History of Holland, from the beginning of the tenth to the end of the eighteenth century

Part II. Chapter IX

YEjVR PjVOK 1573 Don Louis di Requesens Governor of the Netherlands . 1 1574 Middleburgh taken by the Gueux ... 3 Battle of Mookeheyde, and death of Louis of Nassau . 4 Mutiny of the Spanish Army .... 5 Preparations of the Zealanders for their defence against the armament equipped by Spain . 7 Siege, and resolute defence of Leyden . . .8 Foundation of the University of Ley den . . . 15 1575 Negotiations for a Peace between Spain and Holland . 1G Discontents of the Spanish Provinces ... 19 Sovereignty of the county of Holland offered to the Queen of England ...... 21 Invasion of Duyveland and Schouwcn by the Royalists . 24 Siege of Zierikzee. ..... 27 157G Death of Don Louis di Requesens . . . .30 Surrender of Zierikzee, and mutiny of the Spanish troops 31 Holland exempted from the evil of sedition by the firmness of her national credit ..... 32 Ai-rest of the Council of State by the inhabitants of Brussels 34 Overtures made by the Prince of Orange to the States- General ...... 35 "Spanish Fury" at Antwerp . . . .30 Pacification of Ghent ..... 39 Don John of Austria appointed Governor of the Netherlands 40 1577 States compel him to accept the Pacification of Ghent . 43 Entry of Don John into Brussels . . . .40 Death of Viglius ...... 47

CHAPTER X.

1577 Proceedings of Don John in violation of the Pacification of Ghent 49 Popularity of the Prince of Orange in Holland . . 50 Don John seizes- Namur ..... 52 a TABLE OF CONTENTS. P>GK YKAR 1577 Letters to the King of Spain intercepted . . .53 Flight of the Royalist troops from Antwerp . . 54 Attempt at a Reconciliation between the States-General and Don John of Austria . The Archduke Matthias created Governor of the Netherlands 57 Treaty of the States with the Queen of England . . 58 Accession of Amsterdam to the Pacification of Ghent . 59 1578 Alexander, Prince of Parma, placed in command of the Royalist army ...... Cl Defeat of the States' troops at Gemblours . . 02 Distracted condition of the Netherland Provinces . . 04 Overtures of the Duke of Anjou to the States . . 0G Mediation of France, England, and the Empire between the King of Spain iind the Netherlands ... 07 Death of Don John of Austria . . . 08 Fruitless campaign of the States' army ... 69 Party of the " Malcontents" in the Netherlands . . 70 1579 Union of Utrecht ..... 74

Part III. Chapter

I. 1 579 Disturbances at Antwerp and other towns . . .79 Attempt upon Brussels by the Count of Egmond . 81 Siege, and brave defence of Maestricht . . .83 Mediation of the Emperor between Spain and the United Provinces ...... 90 Disastrous effects of the Negotiations . . .93 Attempt upon Briel ..... 90 1 580 Capture of Mechlin by the English troops . . .97 Defection of the Stadtholder of Friezland from the States 98 Insurrection in Friezland . . . . .99 Siege of Steenwyk . . . . .100 Invention of the telegraph . . . . .100 Duchess of Parma appointed Governess of the Netherlands 101 Abjuration of King Philip by the States of Holland . .102 Proscription issued by the King against the Prince of Orange 103 Justification published by the Prince of Orange . .104 Sovereignty of the Netherlands offered to the Duke of Anjou 10G 1581 Deposition of Philip of Spain by the States-General . 109 Retirement of the Archduke Matthias from the Netherlands 111 Loss of Breda by the States . . . . .112 Duke of Anjou raises the siege of Cambray . . 113 Tournay taken by the Royalists . , . , .114 Defeat of the States' army in Groningen . . V

Chapter II

vrA*1 PAGE 1582 Inauguration of the Duke of Anjou, at Antwerp, as Duke of Brabant . . . . . . .117 Attempt to assassinate the Prince of Orange . . 118 Plot formed against the Prince and the Duke of Brabant . 121 Sedition of the German troops, quelled by Parma . 123 Philip of Spain prosecutes the War with increased vigour . 124 Dissatisfaction of the Duke of Brabant with his Government 126 1583 He attempts to gain possession of some towns in the Netherlands ....... 128 " French Fury " at Antwerp .... 130 France and England mediate between the Duke of Brabant and his subjects . . . . . .134 Provisional Agreement between the Duke and the States 136 Spread of disaffection in the Netherlands . . . 138 Revision of the Act of Union .... 141 1584 Death of the Duke of Brabant . . . .142 Murder of the Prince of Orange .... 144 His character ...... 148 Prince Maurice created Stadtholder of Holland and Zealand 152 Expulsion of Truchses, Archbishop of Cologne, from his see 153 Surrender of Ghent to Parma .... 154 Siege of Antwerp . . . . . . 1 5G Bridge across the Scheldt .... 157 Sovereignty of the Netherlands offered to the King of France 160 1585 Surrender of Brussels to the Royalists . . . 1G6 Defence, and fall of Antwerp ..... 167 States-General offer the Sovereignty of the Netherlands to the Queen of England ..... 174 Treaty, and delivery of Flushing, Rammekens, and Briel as security to the Queen ..... 175 Elizabeth appoints the Earl of Leicester Governor-General of her forces in the Netherlands . . . .177 1586 The States-General confer the Government of the Netherlands on the Earl of Leicester . . . ■ . 178 Displeasure of the Queen of England . . . 179 Unpopular measures pursued by the new Governor . 181 Interference of Leicester in matters of religion . . 184 Loss of Grave . . . . . .186 Erection of the Schenkenschans . . . 187 Parma captures Nuys . . . . .188 Leicester masters Doesburg and besieges Zutphen . 189 Death of Sir Philip Sydney . . . . .189 Dissensions between the Earl of Leicester and the States VI PAGE YEAR 1580 Death of the Duke and Duchess of Parma, and of Cardinal Granvelle . , *» 1537 Delivery of Deventer and the fort of the Veluwe to the Royalists by the English Commanders . . .193 Embassy of the States to England ; its reception by the Queen ....■•• Increased animosity between the States and Leicester . 190 Condition of the Spanish Netherlands as compared with that of the United Provinces . . . . .198 Siege of Sluys 203 Leicester at variance with all the Authorities in the United Provinces ....... 205 Disturbances at Utrecht and Leydeu . . . 208 Recall of Leicester 209

Chapter III

1587 Negotiations of Peace between England find Spain . .211 1588 Disorders caused by the English Party in the United Provinces ....... 215 Appeased by the interference of the Queen . . 218 Army prepared by the Duke of Parma for the invasion of England 219 Parma blockaded in the ports of the Netherlands by theships of Holland and Zealand .... 222 States return thanks for the deliverance of England from the Invincible Armada ..... 225 Failure of Parma before Bergen-op-Zoom . . . 225 1589 Sale of Geertruydenberg to Parma . . . 230 Purpose of invading Holland rendered abortive by the mutiny of the Spanish troops .... 233 Attempt upon Nimeguen, and death of Martin Schenck . 234 Combined expedition of the Dutch and English against Lisbon . . . . . . ' . 237 Regulation of the Army and Navy of the United Provinces 2C9 1590 Breda taken by stratagem ..... 241 Parma commanded by the King of Spain to march to the support of the League in France .... 244 Military achievements of Prince Maurice . . 247 Complaints of the German Princes .... 247 Alliance between Henry IV. of France and the United Provinces ....... 249 1591 Maurice captures Zutphen, Deventer, Delfziel, &c. . 250 Retreat of Parma from Nimeguen . . , 252 Nimeguen taken by Prince Maurice . . . 253 Improvement in the affairs of the United Provinces . 254 Influence of John Oldenbarneveldt in the States . .

VEAB rAd'K 1591 States refuse the mediation of the Emperor Rodolph II. . 255 1592 Campaign of Parma in France .... 250 Reduction of Steenwyk and Coevoerden . . . 257 Death and character of the Duke of Parma . . 260 1593 Administration of the Government of the Spanish Netherlands by Fuentez and Ibarra ; barbarous edict of the former 204 Siege and conquest of Geertruydenberg by Prince Maurice . 265 Profession of the Catholic religion by Henry IV. of France 269 Archduke Ernest of Austria appointed governor of the Spanish Netherlands ...... 270 1594 Reduction of Groningen by Prince Maurice . . 272 Futile negotiations of Peace between Spain and the United Provinces ....... 274 Design of assassinating Prince Maurice . . . 270 Mutiny of the Italians and AValloons in the Royalist army . 277 Invasion of Luxemburg by the King of France . . 280 States stand sponsors to the eldest son of the King of Scotland 280 Queen of England angrily demands payment of her Debt from the States ....... 231 1595 Disaffection of the Spanish Netherlands, and death of the Archduke . . . . . . .283 Negotiations for Peace broken off in consequence of an intercepted letter to the King of Spain . . . 284 Defeat of the States' troops at Bisliep . . . 288 Reduction of Cambray by the Spaniards . . . 289 Commencement of the Dutch trade to the East Indies . 290 Expeditions for the discovery of a north-east passage to China and Japan ...... 291 1596 The Archduke Albert of Austria appointed Governor of the Spanish Netherlands ..... 294 Prince of Orange released from his imprisonment in Spain . 205 Surrender of Hulst to the Archduke Albert . . 297 United expedition of the Dutch and English to Cadiz . 298 Queen of England renews her demands of payment . 301 Alliance between France, England, and the United Provinces 302 Destruction of the Fleet prepared by the King of Spain against England . . . . . . .303 Philip of Spain declares his insolvency . . . 304 1597 Victory gained at Turnhout by Prince Maurice . . 305 Maurice captures Alpen, Rhynberg, Meurs, Grol, &c. . 308 Offer of Mediation by the King of Poland to the States- General . . . . . .310 Execution for heresy7 at Brussels . . . .311 Proposals made by the King of Spain for a separate Peace with France . . . . . .313 1598 Peace between Spain and France . • PAGK YEAR - 1598 Renewal of the Alliance between the States and Queen ot England ...••• Surrender by King Philip of the Spanish Netherlands to the Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella . . 319 Plot to assassinate Prince Maurice . . • • 321 Campaign in Cleves and Juliers . • • 322 Advancement of the Commerce of the United Provinces . 326 Death and character of Philip II. of Spain . . 328

Chapter IV

1598 The War prosecuted with renewed vigour . . . 353 1599 Hostilities commenced by the Princes of Germany against the Spanish Netherlands ..... 337 Arrest of the Dutch ships in the ports of Spain . 340 Fleet equipped by the United Provinces . . . 341 Sickness and mortality at the island of St. Thomas . 342 Marriage of the Archduke Albert with the Infanta of Spain 343 Their "joyeuse entree" into Brabant . . . 344 Ineffectual attempts of the Archduke to procure peace . 345 1600 Province of Groningen refuses to furnish its contingent . 347 Prince Maurice invades Flanders .... 349 Battle of Nieuport and victory gained by the States' troops 351 Alienation between Prince Maurice and the States . 358 The States appear inclined towards a peace with Spain . 360 1601 Continuation of hostilities, and siege of Ostend . . 361 1602 Sedition in the Archduke's army .... 3G9 Establishment of the Dutch East India Company . 372 ~^ 1603 Death of the Queen of England . . . .374 Embassy to the Court of James I. . . 375 Unsuccessful siege of Bois-le-Due by Prince Maurice . 377 1604 Prince Maurice reduces Sluys .... 379 Compromise between the Archduke and his mutinous troops 380 Fall of Ostend ...... 382 Overtures of peace from Spain to England . . . 383 1005 Ambrose Spinola appointed by the King of Spain commander of the forces in the Netherlands . . . . 386 Spinola invades Overyssel .... 388 Battle of the Roer . . . r. , , . 389 Unsuccessful attempt to surprise Bergen-op-Zoom . 390 Naval engagement in the Straits of Dover . . . 392 Prosperity of the East India Company . . 393 -^ 1606 Obstacles to the levy of troops by the belligerents . . 395 Attempt upon Sluys repulsed .... 396 Spinola masters Lochem, Grol, and Rhynberg . . 397 Unsuccessful siege of Grol by Prince Maurice . .

YEAR PAGE 1600 Naval encounter, and heroism of a Dutch captain . . 402 Death of John of Nassau and of the Count of Hohenlohe 403 1607 Scheme for the establishment of a West India Company in the United Provinces ..... 404 Mutual desire of the belligerents for peace . . . 406 Proffers made by the Archdukes . . . [410 States require the acknowledgment of their independence aud sovereignty from the Archdukes and King of Spain . 410 Naval battle of Gibraltar . . . . .412 Negotiations for Peace opened under the mediation of France and England ...... 416 King of Spain evinces reluctance to ratify the Truce concluded between the Archdukes and the United Provinces . 417 Difficulties opposed to the Negotiations in the United Provinces 419 Interference of the Emperor .... 420 Beemster lake drained ..... 422 1603 Ambassadors from Spain and the Archdukes arrive at the Hague . . . . . . .423 Debates on the subject of the East India trade . . 425 Advantages gained by the Dutch in the East Indies . . 429 Rupture of the Negotiations .... 431 Long truce proposed by the Ambassador of France . . 431 Excitement occasioned by the proposal in the United Provinces ....... 432 1609 Conclusion of the truce for twelve years . . 436 Gifts conferred on the family of Nassau . . . 438

Chapter V

1609 Erection of a Council of State in the United Provinces proposed by the French Ambassador .... 442 Unsuccessful remonstrance made by him in favour of the Catholics . . . . • • .445 States send Ambassadors to the principal courts of Europe 446 1610 Origin of the war in Cleves and Juliers . . . 449 Campaign of Prince Maurice in Juliers . . 451 Rise of religious dissensions in the United Provinces . 453 Arminius appointed professor of theology at Leyden . 454 Different doctrines taught by him and Gomarus on the subject of predestination ..... 455 Disputes concerning the Confession of Faith and the Heidelberg Catechism . ' . . . ■ • 457 Conferences between Gomarus and Arminius . . 458 Clergy of Alkmaar resist the authority of the States of Holland 459 Death of Arminius ..... 401 " Five Articles" of the Arminians , , , .462 X TABLE OF CONTENTS.

YEAR PAGE 1610 Names of Remonstrants and Contra- Remonstrants given to the Arminians and Gomarists .... 463 1611 The King of England insists upon the removal of Vorstius from the professorship of theology at Leyden . 463 Increased divisions in the United Provinces . . 465 1613 Libel on the States of Holland published by Sy brand Lubbertus, answered by Grotius .... 466 1614 " Resolution for the peace of the Church," framed by Grotius, and promulgated by the States of Holland . . 407 1010 Contumacy of Roseus, a Contra-Remonstrant preacher, at the Hague . . . . . . .408 Barneveldt solicits the interference of Prince Maurice . 408 Maurice evinces favourable dispositions towards the Contra- Remonstrants ...... 471 Redemption of the cautionary towns from England , 473 Pacificatory decree issued by the States of Holland . 474 1617 Disturbances at the Hague and Amsterdam . . . 475 Levy of " Waardgelders" by the heads of the Remonstrant party 478 Maurice quarters troops in Briel . . . 479 Debates concerning a Synod to be held at Dordrecht . 480 1018 Maurice, Prince of Orange, changes the government of Nimeguen ....... 434 Barneveldt justifies himself from the accusations of the Prince of Orange . . . , , .485 Maurice forces the States of Utrecht to disband the Waardgelders . . ... . . .437 Waardgelders disbanded in the towns of Holland . 489 Arrest of Barneveldt, Grotius, and Hoogerbeets . . 490 Efforts of the States of Holland to procure the release of the prisoners ..... 403 Maurice effects an arbitrary change in the governments of the towns of Holland ...... 494 Acts of Maurice approved of by the New States of Holland . 497 Convocation of a Synod at Dordrecht . . . 493 Assembly of the Synod . . . 500 Demands of the Remonstrants . . .

Remonstrants cited to appear before the Synod . 501 Translation of the Bible into the Dutch language . 501 Harangue of Episcopius to the Synod . 502 Oath administered to the members . . 50o Disputes concerning the delivery of the answers of' the Remonstrants . . . 1G19 Expulsion of the Remonstrants from the Synod . 506 Discussion between the members of the Synod . 507 Remonstrants permitted to deliver their opinions in writing ' YEAR rAGE 1019 Canons promulgated by the Synod . . . 509 Judgment passed on the Remonstrants . . . 509 Condemnation of Vorstius, and termination of the Synod 510 Trial and execution of Barneveldt . . . .512 The wife of Grotius refuses to solicit his pardon . 525 Grotius and Hoogerbeets condemned to perpetual imprisonment ....... 52G Persecution of the Remonstrants ' . . , 527 Banishment of the Remonstrant ministers . . . 528 Treaty between the Dutch and English East India Companies 531 Origin of Batavia , 533 War in Cleves and Juliers ..... 534 Commencement of the thirty years' war . , 536 1620 Continued persecution of the Remonstrants . , . 538 1621 Escape of Grotius from his prison at Louvesteyn , 539 Renewal of the war between Spain and the United Provinces 542 1622 Relief of Bergen-op-Zoom by the Prince of Orange . , 544 Conspiracy against the Prince of Orange . . 545 1624 Treaties with France and England , 550 Conspiracy of the English at Amboyna, and execution of the accused ...... 552 Siege of Breda ...... 554 1625 Death and character of Maurice, Prince of Orange . 657 Invention of the telescope ..... 560 Bank of Amsterdam established (1609) . . . 561- Whale fishery . . . . . .561 Discovery of the straits of Le Maire, of Cape Hoorn, and the river Hudson ...... 502 Origin and progress of the Dutch AVest India Company . 563 :

Chapter VI

1625 Commencement of the administration of Frederic Henry, Stadtholder ...... 566 Alliance with England ..... 568 Assistance afforded to France in the siege of Rochelle . 569 Fall of Breda . . . . . . .570 1627 Grol taken by the Prince of Orange . . . 571 1628 Capture of the Spanish " Silver fleet" . . .571 Neutrality of the States in the war between France and England ....... 573 Offers of Peace by Spain to the United Provinces . . 575 1029 Siege of-Bois-le Due, and invasion of Utrecht . . 576 1631 Futile attempt upon Dunkirk . , , TABLE OF CONTENTS.

YEAR «« 1G31 Reversion of the offices of the Prince of Orange granted to his son 580 Disturbances in consequence of the toleration of the Remonstrants ....... 582 Return of Grotius to Holland .... 584 Grotius again banished ..... 580 1032 Reduction of Maestricht ..... 587 Overtures of Peace . . '. . . . 590 1C33 Death of the Archduchess Isabella . . . 591 1034 Alliance with France . . . . . .593 1635 Treaty for the partition of the Spanish Netherlands between France and the United Provinces . . . 594 Unsuccessful campaign of the .allies .... 596 Commotions in Friezland ..... 599 1036 Endeavours used to include the King of England in the Partition Treaty . . .... 600 1637 Title of Highness given to the Prince of Orange by the King of France ...... 603 Reduction of Breda by Frederic Henry . . . 604 Progress of the AVest India Company . . . 605 - The " Tulipomania" ...... 607' 1038 Failure of a design upon Antwerp . . . 008 Defeat of the Dutch troops at Liefkenshoek . . . 010 1039 Victory g.ained by the States' fleet in the Downs . 611 Rank and title of the States-General .... 013 1040 Death of the Stadtholder of Friezland and Groningen . 614 William of Nassau chosen Stadtholder of Friezland, and the Prince of Orange of Groningen . . . .614 1641 Marriage of the son of the Prince of Orange with the Princess Royal of England ..... 017 Separation of Portugal from Spain ; truce with Portugal . 619 Jealousy of the United Provinces towards France . 020 1042 Civil discords in England; States determine to preserve 'a neutrality .......

(J21 1043 Death of Cardinal Richelieu; and of the King of France . 023 Attempted reform of the States-General . . . 623 Conferences for a general Peace fixed to be held at Munster and Osnaburg ; Ambassadors of France at the Hague . 626 1044 States offer their Mediation to the King and Parliament of England ....... ,309 1045 States effect an Accommodation between Sweden andDenmark 633 Revolt of the Portugueze in Brazil . . , 534 1 646 States send Ambassadors to the Conferences at Munster . 634 Anxiety of Holland for peace . . . ggg Conditions proposed of a Treaty between Spain and the United Provinces C40 YEAR rA0E 1647 Death and character of Frederic Henry, Prince of Orange 645 Complaints of the French Ambassadors at Munster against the States, supported by AVilliam, Prince of Orange . 040 1G48 States conclude a separate Treaty with Spain . . 050 Publication of the Peace ..... 652 Causes of the successful termination of the war on the part of the Dutch . . . . . . .653 Advancement of the Dutch in the arts and literature . 665