Introduction to political science

Front matter

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Preface

At' the present time no field of knowledge is growing more rapidly into favor, both in the colleges and universities, and among thinking people in general, than that of the social sciences. Looking to the past, they are linked with the whole process of biologic and psychologic evolution, and trace the origin and development of human institutions and ideas. Dealing with the present, they describe the organization and activities of those social groups in which we all live. Looking to the future, they open up the important political, economic, and social problems that future generations must solve.

Within this general field probably no subdivision so happily combines material of academic interest to the student and possibilities of practical application, as does political science. The state is the greatest institution that man has created, and its scope of activities promises to be increasingly extensive as society becomes more complex. It seems, therefore, that there is need for a book that will give a general outline of political science, viewing the state from the standpoint of past development and present conditions. For the special student in this department of knowledge it will serve as a background for more specialized work in its various divisions ; for - the general reader it will open up the important questions with which, in modern democracies, all good citizens should be familiar. There is an especial need for a textbook in political science for college and university classes, and in the arrangement and treatment of material in ' this volume that end has been constantly kept in mind. The references at the head of each chapter will suggest wider reading and open up the general literature of the subject.

This volume aims to add little to the sum total of human knowledge. It draws freely upon the work of such scholars as Burgess,

IV INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

Lowell, Wilson, Willoughby, Goodnow, Dunning, Reinsch, and many others in this country, to say nothing of the numerous English and continental writers whose work in this field is excellent. Valuable suggestions have also been received from Leacock's " Elements of Political Science " and from Dealey's " The Development of the State," both of which appeared while this work was in preparation. The chief purpose of this book is to combine, in brief compass, the essentials of political science, the details of which have been so ably worked out by these men ; and, by showing the interrelations among the various divisions of the subject, to bring out more clearly the essential unity of the state. While based upon a certain theory of the state, it aims to give a fair statement of those principles concerning which scholars are not yet entirely in agreement. In a word, it is, as its title indicates, an Introduction to Political Science, outlining and suggesting the origin, development, organization, and activities of the state.

The author wishes to express his appreciation of the assistance he has received from Mr. W. N. Carlton, formerly librarian of Trinity College, at present librarian of the Newberry Reference Library of Chicago ; of the helpful criticism of his former teacher. Dr. J. Lynn Barnard, now of the School of Pedagogy of Philadelphia; of the inspiration given by his former teacher, Dr. Leo S. Rowe, of the University of Pennsylvania ; and especially of the unwearied cooperation of his wife, whose careful and critical preparation of the manuscript has made improvements upon almost every page. Valuable assistance in the verification of references and in the preparation of the Index has been given by Mr. J. E. Brown, one of the author's students in Trinity College.

RAYMOND GARFIELD GETTELL

Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut

Contents

GENERAL REFERENCES

PAGE

I. Select Books xi

II. Periodicals xix

Introduction

CHAPTER

I. Nature and Scope of Political Science 3

I. Political science . -i

2. Relation to allied sciences 4

Part I The Nature Of The State

II. Preliminary Definitions and Distinctions 9

3. Need for definitions and distinctions g

4. Nation ; nationality 9

5. State 10

7. Government 13

8. Divisions of political science 14

III. Physical Basis of the State. 17

9. Importance of the physical basis 17

10. Elements of the physical environment 18

11. Contour of the earth's surface 19

12. Climate 22

13. Resources 23

14. General aspects of nature ,. . '. 25

15. Changes in environment 25

v vi INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

IV. Population of the State 29

16. Importance of population 29

17. Growth of population 3°

18. Distribution of population 3'

20. Nationality 33

21. Political genius of various nations 35

22. Importance of the individual 37

23. Conclusions 3^

V. Origin of the State 41

24. Forces in state-building 41

25. Kinship 42

26. Religion 44

27. Need for order and protection 46

28. Emergence of the state 47

29. Stagnation and progress 49

VI. Evolution- of the State 53

31. The Oriental empire 54

32. The Greek city state 55

33. The Roman world empire 57

34. The feudal state 59

35. The national state 61

36. General features of state development 65

VII. Theories of the State 71

37. Importance of political theories 71

38. Ancient political theories 73

39. Medieval political theory 76

40. Modern political theory 77

41. The divine theory 80

42. The social-contract theory 81

43. The organic theory 87

44. Present political theory 8g

CONTENTS vii

VIII. Sovereignty 93

45. Nature of sovereignty 93

46. Development of theory of sovereignty 95

47. Criticism of theory of sovereignty ... 97

48. Location of sovereignty 98

49. Popular sovereignty 99

50. Sovereignty as constitution-making power 10 1

51. Sovereignty as lawmaking power . ... ... 103

52. Revolution 104

IX. Individual Liberty 109

53. Relation of state to individual 109

54. Nature of civil liberty no

55. Guarantee of civil liberty 112

56. Content of civil liberty 114

57. Political liberty ... 115

X. Law 119

58. Nature of law . . . . ■ ' 1 9

59. Sources of law 121

60. Basis of modern law . .... 123

61. Rights 126

62. Divisions of law . . 1 28

63. Law and ethics 130

XI. Relation of State to State 133

64. International relations 133

65. History of international relations .... .... 134

66. Sources of international law 137

67. Parties to international law 139

68. Nature of international law 141

XII. Content of International Law .... . . 145

References 14S

69. Divisions of international law . . . .... 145

70. Independence and equality 146 vili INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

71. Property 14^

72. Jurisdiction 15'

73. Diplomacy. ■ 15^

• 75. Neutrality 160

76. Neutral commerce 162

XIII. Form of the State and of Government 167

IT. Forms of the state 167

78. Forms of government 17°

79. Unitary and dual governments 172

80. Parliamentary and nonparliamentary governments .... 173

81. Application to modern states I7S

XIV. Federal Government 179

82. Forms of union i79

83. Nature of federal government 181

84. Distribution of powers 184

85. Advantages and disadvantages of federal government . . . 186

XV. Constitutions ... 191

86. Nature of constitutions 191

87. Requisites of constitutions . . . 193

88. Creation of constitutions . 195

89. Amendment of constitutions 198

Part II The Organization Of Government

XVI. The Electorate . . . . 205

90. Requisites of a democracy 205

91. Extent of the electorate 206

92. Control of electorate over government 211

93. Initiative and referendum .... 213

94. Minority representation 216

CONTENTS IX

XVII. Separation and Division of Powers 221

95. The ordinary government .... 221

96. Theory of the separation of powers 223

97. Separation of powers in modern states . ... 224

98. Criticism of separation of powers . .... 227

99. Division of powers 230

XVIII. The Legislature 237

100. Structure of legislatures 237

I o I . Composition of upper houses 240

102. Composition of lower houses .... .... 242

103. Comparative power of the two houses 244

104. Internal organization . . . 246

105. Method of procedure 249

106. Functions of legislatures 252

XIX. The Executive 255

107. Evolution of the executive ... 255

108. The executive head . 257

109. Executive councils .261

no. Heads of departments 263

111. The civil service ... ... 267

112. Functions of the executive 269

XX. The Judiciary .... 273

113. Evolution of the judicial department 273

114. Functions and requisites of the judiciary . . . . 275

I I J. Relation of judiciary to executive 277

116. Relation of judiciary to legislature 280

117. Organization of the judiciary 283

XXI. P«litical Parties 289

118. Functions of political parties 289

119. History of political parties . . 292

1 20. Present political parties 297

X INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

121. Party organization 3°S

1 22. Party reform 3°^

XXII. Local Government S'S

References • • 3i5

123. Relation of local to central government 315

1 24. Commonwealth governments 3 ' ^

125. Rural local government .... . . ... 321

126. Historical development of cities 3^9

1 27. Municipal government 333

128. Municipal reform in the United States 338

1 29. Municipal activities 34°

XXIII. Colonial Government . 347

130. Importance of colonial development 347

131. Historical development of colonies 350

132. Motives of colonization 35S

133. Development of colonial policy 359

134. Colonial policy of England 363

135. Colonial policy of the United States 366

136. Forms of colonial government 371

Part III The Ends Of The State

XXIV. The Province of Government 377

137. The aims of the state 377

138. The activities of the state 379

139. Individualism 381

140. Socialism 385

141. Socialism in present politics 387

XXV. The Functions of Government ^. . 393

142. Classification of governmental functions 393

143. Essential functions 396

144. Optional functions 401

GENERAL REFERENCES

I. SELECT BOOKS

The following list contains the books referred to in this volume, and, while by no means exhaustive, forms a working library in political science. With a few exceptions it is limited to books written in English or translated into English. Specific references will be found at the beginning of each chapter.

Adams, B. The New Empire. New York, 1902.

Adams, G. B. Civilization during the IVIiddle Ages. New York, 1894.

Ames, H. V. The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United

States during the First Century of its History. Annual Report of the

American Historical Association, Vol. H, i8g6. Amos, S. The Science of Law. New York, 1888. Amos, S. The Science of Politics. New York, 1883. Aristotle. The Politics. For translation, see Jowett. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. De Civitate Dei. Libri 22. Lipsiae, Teubner,

1877.

Austin, J. Lectures on Jurisprudence. 2 vols. London, 4th ed., 1879. Bagehot, W. Physics and Politics. New York, 1873. Bagehot, W. The English Constitution. London, 1 867. Baldwin, S. E. The American Judiciary. New York, 1905. Bastable, C. F. Public Finance. New York, 2d ed., 1895. Beard, C. A. American Government and Politics. New York, 1910. Beard, C. A. Readings in American Government and Politics. New York,

1909.

Bemis, E. W. Municipal Monopolies. New York, 4th ed., 1904. Bentham, J. Fragment on Government. Oxford, 1776. Bluntschli, J. K. The Theory of the State. Oxford, translation of 6th ed.,

1885.

Bodin, Jean. Six Books concerning the State. Translated by Richard

KnoUes. London, i6o6.

Bodley, J. E. C. France. 2 vols. New York, 1898. Bondy, W. The Separation of Governmental Powers. Columbia College

Studies, Vol. V, No. 2.

Borgeaud, Ch. Adoption and Amendment of Constitutions in Europe and

America. Translated by C. D. Hazen and J. M. Vincent. New York, xii INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

BosANQUET, B. The Philosophical Theory of the State. New York, 1899.

BoTSFORD, G. W. Development of the Athenian Constitution. Cornell University Studies in Classical Philology. New York, 1893.

BouTMY, E. Studies in Constitutional Law. Translated by E. M. Dicey. London, 1891.

Brinton, D. G. Races and Peoples. Philadelphia, 1890.

Bryce, J. The American Commonwealth. 2 vols. London and New York, 1889.

Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire. New York, 8th ed., 1883.

Bryce, J. Studies in History and Jurisprudence. Oxford, igoi.

Bvckle, H. T. History of Civilization in England. 3 vols. London, 1872.

Burgess, J. W. Political Science and Constitutional Law. 2 vols. Boston, 1890.

Burnett, E. C. The Government of Federal Territories in Europe. Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, Vol. VHI, Part I.

Caldecott, a. English Colonization and Empire. New York, 1903.

Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by H. Beveridge. Edinburgh, 1847.

Carson, H. L. The Supreme Court of the United States : Its History. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1892.

Cicero. The Republic. For translation, see Featherstonhaugh.

Clarke, R. F. The Science of Law and Lawmaking. , New York, 1898.

Cleveland, F. A. The Growth of Democracy in the United States. Chicago, 1898.

Colonial Administration. Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington, 1901.

Commons, J. R. Proportional Representation. New York, 1896.

Cooley, T. M. Constitutional Limitations. Boston, 6th ed., 1890.

CoDLiDGE, A. C. The United States as a World Power. New York, 1908.

Coubertin, p. The Evolution of France under the Third Republic. Translated by I. F. Hapgood. New York, 1 897.

Crane, R. T. The State in Constitutional and International Law. Johns Hopkins University Studies, Series XXV, Nos. 6-7. Baltimore, 1907.

Cunningham, W. An Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects. 2 vols. (Ancient Times ; Medieval and Modern Times). London, 1 898-1 900.

Cyclopedia of Political Science. Edited by J. J. Lalor. 3 vols. Chicago, 1882-1884.

Dallinger, F. W. Nominations for Elective Office in the United States. New York, 1897.

Dante Alighieri. De Monarchia. Translated by F. J. Church. London, 1879.

Davies, J. L., and Vaughan, D. J. The Republic of Plato. Translated, with Analysis and Notes. London, 1897.

GENERAL REFERENCES xiii

Davis, G. B. The Elements of International Law. New York, 3d ed., 1908.

Day, Clive. A History of Commerce. New York, 1907.

Day, Clive. The Dutch in Java. New York, 1904.

DE CouLANGES, FusTEL. The Ancient City. Translated by W. A. Small. Boston, loth ed., igoi.

Dealey, J. Q. The Development of the State. New York, 1909.

Deploige, S. The Referendum in Switzerland. Translated by C. P. Trevelyan. New York, 1898.

Dicey, A. V. Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. London and New York, 5th ed., 1897.

DoDD, W. F. Modern Constitutions. 2 vols. Chicago, 1909.

Dunning, W. A. A History of Political Theories. 2 vols. New York, 1902- 1905.

Eaton, D. B. The Government of Municipalities. New York, 1899.

Egerton, H. E. Origin and Growth of English Colonies. Oxford, 1903.

Ely, R. T. French and German Socialism. New York, 1883.

Ely, R. T. Monopolies and Trusts. New York, 1900.

Ely, R. T. Socialism and Social Reform. New York, 1 894.

Fairbanks, A. Introduction to Sociology. New York, 3d ed., 1905.

Fairlie, J. A. Local Government in the United States, Cities Excepted. New York, 1904.

Fairlie, J. A. Municipal Administration. New York, i go i.

Farrand, L. Basis of American History. American Nation, Vol. II. New York, 1904.

Featherstonhaugh, G. W. The Republic of Cicero. Translated, with Introduction. New York, 1829.

Federalist, The. Edited by 'Lodge, 1888.

Figgis, J. N. The Theory of the Divine Right of Kings. Cambridge (Eng.), 1896.

Filmer, Sir Robert. Patriarcha. In the volume with Locke's Two Treatises of Civil Government, ed. by Henry Morley. London, 2d ed., 1887.

Follett, M. p. The Speaker of the House of Representatives. New York, 1896.

Ford, H. J. Rise and Growth of American Politics. New York, 1898.

Foster, J. W. Arbitration and the Hague Court. Boston, 1904.

Foster, J. W. A Century of American Diplomacy. Boston, 1900.

Foster, J. W. The Practice of Diplomacy. Boston, 1906.

Fowler, W.W. The City State of the Greeks and Romans. London, 1893.

Freeman, E. A. Comparative Politics. New York, 1874.

Freeman, E. A. History of Federal Government. London, 1863.

Freund, E. Empire and Sovereignty. Chicago University Decennial Publications, Vol. IV, 1903.

Freund, E. The Police Power. Chicago, 1904.

Garner, J. W. Introduction to Political Science. New York, 1910.

xlv INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

G|DDINGS, F. H. Democracy and Empire. New York, 1900.

GiDDiNGS, F. H. The Principles of Sociology. New York, 1896.

Gierke, O. Political Theories of the Middle Ages. Translated by F. W.

Maitland. Cambridge (Eng.), 1900.

GODKIN, E. L. Problems of Modern Democracy. New York, 1897. GooDNOW, F. J. City Government in the United States. New York, 1904. GooDNOW, F. J. Comparative Administrative Law. 2 vols. New York, 1893. GooDNOW, F. J. Municipal Government. New York, 1909. GooDNOW, F. J. Municipal Problems. New York, 1897. GooDNOW, F. J. Politics and Administration. New York, 1900. Graham, W. English Political Philosophy from Hobbes to Maine. London,

1899.

Green, T. H. Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation. New York,

1895.

Grotius, Hugo. The Law of War and Peace. Abridged translation by

William Whewell. 3 vols. Cambridge (Eng.), 1853. Hall, W. E. International Law. Oxford, 5th ed., 1904. Hart, A. B. Actual Government. New York, 2d ed., 1905. Hart, A. B. Foundations of American Foreign Policy. New York, 1901. Hart, A. B. Practical Essays on American Government. New York, 1893. Hearn, W. E. The Aryan Household. London, 1879. Henderson, C. R. Dependents, Defectives, Delinquents. Boston, 1901. Henderson, J. B. American Diplomatic Questions. New York, 1901. Hill, D. J. History of Diplomacy in the International Development of

Europe. Vols. I, II. New York, 1905-1906.

Hill, M. Liberty Documents. New York, 1901.

HiLLQUiT, M. History of Socialism in the United States. New York, 1903. HiLLQUlT, M. Socialism in Theory and Practice. New York, 1909. Hinsdale, B. A. How to Study and Teach History. New York, rev. ed.,

1907.

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Edited by Henry Morley. London, 1887. HOBSON, J. The Evolution of Modern Capitalism. London, 1894. Holland, T. E. The Elements of Jurisprudence. Oxford, loth ed., 1906. Hooker, Richard. The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Books I-IV. Edited

by Henry Morley. London, 1888.

Hopkins, J. H. History of Political Parties in the United States. New York,

1900.

Ireland, A. Tropical Colonization. New York, 1899. Jenks, E. An Outline of English Local Government. London, 1894. Jenks, E. History of Politics. New York, 1900. Jenks, E. Law and Politics in the Middle Ages. New York, 1898. Jephson, H. The Platform: Its Rise and Progress. 2 vols. New York, 1892. Johnson, E. R. American Railway Transportation. New York, 1905. Johnson, E. R. Ocean and Inland Water Transportation. New York, 1906.

GENERAL REFERENCES xv

Jordan, D. S. Imperial Democracy. New York, 1899.

JowETT, Rev. B. The Politics of Aristotle. Translated, with Introduction,

Analysis, and Notes. 2 vols. Oxford, 1885.

JUDSON, H. P. The Essential Elements of a Written Constitution. Chicago

University Decennial Publications, Vol. IV, 1903. Kelly, E. Government, or Human Evolution. 2 vols. New York, 190 1. KiRKUP, T. History of Socialism. ^London, 1892.

Lawrence, T. J. The Principles of International Law. Boston, 3d ed., 1906. Leacock, S. Elements of Political Science. Boston, 1906. Lecky, W. E. H. Democracy and Liberty. 2 vols. New York, 1896. Lee, G. C. Historical Jurisprudence. New York, 1900. Leroy-Beaulieu, p. The Modern State. New York, 1891. Letourneau, Ch. Property: Its Origin and Development. New York, 1892. Lewis, G. C. Government of Dependencies. Oxford, Lucas ed., 1891. Lewis, G. C. The Use and Abuse of Political Terms. London, 1832. Lieber, F. Civil Liberty and Self-Govemment. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1853. Lilly, W. S. First Principles in Pohtics. New York, 1899. Lloyd, H. D. Newest England. New York, 1900. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Edited by Henry Morley.

London, 2d ed., 1887.

Lowell, A. L. Essays on Government. Boston, 1889. Lowell, A. L. Governments and Parties in Continental Europe. 2 vols.

Boston, 1896.

Lowell, A. L. The Government of England. 2 vols. New York, 1908. McClain, E. Cases on Constitutional Law. Boston, 1900. McClain, E. Constitutional Law in the United States. New York, 1905. McConachie, L. G. Congressional Committees. New York, 1898. M'Kechnie, W. S. The State and the Individual. New York, 1 896. McKenzie, J. S. Introduction to Social Philosophy. New York, 2d ed.,

1895.

McLennan, J. F. The Patriarchal Theory. London, 1885. Machiavelli, NiccoLO. The Prince. In Morley's Universal Library. London,

1889.

Macy, J. Party Organization and Machinery. New York, 1904. Macy, j. The English Constitution. New York, 1900. Mahan, a. T. Sea Power and its Relations to the War of 181 2. 2 vols.

Boston, 1905.

Mahan, A. T. The Influence of Sea Power upon History. London, 1890. Maine, Sir H. S. Ancient Law. New York, 1885. Maine, Sir H;. S. Early Law and Custom. New York, 1883. Maine, Sir H. S. Lectures on the Early History of Institutions. New York,

187s.

Markby, Sir W. Elements of Law. Oxford, 1889. Marshall, A. Principles of Economics. London, 4th ed., 1898.

xvi INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

Mason, E. C. The Veto Power : Its Origin, Development, and Function in

the Government of the United States, 1789-1889. Boston, 1890. May, T. E. Constitutional History of England. 2 vols. Boston, 1864. Mayo-Smith, R. Statistics and Sociology. New York, 1895. Medley, D. J. English Constitutional History. Oxford, 3d ed., 1902. Merriam, C. E. a History of American Political Theories. New York, 1903. Merriam, C. E. History of the Theory of Sovereignty since Rousseau.

Columbia University Studies, Vol. XII, No. 4. New York, 1900. Mill, J. S. On Liberty. London, 3d ed., 1864. Mill, J. S. Principles of Political Economy, with Some of their Applications

to Social Philosophy. 2 vols. London, 5th ed., 1880. Montesquieu, C. Spirit of the Laws. Nugent's translation. New edition,

revised by J. V. Prichard. 2 vols. London, 1878 (Bohn's Library). Moore, J. B. A History and Digest of International Arbitrations. 6 vols.

Washington, 1898.

Moore, J. B. International Law Digest. 8 vols. Washington, 1906. MoREY, W. C. Outlines of Roman Law. New York, 1884. Morgan, L. H. Ancient Society. New York, 1877. Morris, H. C. The History of Colonization. 2 vols. New York, 1900. MuNRO, W. B. The Government of European Cities. New York, 1909. Oberholtzer, E. p. The Referendum in America. New York, 1900. Osgood, H. L. The Political Ideas of the Puritans. Political Science Quarterly,

Vol. VI, 1 89 1.

OsTROGORSKi, M. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties.

Translated by F. Clarke. 2 vols. New York, 1902. Patten, S. N. The New Basis of Civilization. New York, 1907. Plato. The Republic. For translation, see Davies. Pollock, Sir F. An Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics.

London, 1897.

Pollock, Sir F. Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics. New York, 1882. PORRITT, E. The Unreformed House of Commons. 2 vols. Cambridge

(Eng.), 1903.

PuLSZKY, A. The Theory of Law and Civil Society. London, 1888. Rae, J. Contemporary Socialism. London, 2d ed., 1891. Reid, W. Problems of Expansion. New York, 1900. Reinsch, p. S. American Legislatures and Legislative Methods. New York,

1904.

Reinsch, P. S. Colonial Administration. New York, 1905. Reinsch, P. S. Colonial Government. New York, 1905. Reinsch, P. S. Readings on American Federal Government. Boston, 1909. Reinsch, P. S. World Politics. New York, 1904. Ripley, W. Z. The Races of Europe. 2 vols. New York, 1899. Ritchie, D. G. Natural Rights. New York, 2d ed., 1903. Ritchie, D. G. Principles of State Interference. New York, 3d ed., 1902.

GENERAL REFERENCES xvii

Ritchie, D. G. Studies in Political and Social Ethics. New York, 1902. Robertson, E. Article " Law " in Encyclopedia Britannica. 9th ed. Robinson, J. H., and Beard, C. A. The Development of Modern Europe.

2 vols. Boston, 1908.

Ross, E. A. The Foundations of Sociology. New York, 1905. Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The Social Contract. Translated by H. J. Tozer.

New York, 4th ed., 1906.

1875-1878 andi88i.

Schaffle, A. E. F. The Quintessence of Socialism. Translation of 8th German edition. New York, 1889.

SCHERGER, G. L. The Evolution of Modem Liberty. New York, 1904. ScHOULER, J. Constitutional Studies. New York, 1897. Scott, J. B. Cases on International Law. Boston, 1902. Seeley, Sir J. R. Introduction to Political Science. London, 1896. Seeley, Sir J. R. The Expansion of England. London, 2d ed., 1895. Seligman, E. R. a. Essays in Taxation. New York, 5th ed., 1905. Seligman, E. R. a. Principles of Economics. New York, 1905. Seligman, E. R. A. The Economic Interpretation of History. New York,

1902.

Semple, E. C. American History and its Geographic Conditions. Boston,

1903.

Shaw, A. Municipal Government in Continental Europe. New York,

1895.

Shaw, A. Municipal Government in Great Britain. New York, 1895. SiDGWiCK, H. Elements of Politics. New York, 2d ed., 1897. SiDGWiCK, H. The Development of European Polity. New York, 1903. Small, A. W. General Sociology. Chicago, 1905. Smith, F. E. International Law. Temple Primers. Smith, J. A. The Spirit of American Government. New York, 1907. Snow, A. H. The Administration of Dependencies. New York, 1902. Snow, F. Cases and Opinions on International Law. Boston, 1893. Spencer, H. Principles of Sociology. 3 vols. New York, 3d ed., 1890. Stanton, E. C, and others. History of Woman Suffrage. 4 vols. Rochester,

2d ed., 1 889-1 902.

Stearns, J. M. Germs and Development of the Laws of England. New

York, 1889.

Stevens, C. E. Sources of the Constitution of the United States. New

York, 1894.

Story, J. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. 2 vols.

Boston, 5th ed., 1891.

Taswell-Langmead, L. English Constitutional History. London, 3d ed.,

1886.

Taylor, I. The Origin of the Aryans. New York, 1889.

xviii INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

Thomas Aquinas. De Regimine Principum, Vol. XXVII, opusc. i6, in Opera

Treaties and Conventions of the United States. Washington, 1899. Trotter, S. Geography of Commerce. New York, 1903. Tucker, G. F. The Monroe Doctrine. Boston, 1885. Vincent, J. M. Government in Switzerland. New York, 1900. Walker, T. A. History of the Law of Nations. 2 vols. New York, 1899-

1900.

Wallace, A. R., and others. Progress of the Century. New York, 190 1. Walpole, S. Foreign Relations. London, 1882. Walpole, S. The Electorate and the Legislature. New York, 1881. Ward, L. F. AppUed Sociology. Boston, 1906. Ward, L. F. Pure Sociology. New York, 1903. Weber, A. F. The Growth of Cities. Columbia University Studies in His-'

tory. Economics, and Pubhc Law, Vol. XL New York, 1899. Westermarck, E. History of Human Marriage. New York, i8gi. Westlake, J. Chapters on the Principles of International Law. Cambridge

(Eng.), 1894.

Wilcox, D. F. The Study of City Government. New York, 1897. Willoughby, W. F. Territories and Dependencies of the United States.

New York, 1905.

Willoughby, W. W. The American Constitutional System. New York, 1904. Willoughby, W. W. The Nature of the State. New York, 1 896. Willoughby, W. W. The Political Theories of the Ancient World. New

York, 1903.

Willoughby, W. W. The Supreme Court of the United States. Baltimore,

1890.

Wilson, W. An Old Master and other Political Essays. Boston, 1893. Wilson, W. Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics.

Boston, 1885.

Wilson, W. The State. Boston, rev. ed., 1909. Woodburn, J. A. Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States.

New York, 1909.

Woolsey, T. D. Political Science. 2 vols. New York, 1877. Wright, C. D. Practical Sociology. New York, 5th ed., 1902. Zenker, E.V. Anarchism. London, 1898.

Zueblin, C. American Municipal Progress. New York, 1902.

GENERAL REFERENCES xix

II. PERIODICALS,

The following is a partial list of periodicals, published in English, containing material of importance in political science. For articles in periodic literature "Poole's Index" is the standard guide. In addition, the official publications of the various governments, including the statutes and debates of their legislative bodies, the decisions of their courts and administrative commissions, and the reports of their various departments, are indispensable. Detailed lists of such publications may be found in the " Statesman's Year-Book." Finally, there is much fugitive material contained in the diaries, letters, and state papers of public men, and in the news items that appear from time to time in reliable newspapers. Students of political science must, in a general way, keep in touch with this material.

American Historical Association, Annual Reports of the. 1884-.

American Historical Review. New York, 1895-.

American Journal of International Law. New York, 1907-.

American Journal of Sociology. Chicago, 1895-.

American Law Review. Boston and St. Louis, 1866-.

American Political Science Association, Proceedings of the. 1904-.

American Political Science Review. Baltimore, 1906-.

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, 1890-.

Annual Register. London, 1758-.

Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events. New York, 1 862-.

Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 185 7-.

Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law. New York, 1891-.

Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh, 1802-.

Forum. New York, 1886-.

Good Government. Boston, Washington, and New York, 1881-.

Harvard Law Review. Cambridge (Mass.), 1888-.

Independent. New York, 1 848-.

Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Pohtical Science. Baltimore, 1 883-.

Journal of Comparative Legislation. London, 1897-.

Journal of Political Economy. Chicago, 1892-.

Juridical Review. Edinburgh, 1889-.

Law Quarterly Review. London, 1885-.

Michigan Political Science Association Publications. Ann Arbor, 1893-.

Municipal Affairs. New York, 1 897-.

Nation. New York, 1865-.

Nineteenth Century and After. London, 1877-.

XX INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

North American Review. Boston and New York, 1815-.

Outlook. New York, 1867-.

Political Science Quarterly. New York, 1886-.

Review of Reviews. New York, 1890-.

Quarterly Journal of Economics. Boston, 1886-.

Statesman's Year-Book. London, 1864-.

Weekly Times. London.

Yale Law Journal. New Haven, 1891-.

Yale Review. New Haven, 1892-.

OUTLINE OF CHAPTER I

References Political Science

i. historical political science

2. political theory

3. descriptive political science

4. applied political science

Relation to Allied Sciences

1. political science and sociology

2. political science and history

3. political science and economics

4. political science and ethics

5. political science and jurisprudence

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I

NATURE AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Amos, S. The Science of Politics, pp. 1-20 Bluntschli, J. K. The Theory of the State, Introduction

GooDNOW, F. J. The Work of the American PoUtical Science Association. Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1904), Vol. I, pp. 35-47 Leacock, S. Elements of Political Science, pp. 3-12 Pollock, F. History of the Science of Politics, pp. 1-8, 93-96 PuLSZKY, A. The Theory of Law and Civil Society, chap, iii Seeley, J. R. Introduction to Political Science, Lecture I SiDGWiCK, H. Elements of Politics, chap, i WiLLOUGHBY, W. W. The Nature of the State, chap, i