64,000 — May 4th, Grant Begins His March — Lee Gives Him a Blow in the Wilderness — Longstreet Wounded in Mistake by His Own Men — Lee's Brave Conduct — Enemy Able to Rally Their Forces and Reform Behind Their Intrenchments — Both Armies Intrenched at Spottsylvania Court House — May 12th, Enemy Made a Heavy Assault — Nearly 3,000 Confederates Taken Prisoners — Eighteen Pieces of Artillery Captured Also, 487-491 ; Grant Moves in the Direction of Hanover Junction on the Night of the 20th— Lee Follows Him— June 3d, the Two Armies Meet at Cold Harbor — 13,000 Men Placed " Hors de Combat" in One Hour— Grant, after this Battle, Moves Toward James River Below Richmond — During the Campaign Grant Reinforced 51,000 Men, Lee, 14,400— The Federal Commander's Loss from May 4th to June 4th— Mr.

XX CONTENTS.

Davis Visits General Lee— An Incident on One of the President's Lonely Rides— Confederate Spirit of Devotion- Women and Children in Richmond Suffering for Food- Death from Accident of One of the President's Children— A Sad Household, 491-497.

C^hAPTER LI.

Yellow Tavern— Death of Stuart 498

May 13th, the President Rides Out to the Front — A Line of Skirmishers Near the Yellow Tavern — General Stuart Shot — His Wound Mortal — President Visits His Death-bed— Eulogy on His Character — Burial of the Young Hero, 498-503.

CHAPTER LII.

Bombardment of Charleston 504

August 21, 1863, Major-General Gilmore Opened Fire on the City Before the Hour Named by Him — His Object Was to Enforce the Surrender of the City Without Complying with the Honorable Usages of War — His Purpose Was to Reach the Heart of the City and Make it Unhabitable by Non-combatants — Threw Shells Into the City from Time to Time — Confederate Prisoners Held Confined under the Fire of Our Batteries so as to Hinder Our Resistance, 504-507.

CHAPTER LIII.

Battle of Drury's Bluff, May 16, 1864 508

Grant's Plan of Campaign — Butler Ordered to Concentrate His Troops at City Point and Destroy the Railroad Leading to Richmond — Confederate Troops, May 14th, Reach Vicinity of Drury's Bluff — General Robert Ransom's Monograph upon the Battle— Hot Work— Beauregard Censured— A " Solid Shot Struck at the Feet of President Davis" — Butler Retreats to His Lines— General Beauregard's " Memorandum" —The Document Sent to General Bragg with an Endorsement on it by the President,. 508-523.

tdNtEJvtS. itki

CHAPTER LIV.

PAGE

The Lack of Food and the Prices in the Confederacy 524

The Prisoners from the Northern Army — The Confederates in Northern Prisons — Faithlessness of the Federal Government— In July, 1862, Enormous Quantities of Fractional Notes Issued — The Price of Gold in New York and in the Confederacy, and a List of the Prices of Food and Staples in the Latter — $350 for a Ham, $12 for a Pound of Sugar, etc. — Price Lists — Expenses of an Officer of Artillery en route for Richmond — Bill of Fare at the Oriental, Richmond, 524-535.

CHAPTER LV.

Exchange of Prisoners, and Andersonville 536

The Sufferings of the Men of the South on Johnson's Island, and of the Men of the North at Andersonville — The South Hemmed In on All Sides — The "Pens" Stragglers Amusing Themselves in the Rear — Dr. Mann in the August Century — Men Put in Irons — President Davis Writes to President Lincoln — President Davis, July 20, 1862, in Secret Session, Recommends a Certain Measure to Congress — Agreement as to the Release of Prisoners — On July 23d a Cartel Signed by Major-General Hill and Major-General Dix — The Day After Major-General Dix Directs the Murder of Peaceful Citizens — Mr. Davis Issues a General Order, Recognizing Pope and his Commissioned Officers Robbers — General Lee the Day after Gettysburg — He Writes to General Grant, who Replies, 536-545 — A Despatch from General Grant to General Butler — Mr. Davis writes in Belford's Magazine January and February, 1890 — The Herald's Correspondent — Father Hagan — The Richmond Examiner preaches Retaliation — Mr. Davis Writes to General Crafts I. Wright — Extract from Message to Confederate Congress — Letter from General Grant to General Halleck — Professor Dabney, of the University of Virginia, to the Editor oi The Nation — "A Story of Horrors" — " In a Yankee Prison " — Written for the Nashville Ameritxu eONtEMtS.

ican by J. B. West — Comparative Mortality of Federal and Confederate Prisons — The New York Tribune Adduces the " Logic of Facts" — The Answer to the Tribune a Curiosity — Mr. Davis Terribly Affected by the Death-rate, 545-574.

CHAPTER LVI.

Journey to Charlotte 575

Darkness Closing Over the Confederacy — Mr. Davis's Headquarters to be in the Field, 575 ; Sale of Household Goods — Going Forth into the Unknown, 576 ; Depression upon the City — The Pistol — " You can Force your Assailants to Kill You"— All Night in the Train, 577 ; Hardships of the Journey — Universal Consternation — Mr. A. Weill's Kindness — Established in Charlotte, 578.