The history of Holland and the Dutch nation from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth: including an account of the municipal institutions, commercial pursuits and social habits of the people; the rise and progress of the Protestant reformation in Holland; the intestine dissensions, foreign wars, &c

Front matter

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Part II. Chapter IX

YEAn PAa fl

1573 Don Louis di Requesens Governor of the Netherlands . 1

1574 Middlebuigh taken by the Gueux ... 3 Battle of Mookeheyde, and death of Louis of Nassau . 4 Mutiny of the Spjinish Army .... 5 Preparations of the Zealanders for their defence against the

armament equipped by Spain . • . . 7

Siege, and resolute defence of Leyden . . .8

Foundation of the University of Ley den . . . 15

J 675 Negotiations for a Peace between Spain and Holland . ] C

Discontents of the Spanisli Provinces . . . 19

Sovereignty of the county of Holland offered to the Queen of England ...... 21

Invasion of Duyveland and Schouwen by the Royalists . 24 Siege of Zierikzee. ..... 27

1 5^6 Death of Don Louis di Requesens . . . .30

Surrender of Zierikzee, and mutiny of tlie Spanisli troops * 31 Holland exempted from the evil of sedition by the firmness of her national credit ..... 32

Arrest of the Council of State by the inhabitants of Brussels 34 Overtures made by the Prince of Oi'ange to the States- General . . . . . .35

" Spanish Fury " at Antwerp , . . .30

Pacification of Ghent ..... 39

Don John of Austria appointed Governor of the Netherlands 40

1 577 States compel him to accept the Pacification of Ghent . 43

Entry of Don John into Brussels . . . .46

Death of Viglius 47

CHAPTER X.

1577 Proceedings of Don John in violation of the Pacification of

Popularity of the Prince of Orange in Holland . . 60

Don John seizes Namur ..... 62

a 2

IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1577 Letters to the King of Spain intercepted . . . "'' Flight of the Royalist troops from Antwerp . . °* Attempt at a Reconciliation between the States-General and

Don John of Austria . . . . ■ °^

The Archduke Matthias created Govenior of the Netherlands 67

Treaty of the States with the Queen of England . • 68

Accession of Amsterdam to the Pacification of Ghent . 59

1578 Alexander, Prince of Parma, placed in command of the

Royalist army . . . . . .61

Defeat of the States' troops at Gemljlours . . 62

Distracted condition of the Netherland Provinces . . 64

Overtures of the Duke of Anjou to the States . . 66 Mediation of France, England, and the Empii'e between the

King of Spain and the Netherlands ... 67 Death of Don John of Austria . . . .68

Fruitless campaign of the States' army ... 69

Party of the " Malcontents" in the Netherlands . . 70

1579 Union of Utrecht ..... 74

Chapter I

1579 Disturbances at Antwerp and other towns Attempt upon Brussels by the Count of Egmond Siege, and brave defence of Maestricht Mediation of the Emperor between Spain and the United

Provinces ......

Disastrous effects of the Negotiations

Attempt upon Briel .....

1580 Capture of Mechlin by the English troops Defection of the Stadtholder of Friezland from the States Insurrection in Friezland ....

Siege of Steemvyk .....

Invention of the telegraph ....

Duchess of Parma appointed Governess of the Netherlands Abjuration of King Philip by the States of Holland . Proscription issued by the King against the Prince of Orange Justification published by the Prince of Orange Sovereignty of the Netherlands offered to the Duke of Anjou

1581 Deposition of Philip of Spain by the States-General Retirement of the Archduke Matthias from the Netherlands Loss of Breda by the States ....

Duke of Anjou raises the siege of Cambray

Tournay taken by the Royalists

79 81 83

Defeat of the States' army in Groningen . . 115

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER II. VBAn PAGE

1582 Inauguration of the Duke of Anjou, at AntweiT, as Duke of

Attempt to assassinate the Prince of Orange . . 118

Plot formed against the Prince and the Duke of Brabant . 121

Sedition of the German troops, quelled by Pai-ma . 123

Philip of Spain. prosecutes tlie War -svith increased vigour . 124

Dissatisfaction of the Duke of Brabant with his Government 126

1583 He attempts to gain possession of some towns in the Nether-

" French Fury " at Antwerp .... 130

France and England mediate between the Duke of Brabant

and his subjects . . . . . .134

Provisional Agreement between the Duke and the States 136

Spread of disaffection in the Netherlands . . .138

Revision of the Act of Union .... 141

1584 Death of the Duke of Brabant . . . .142

Murder of the Prince of Orange .... 144

His character ...... 148

Prince Maurice created Stadtholder of Holland and Zealand 152 Expulsion of Truchses, Archbishop of Cologne, from his see 153 Surrender of Ghent to Parma .... 154

Siege of Antwerp ...... 166

Bridge across the Scheldt .... 157

Sovereignty of the Netherlands offered to the King of France 160

1585 Surrender of Brussels to the Royalists . . . 166 Defence, and fall of Antwerp ..... 167 States- General offer the Sovereignty of the Netherlands to

the Queen of England ..... 174 Treaty, and delivery of Flushing, Rammekens, and Briel as

security to the Queen ..... 175

Eiizabeth appoints the Earl of Leicester Governor-General of

her forces in the Netherlands . . . .177

1586 The States-General confer the Government of the Nether-

lands on the Earl of Leicester .... 178

Displeasure of the Queen of England . . . 179

Unpopular measures pursued by the new Governor . 181

Interference of Leicester in matters of religion . . 184

Loss of Grave ...... 186

Erection of the Schenkensohans . . . 187

Parma captures Nuys ..... 188

Leicester masters Doesburg and besieges Zutphen . 189 Death of Sir Philip Sydney , . . . ,189

Dissensions bet'^veep tjie Earl of Leicester and the States ^90

Tl TABLE OF CONTENTS.

riCK

1586 Death of tlie Duke and Duchess of Parma, and of Cardinal

1587 Delivery of Deventor and the fort of the Veluwe to the

Royalists by the English Commanders . . .193

Embassy of the States to England ; its reception by the

Increased animosity between the States and Leicester . 196

Condition of the Spanish Netherlands as compared with that

of the United ProTinees . . . . .198

Siege of Sluys ...... 203

Leicester at variance -with all the Authorities in the United

Disturbances at Utrecht and Leyden . . . 208

Eecall of Leicester . . . . . .209

CHAPTER III, 1587 Negotiations of Peace between England and Spain . . 211

1588 Disorders caused by the English Partj' in the United Pro-

Appeased by the interference of the Queen . . 218

Army prepared by the Duke of Parma for the invasion of

Panna blockaded in the ports of the Netherlands by the

ships of HoUand and Zealand .... 223

States return thanks for the deliverance of England from the

Invincible Armada ..... 225

Failure of Parma before Bergen-op-Zoom . . . 225

1589 Sale of Geertruydenberg to Parma . . . 230 Purpose of invading Holland rendered abortive by the mutiny of the Spanish troops .... 233

Attempt upon Nimeguen, and death of Martin Schenck . 234 Combined expedition of the Dutch and English against Lisbon ....... 237

Regulation of the Army and Xavy of the United Provinces 2r9

1590 Breda taken by stratagem ..... 241 PaiTua commanded by the King of Spain to march to the

support of the League in France .... 244 IMLlitary achievements of Prince Maurice . . 247

Complaints of the German Princes .... 247 Alliance betneen Henry IV. of France and the United Pro-

1591 Maurice captures Zutphen, Deventer, Delfziel, &c. Retreat of Parma from Nimeguen Nimeguen taken by Prince Maurice Improvement in the affairs of the United Provinces Influence of John Oldenbameveldt in the States

249 250 253 253 254 255

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll

TEAR IMGE

1591 States refuse the mediation of the Emperor Rodolpli II. . 255

1592 Campaign of Parma in France .... 250 Reduction of Steenwyli and Coevoerden . . . 257 Death and character of the Dulce of Parma > . 260

1593 Administration of the Government of the Spanish Nether-

lands by Fuentez and Ibarra ; barbarous edict of the former 26-1

Siege and conquest of Geertruydenberg by Prince Maurice , 265

Profession of the Catliolic religion by Henry IV. of France 269 Archduke Ernest of Austria appointed governor of the Spanisli

Netherlands ...... 270

159-1 Reduction of Groningen by Prince Maurice . . 272 Futile negotiations of Peace between Spain and tlie United

Design of assassinating Prince Maurice . . . 270

Mutiny of tlie Italians and Walloons in the Royalist army . 277

Invasion of Luxemburg by the King of France . . 280

States stand sponsors to the eldest son of the King of Scotland 280 Queen of England angrily demands payment of her Debt from

1595 Disaffection of the Spanish Netlierlands, and death of the

Negotiations for Peace broken off in consequence of an intercepted letter to tlie King of Spain . . . 281, Defeat of tlie States' troops at Bisliep , . . 288 Reduction of Cambray by tlie Spaniards . ... 289

Commencement of the Dutch trade to the East Indies ~. 290 Expeditions for the discovery of a north-east passage to China

1696 The Archduke Albert of Austria appointed Governor of the

Spanish Netherlands ..... 291

Prince of Orange released from his imprisonment in Spain . 295

Surrender of Hulst to the Archduke Albert . . 297

United expedition of the Dutch and English to Cadiz . 298

Queen of England renews her demands of payment . 301

Alliance between Fi-ance, England, and the United Provinces 302 Destruction of the Fleet prepared by the King of Spain against

Philip of Spain declares his insolvency . . . 304

1697 Victory gained at Turnhout by Prince Maurice . . 305 Maurice captures Alpen, Rhynberg, Meiirs, Grol, &c. . 308 Offer of Mediation by the King of Poland to the States- General . . , . . .310

Execution for heresy at Brussels . , . .311

Proposals made by the King of Spain for a separate Peace

with France ...... 313

1598 Peace between Spain and France . . 316

A'lU TABLE OF CONTENTS.

YEAn

1698 Renewal of the Alliance between the States and Queen of England ....••

Surrender by King Philip of the Spanish Netherlands to the

Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella . • ^^^

Plot to assassinate Prince Maurice . . • ' "^^

nog

Campaign in Cleves and Juliers

Advancement of the Commerce of the United Provinces . 326

Death and character of Philip II, of Spain . . 328

CHAPTER IV. 1598 The War prosecuted \?ith renewed vigour . . . 353

1599 Hostilities commenced by the Princes of Gemiany against the

Spanish Netherlands ..... 337

Arrest of the Dutch ships in the ports of Spain . 340

Fleet equipped by the United Provinces . . . 341

Sickness and mortality at the island of St. Thomas . 342

Man-iage of the Archduke Albert with the Infanta of Spain 343

Their "joyeuse entree" into Brabant . . . 344

Ineffectual attempts of the Archduke to procure peace . 345

1600 Province of Groningen refuses to furnish its contingent . 347 Prince Maurice invades Flanders .... 349 Battle of Nieuport and victory gained by the States' troops 351 Alienation between Prince Maurice and the States . 358 The States appear inclined towards a peace with Spain . 360

1601 Continuation of hostilities, and siege of Ostend . . 361

1602 Sedition in the Archduke's army .... 369 Establishment of the Dutch East India Company . 372

1603 Death of the Queen of England . . . .374 Embassy to the Court of James I. . . . 375 Unsuccessful siege of Bois-le-Duc by Prince Maurice . 377

1604 Prince Maurice reduces Sluys .... 379

Compromise between the Archduke and his mutinous troops 380

Fall of Ostend ...... 382

Overtures of peace from Spain to England . . . 383

1 605 Ambrose Spinola appointed by the King of Spain commander

of the forces in the Netherlands .... 386

Spinola invades Overyssel .... 388

Battle of the Roer ...... 389

Unsuccessful attempt to surprise Bergen-op-Zoom . 390

Naval engagement in the Straits of Dover . . . 392

Prosperity of the East India Company . . 393

1606 Obstacles to the levy of troops by the belligerents . . 395 Attempt upon Sluys repulsed .... 39G Spinola masters Lochem, Grol, and Rhynberg . . 397 Unsuccessful siege of Grol by Prince Maurice . , 4Q0

TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX

YEAR PAGE

1606 Naval encounter, and heroism of a Dutch captain . . 402 Death of John of Nassau and of the Count of Hohenlohe 403

1607 Scheme for the establishment of a West India Company in the

United Provinces ..... 404

Mutual desire of the belligerents for peace . , . 406

Proffers made hy the Archdukes , . . '410 States require the acknowledgment of their independence and

sovereignty from the Archdukes and King of Spain . 410 Naval battle of Gibraltar . . . . .412

Negotiations for Peace opened under the mediation of France

. and England ...... 416

King of Spain evinces reluctance to ratify the Truce concluded

between the Archdukes and the United Provinces . 417

Difficulties opposed to the Negotiations in the United Provinces 419

Interference of the Emperor .... 420

Beemster lake drained ^ . , . . , 422

1608 Ambassadors from Spain and the Archdukes arrive at the

Debates on the subject of the East India trade . . 425

Advantages gained by the Dutch in the East Indies . . 429

Rupture of the Negotiations .... 431

Long truce proposed by the Ambassador of France . . 431 Excitement occasioned by the proposal in the United Provinces ....... 432

1609 Conclusion of the truce for twelve yeai-s , . 436 Gifts conferred on the family of Nassau . . . 438

CHAPTER V. 1609 Erection of a Council of State in the United Provinces pro

posed by the French Ambassador . . . . 442 Unsuccessful remonstrance made by him in favour of the

States send Ambassadors to the principal courts of Europe 446

1610 Origin of the war in Cleves and Juliers . . . 449 Campaign of Prince Maurice in Juliers . . 451 Rise of religious dissensions in the United Provinces . 453 Arminius appointed professor of theology at Leyden . 454 Different doctrines taught by him and Gomarus on the subject

of predestination ..... 455

Disputes concerning the Confession of Faith and the Heidelberg Catechism ...... 457

Conferences between Gomarus and Arminius . . 458

Clergy of Alkmaar resist the authority of the States of Holland 459

Death of Arminius ..... 461

" Five Articles" of the Arininians • • . . 462

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1610 Names of Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants given to

the Arminians and Gomarists . i . • ^""^

1611 The King of England insists upon the removal of Vorstius

from the professorship of tlieology at Leyden . 463

Increased divisions in the United Provinces . • 465

1613 Libel on the States of Holland published by Sybrand Lub-

bertus, ansvrered by Grotius . . . • 466

1614 " Resolution for the peace of the Church," framed by Grotius,

. and promulgated by the States of Holland . . 467

1616 Contumacy of Roseus, a Contra-Remonstrant preacher, at the

Barneveldt solicits the interference of Prince Maurice . 468

Maurice evinces favourable dispositions towards the Contra- Remonstrants . . . . t .471

Redemption of the cautionary towns from England . 473

Paciiicatory decree issued by the States of Holland i 474

1617 Disturbances at the Hague and Amsterdam . . . 475 Levy of " Waardgelders" by the heads of the Remonstrant

Maurice quarters troops in Briel . , , 479

Debates concerning a Synod to be held at Dordrecht . 480

1618 Maurice, Prince of Orange, changes the government of

Barneveldt justifies himself from the accusations of the Prince of Orange ...... 485

Maurice forces the States of Utrecht to disband the Waardgelders ....... 487

Waardgelders disbanded in the towns of Holland . 489

Arrest of Barneveldt, Grotiijs, and Hoogerbeets . . 490

Efforts of the States of Holland to procure the release of the prisoners ....... 493

Maurice effects an arbitrary change in the governments of the towns of Holland ...... 494.

Acts of Maurice approved of by the New States of Holland . 497 Convocation of a Synod at Dordrecht . . . 493

Assembly of the Synod . . . ; . 50O

Demands of the Remonstrants .... 501

Remonstrants cited to appear before the Synod . . 501

Translation of the Bible into the Dutch language . 501

Harangue of Episcopius to the Synod . . 502

Oath administered to the membere . . . 503

Disputes concerning the delivery of the answers of the Remonstrants • . : , . 503

1019 Expulsion of the Remonstrants from the Synod . ' 6O6

Discussion between the members of the Synod . . 507

Remonstrants permitted to deliver their opinions m writing S07

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI

TfEAR MGB

1619 Canons promulgated by the Synod . . , 509 Judgment passed on the Kemonstrants . . . 609 Condemnation of Voi'stius, and termination of the Synod SI 0 Trial and execution of Barneveldt .... 512 The wife of Grotius refuses to solicit his pardon . 525 Grotius and Hoogerbeets condemned to perpetual imprisoii-'

Persecution of the Remonstrants . . < 627

Banishment of the Remonstrant ministers t . . 528

Treaty between the Dutch and English East India Companies 631

Origin of Batavia ;, . i ■ , 533

War in Cleves and Juliers ..... 634

Commencement of the thirty years' war , , 636

1620 Continued persecution of the Remonstrants . . . 638

1621 Escape of Grotius from his prison at Louyesteyn : 639 Renewal of the war between Spain and the United ProrinCes 542

1622 Relief of Bergen-op-Zoom by the Prince of Orange . i 644 Conspiracy against the Prince of Orange . . 645

1624 Treaties. with France and England s . . . 550 Conspiracy of the English at Amboyna, and execution of the

Siege of Breda ...... 654

1625 Death and character of Maurice, Prince of Orange . 557 Invention of the telescope . , ' , . , Sfjo Bank of Amsterdam established (1609) . . . 661 Whale fishery ...... 561

Discovery of the straits of Le Maire, of Cape Hoorn, and the

river Hudson . . . . . .662

Origin and progi-ess of the Dutch West India Company , 563

CHAPTER VI. 1625 Commencement of the administration of Prederic Henry

Stadtholder ...... 56g

Alliance with England ..... 568

Assistance afforded to France in the siege of Rochelle . 669

Fall of Breda ....... 570

1627 Grol taken by the Prince of Orange . . . 571

1628 Capture of the Spanish « Silver fleet" . . .571 Neutrality of the States in the war between France and England 573

Offers of Peace by Spain to the United Provinces . . 675

1629 Siege of-Bois-le Due, and invasion of Utrecht , . 576 1631 Futile attempt upon Dunkirk . . , , 579

!i Netherlands between

504:

596 599

XU TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VEAB

1631 Reversion of the offices of the Prince of Orange granted to his

Disturbances in consequence of the toleration of the Remonstrants

Return of Grotius to Holland

Grotius again banished

1632 Reduction of Maestricht .

Overtures of Peace

1C33 Death of the Archduchess Isabella

1634 Alliance with France .

1635 Treaty for the partition of the Spanisl

France and the United Provinces Unsuccessful campaign of the allies Commotions in Friezland .

1636 Endeavours used to include the King of England in tlie

Partition Treaty . ..... 600

1637 Title of Higlmess given to the Prince of Orange by the King

Reduction of Breda by Frederic Henry . . . 604

Progress of the West India Company . . . 605 The « Tulipomania" . . . . . .607

1638 Failure of a design upon Antwerp . . . 608 Defeat of the Dutch troops at Lief kenshoek . . . 610

1639 Victory gained by the States' fleet in the Downs . 611 Rank and title of the States-General .... 613

1640 Death of the Stadtholder of Friezland and Groningen . 614 William of Nassau chosen Stadtholder of Friezland, and the

Prince of Orange of Groningen . . . . . 614

1641 Marriage of the son of the Prince of Orange with the Princess

Royal of England ..... 617

Separation of Portugal from Spain ; truce with Portugal . 619

Jealousy of the United Provinces towards Fi-ance . 620

1642 Civil discords in England; States detei-niine to preserve [a

neutrality ....... 621

1G43 Death of Cardinal Richelieu; and of the King of France . 623

Attempted reform of the States-General . . . 623

Conferences for a general Peace fixed to be held at Munster '

and Osnaburg ; Ambassadors of France at the Hague . 626 1644 States offer their Mediation to the King and Parliament of

1G45 States effect an Accommodation between Sweden and Denmark 633

Revolt of the Portugueze in Brazil . . . 634

] 646 States send Ambassadors to the Conferences at Munster . 634

Anxiety of Holland for peace . . , . 036

Conditions proposed of a Treaty between Spain and the United

Provinces ,.,,,,, 64Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS. iCUl

VeAB rAGK

1 047 Death and chai'acter of Fredei-ic Henry, Prince of Orange 646

Complaints of the French Ambassadors at Munster against the

States, supported by William, Prince of Orange . 046

1648 States conclude a separate Treaty with Spain , . 650

Publication of the Peace ..... 652

Causes of the successful tennination of the war on the part of the Dutch . . . . . . .053

Advancement of the Dutch in the arts and literature . 665

CHAPTER VII. 1648 Relations of the United Provinces with foreign powers \ 670

1049 Interference of the States on behalf of the King of England 673 Add;'ess of condolence from the States to Charles II. , 075 Assassination of Dorislaus ..... 076 Contentions between the Province of Holland [and the

remainder concerning the military establishment . 677

1050 Arrest of Admiral De Witte . . . . .081 Deputation from the States-General to the towns of Holland 082 AiTest of the six Deputies to the States of Holland by the

Hostile attempt of the Stadtholder upon Amsterdam . . 680 Compromise between the Stadtholder and the government of

Amsterdam ...... 690

Secret negotiations of the Stadtholder with France . . 692

Death of the Stadtholder, William II. . , . 093

Birth of William, Prince of Orange .... 094

Convocation of Deputies from the Provinces by the States of

Differences of opinion with respect to the appointment of a

1051 Meeting, and acts of the "Great Assembly" . . 700 Ambassadors sent from the Parliament of England to the States 705 Act of Navigation passed in England . . . 709

1652 Commencement of Hostilities between England and the

United Provinces ..... 711

Naval encounter near Plymouth .... 712

Battle off Dover and Folkestone .... 713

1053 Sea-fight of three days^ . . . . .713

Victory of the Dutch near Leghorn . . . 716 Defeat of the Dutch off Dunkirk . . . .717

Remonstrance of the Admirals to the States-General . 717

Battle; and death of Admiral Tromp . . . 718

Inclination of the belligerents towards peace . . 719

De Witte chosen pensionary of Holland . . . 722

Letter of the States of Holland to the Parliament . 723

JCIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1653 Ambassadors sent to England . . . • 724 Scheme of a Coalition between England and the United

Provinces ...... 724

Alliance with Denmark , . . . • '25

Violence of party-spirit in the United Provinces . '25

Conditions of peace proposed by England , . • 727

1654 Conclusion of the treaty ..... 728

Act of Exclusion ...... 729

Disadvantageous terms of the peace . , . 733

West India Company evacuate Brazil . . . 734

J C65 Fleet sent by the States to succour Dantzic . . 735 1656 Dispute with France . . . . . .736

1667 States assist the King of Denmark against Charles Gustavus

1668 Battle of the Sound 740

1659 English fleet in the Baltic .... 740

1660 The States, France, and England, effect an accommodation

between Sweden and Denmark . . . .742

ERRATA.

p. 77, line 12, between all and tlie, insert a semicolon.

p. 329, note, line 5, after hostilities, insert in the Netherlands.

p. 302, line 2 of note *, for Koornheet read Koomhert.

p. 376, line 4 from bottom of note *, for Sceven read Leeven.

p. 403, line 12, for countrymen read counti-yman.

p. 553, line 20, for Poularone read Poleron.

p, 663, line 12 from bottom, for their read her.

HISTORY OF HOLLAND.

PART II.