The coral lands of the Pacific : their peoples and their products.

Front matter

THE CORAL LANDS OP THE PAGIPIG.

THE

CORAL LANDS OF THE PACIFIC

Preface To The Second Edition

In this revision I have been assisted by many good friends. Tor the most recent returns of the exports and imports of the colony of Fiji, I am indebted to the indefatigable Colonial Secretary, the Hon. John B. Thurston, C.M.G. ; while in regard to some interesting Samoan data, I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of Mr. H. Phipps Allender.

The beautiful lagoon of Mango, which forms the frontispiece, was sketched from a photograph by my friend M. Frederic Sang, of the Salon, Paris. For the index appended to this edition I am indebted to Mr. F. W. Jordan.

H. STONEHEWEE COOPER.

Church End, Finchley, June, 1882.

PKEFACE.

[TO THE FIB ST EDITION.)

The original pioneers of the Pacific were exceptionally unfortunate.

In the church of St. Francis, in the town of Nombre de Dios, on the Darien isthmus, is a painting of Vasco Nunez de Balboa. AYith infinite labour he has dragged the timbers of his vessel across the mountains of America, and now, clad in complete armour and standing up to the waist in salt water, with a sword in one hand and the Papal flag in the other, he is depicted as taking formal possession of the islands of the Pacific on behalf of the Apostolic See of Eome. He died under the headsman's axe in 1517, for an unjust charge of treason, four years after his great discovery.

Magalhaens, who passed, in l^ovember, 1520, through the straits which bear his name, died the next year in a miserable skirmish with some Indians. Alvaro de Saavedra died upon his return voyage from Mexico to Manilla. It was Saavedra

Preface To The First Edition

who proposed to the King of Spain to cut through the isthmus of Darien, and very circumstantially described the route between the San Miguel and Atrato, a favourite one at this hour.

Alvaro de Mendana, who discovered the Solomon Islands in 1567, afterwards planned and attempted a scheme for their colonisation. On his second voyage, however, in 1595, he was unable to find them, and a settlement was tried at Santa Cruz. At that place he died, leaving his wife in command of the colony ; but disease and other disasters soon caused it to be abandoned, and the survivors, sick and dying, sailed away for the Philippines, taking Mendana's body with them. The vessel, carrying the corpse of the pioneer, was last seen in full sail drifting towards a reef, but the body of Mendana had the ghastly comjoanionship of a crew of dead men — for no living man was on board the ill-fated discoverer's ship ; with their late commander they had all gone on the more extended voyage of eternity.

Dampier, our countryman, died in obscurity, we know not how or where.

Fernando Quiros, who gave his name to an island which yields an annual income of some thousands sterling, has left us this record at the hands of Cardinal Valenza : ' I have seen, in a ^vine-shop of Seville, one Fernando Quiros, who had been an adventurer in the Indies and beyond, and who told me he

Preface To The First Edition

had seen there people who did eat their wives and other relatives, in place of consigning them to tombs, which did not so much surprise me, seeing that the same thing has been related of the ancients.' Quiros commenced life as a common sailor, and became an admiral. Torres, who gave his name to the Australian Straits, was Quiros's lieutenant, and Torquemada his historian. This 'man in the wine-shop' died in obscurity in Panama.

Eoggewein, who discovered Samoa, was imprisoned in Batavia, and died in wretchedness.

Of Cook's sad end I need not speak.

The French circumnavigator, M. de la Perouse, perished off the island of Vanikoro, one of the Santa Cruz group ; while Dumont D'Urville, the Polynesian naturalist a,nd traveller, was burnt to death on the Paris and Versailles railway.

To these men, and many others who seem to have given their lives for the Pacific, we owe a deep debt of gratitude, for they serve, though dead, as finger-posts to a world of wealth.

Spain is no longer a colonising power, and though the discovery of the Pacific is due to the Latin race, the utilisation of that discovery will almost certainly be the work of the Anglo-Saxon.

With the hope of assisting in that work, morally and commercially, I have written 'Coral Lands.'

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION,

To the Agent-General for New Zealand, Sir Julius Yogel, K.C.M.Gr., I must also tender my grateful thanks for much valuable information on the trade of the South Sea Islands, notably in Mr. Sterndale's report to the Government of New Zealand, which I have followed in my treatment of some details. To my old friend Mr. Archibald J. Dunn, I am indebted for valuable assistance. To Messrs. Thos. P. Elphinston of Fiji, and T. S. Kelsall of Sam.oa, I am also much obliged ; and I should add that some of the commercial matter on Fiji has apj^eared in the columns of the Field newsj)aper above my signature.

If the following pages have any tendency to advance civilisation— by which I mean religion, law, order, and freedom for all — and which includes legitimate commerce in the great Pacific, the end for which this book was written will have*been accomplished.

H. STONEHEWEK COOPER.

Church End, Finchley, September, 1880.

Contents

CHAPTER PAGE

INTRODUCTION ..... V

I. FROM THE GOLDEN GATE TO FIJI . . .1

Introduction

The peoples of Polynesia may be divided into three distinct classes. In the western islands from the east end of New Guinea and Australia eastward, including Fiji, we find a nearly black frizzly-haired people. In all the eastern islands there are large brown straight-haired people (found also in New Zealand); and in the western islands north of the equator, there is a smaller brown straight-haired people. The black frizzly-haired people, who are nearly the lowest type of humanity in existence, are called Papuans.*

On some of the islands the men collect their hair into small bunches and carefully bind each bunch round with fine vegetable fibre from the roots up to within about two inches from the head. Dr. Turner, in his ' Nineteen Years in Polynesia,' mentions having counted nearly seven hundred bunches on the head of one young man. This strange custom gave rise to the long popular belief that the hair of the Polynesians grew in tufts. Dr. Turner also calls attention to the strange resemblance existing between the hair of these people thus dressed and the conventional representation in the Assyrian sculptures.

In the physiognomy of the Papuan people there is great difference. The lips of a typical specimen are somewhat thick.

* From ' Papuahy frizzled, woolly headed.' — Marsden's Malay Dictionary. According to Spencer, the Fuegians, Andamans, Veddahs, etc., are of a lower type than the Papuans.

ro

X introduction:

The nose is broad, often arched and high, but coarse. The jaws project, and they may as a rule be said to be prognathous. They are generally small in stature; and in islands where the natives are comparatively large-sized, there is always evidence of their mixture with another race. The typical Papuan is small, thin-limbed, and physically weak. They are savage, bloodthirsty, and inveterate canni])als. They are also broken up into hostile tribes, speaking languages with a structural resemblance, but wide verbal differences, owing to long isolation ; in fact, the people in one valley frequently had no communication with the people in another, except when at war -with them.

Women hold a very low position among the Papuans, and are merely the slaves and tools of the men. Their domestic instincts are not greatly elevated above those of the lower animals. In the Papuan mode of government might is right. Both intellectually and religiously the natives are of a low type, and they possess few of the' traditions, poems, and songs common to many barbarous races. In arts and commerce they are also backward, although with occasional exceptions.

Throughout the whole of the Papuan region, there are traces of more or less mixture of the people with the large brown straight-haired people referred to, whom Mr. Whitmee calls the * Sawaiori,' and other writers the Mahori races ; and this is especially noticeable in Fiji, and in the Solomon Group. The word * Sawaiori ' is taken from the three representative peoples of the race, those belonging to /S'amoa, Hazraw, and Maon.

The Papuans of the Pacific are believed to belong to the same race as those in New Guinea and other parts of the Indian Archipelago; in fact, they may be divided into Eastern and Western Papuans. That they were the earliest occupants of the various places where remnants of the race are now found, and that they have in many places been partly or wholly overrun and displaced by more recent races, is, in my ojiinion, unquestionable.

INTRODUCTION, xi

The average height of the Sawaiori races is five feet ten inches, and they are i:)roportionately well developed. Their colour is brown, lighter or darker according to the amount of exposure to the sun. The hair is black and generally straight, but sometimes wavy, with a tendency to curl. The features are fairly regular, and the eyes dark ; the jaws do not project, except in a few instances ; the lips are of medium thickness, thicker than those of Englishmen ; the nose is short, but somewhat wide at the base, and the forehead is moderately high, but rather narrow. Politeness is one of their marked characteristics, and women occupy a position hardly inferior to men. Rank and hereditary titles exist, and a different language is used in addressing chiefs from that employed to common people.

If a chief possesses a dog, the animal must be spoken of by a different name from that given to a common man's dog. In Samoa, for instance, there are four different words for 'to come,' approj)riated to four grades of people — sau, for a common man ; maliu Qiiaij for a person of respectability ; susu mai, for a titled chief ; and afio mai, for a member of the royal family. When addressing a person in respectful language, the Samoans never use the personal pronoun in the singular number, but always in the dual — the dual of dignity.

The way in which landed property is held and transmitted, resembles its tenure by the Israelites under the Mosaic laws. The land in the islands is divided among families, each of the members having an equal right to its use. The patriarch, or recognised head of the family, however, alone properly exercises the right to dispose of, or to assign it temporarily to persons outside the family or clan. I expressly use the word * clan,' as the family among the Sawaiori people consists of all the connections by blood or marriage. Elaborate traditions, both in prose and poetry, exist among them, and have been retained with the greatest accuracy for centuries.

The Sawaiori people have always been great navigat and are skilled in boat-building. They think highly of [V^m^ "" selves, and some are decidedly conceited. As a heath ^^ ^^^^*'

xii INTRODUCTION.

they are strict in their religious observances, and they are easily influenced by Christianity.

In the western portion of Polynesia, north of the equator, there is a wide belt of atolls or lagoon islands, inhabited by a brown race of men, in colour resembling the Sawaioris, but of smaller stature and less robust. These Mr. Whitmee, in a paper read before the Philological Society, classes as the Tarapon race, from Tara-'wo, and Po?i-ape, names of two representative islands in the Gilbert aud Caroline Groups respectively. They differ more from one another than the Sawaioris do. The natives of the Carolines are larger and finer men than those of the Gilbert Group, and are yellower in colour. The Tarapon people are decidedly a mixed race, and in many respects resemble the brown people of the Malay peninsula more nearly than they do the Sawaiori race. The Tarapons are all navigators, and many of them build large boats or proahs, not unlike those found in Indian seas.

It is more than probable that, at an early period, the ancestors of the Sawaioris, the Tarapons, the Malays, and also the Malagasy of Madagascar, dwelt together in the islands of the Indian Archipelago.

From some cause or other, probably from war, a portion of that people migrated eastward to Polynesia. Finding the islands in the west occupied by the black Papuan race, they went on until they reached some of the islands in the centre of Polynesia, perhaps Samoa, and there they settled. From this point they spread abroad to the distant eastward islands : some went north-east to the Hawaiian Archipelago: some south-west to New Zealand ; and a few others, at various times, migrated westward into the Papuan area, and either formed colonies there or mixed with and intermarried among the Papuan people ; some have also, in comparatively recent times, gone north-west, and mixed with the Tarapon people, who entered Polynesia much later than the Sawaioris. These Sawaioris being isolated from contact with other people, have retained their primitive manners nearly unaltered.

INTRODUCTION, xiii

The changes which have taken place among the Papuans since their settlement have probably all been for the worse, for want of circumstances to call for the use of knowledge or of habits originally possessed. The absence of Sanscrit elements in their language proves that their migration must have occiuTed before Sanscrit influenced the languages of the Indian Archipelago.

At a later period a second migTation took place from the Archipelago, westward across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. This, we may conclude, was in post-Sanscrit times — for there are a few Sanscrit elements in the language of Madagascar. Later still, another migration from the Indian Archipelago went eastward, settling on the north-west islands of Polynesia^ commonly known as Micronesia.

The bulk of these people probably came from the Philippines or some other island in the north-eastern portion of the Archipelago. The few Papuan elements which now appear in the Tarapon people may have existed in the original people before they migrated. Since their settlement in the Pacific there has been a considerable infusion of other blood among them — probably Chinese and Japanese.

To make this, division of races in the Pacific clear to my readers, I give a list of the principal Ai'chipelagos under the difi'erent heads of Papuan, Sawaiori or Mahori, and Tarapon or Micronesian.

Papuan.

New Ireland.

New Britain.

Papua or New Guinea, mixed with Sawaiori. Solomon Islands ,, ,,

Santa Cruz, mixed with Sawaiori.

New Hebrides ,, ,,

Loyalty Islands ,, ,,

New Caledonia ,, ,,

Fiji Group ,, ,,

Sawatoki ok Mahoki.

New Zealand.

Kennadec.

Torga Group.

Samoa Islands.

Phoenix Islands.

Cook Islands.

Society Islands.

Austral Islands.

Marquesas and Tuamotu Groups.

Hawaiian Islands, North Pacific.

Tar.\pon or Micronesian.

Gilbert or Kingsmill Islands, North Pacific.

Marshall Islands.

Caroline Islands.

Mariana or Ladrone Islands.

The Eev. S. J. Whitmee thus describes the three great varieties of speech which are used by the races in Coral Lands — Papuan, Sawaiori, and Tarapon :

' The following are the broad characteristics of the Papuan languages . . . Consonants are freely used, some of the consonantal sounds being difficult to represent by Roman characters. Many of the syllables are closed. There is no difference between the definite and indefinite article, excej)t, perhaps, in Fiji. Nouns are curiously divided into two classes, one of which takes a pronominal affix, the other which never takes an affix. The princijole of this division appears to be a near or more remote connection between the possessor and the thing possessed. Those things which arc intimately connected with a person, as the parts of his body, etc., take the pronominal affix. A thing possessed merely for use would not take this. For example, in Fijian the word hive means either a son or a daughter, one's child, and it takes the i^ossessive pronoun after it, as luvena; but the word ngone, a child, but not necessarily one's own child, takes the possessive pronoun before it, as nona ngone, his child, i.e., his to look after or bring up. Gender is only sexual. Many words are used indiscriminately as nouns, adjectives, or verbs, without change, but sometimes a noun is indicated by its termination. In most of the languages there are no changes in nouns to form the plural, but a numeral indicates number. Case is shown by

INTRODUCTION. xv

particles which jirecede the nouns. Adjectives follow their substantives. Pronouns are numerous, and the personal pronoun includes four numbers, singular, dual, trinal, and general plural, also inclusive and exclusive. Almost any word may be made into a verb by using with it the verbal particles. The differences in these particles in the various languages are very great. In the verbs there are causative, intensive, frequentative, and reciprocal forms.'

W^ith one exception the sounds found in theSawaiori languages may be expressed by the Roman letters, Avith their ordinary values. This exception is a sound which we call a break ; a kind of a pause in the breath, which is between an aspirate and a h. A h sound takes its place in some of the languages. In those languages in which this sound occurs we usually write it by a comma inverted, as in the name Hawai'i. The vowel sounds are all simple, as in Spanish. Every syllable is open. To this there is no exce2)tion. Some words consist entirely of vowels. Phonetic changes have taken place according to law, so that a given word in one language may have its form in any other language, if it be found in it predicated. As a rule the accent is on the penultimate syllable, but in a few cases (chiefly when the last syllable ends in a diphthong or a long vowel, which is really a double vowel) on the ultimate. Very rarely, in some languages the accent may be on the antepenult. There is an indefinite as well as a definite, and in some cases a plural, article. But some nouns are formed from the verb by taking a suffix, and some adjectives are formed from the noun in the same way. There is some variety in the way of indicating number in the noun. In Samoa many nouns have special plural forms. The cases are indicated by prepositions. Proper names in the nominative cases take a prefix, as 0 Tahiti^ 0 Samoa, etc. Adjectives follow the substantives. The pronouns are numerous. Personal pronouns are singular, dual, and plural. The form of the plural in some languages shows that it was originally a trinal. In the verbs the distinctions of tense, mood, and voice are indicated by particles prefixed and affixed. Number and xvi INTRODUCTION.

person are generally regarded as accidents of the subject and not of the verb. To this, however, the Samoan forms an exception ; in this language many of the words have a special plural form. In all the languages there is a causative, which is formed by a prefix to the verb. There are also intensive or frequentative and reciprocal forms of the verbs. The intensive consists usually in a repetition of the active verb ; the reciprocal is usually formed by both a prefix and i^ostfix. Verbal directive particles are freely used to direct towards, away from, or aside. In some languages — especially in that of Samoa — many ceremonious words are used to persons of rank. Words which form part of the name of a chief are often disused during his life, and in some places they are disused after his death.

' In the Tarapon language,' says Mr. Whitmee, 'consonants are used more freely than in the Sawaiori languages. They have some consonantal sounds which are not found in the latter, such as c\ djj and sh, which may perhaps be regarded as intermediate between the Sawaiori and Papuan, although not nearly so strong as in the latter. Closed syllables are by no means rare. Occasionally double consonants are used, but there is a tendency to introduce a slight vowel sound between them. In all of these particulars there is an approximation to the Papuan. Most words take the accent on the penult. In some of the Tarapon languages there appears to be no true article. Gender is sexual only. Number in the noun is either gathered from the requirements of the sense or is marked by pronominal words or numerals. Case is known by the 2:)osition of the noun in the sentence, or by prepositions,'

In the language of Ebon, one of the islands in the Marshall Archipelago, nouns have the peculiarity which I mentioned as being characteristic of the Papuan languages, viz. : those whicli indicate close relationship, as of a son to his father, or of the members of a person's body, take a pronominal affix, which gives them the appearance of inflections. I do not know of the existence of this peculiarity in any other Tarapon language, but would not make too much of negative evidence.

INTRODUCTION. xvii

Many words may be indiscriminately used as nouns, adjectives, or verbs, without any change of form. In some languages the personal pronouns are singular, dual, and plural. In others there are no special dual forms, but the numeral for hm is used to express the dual. In the Ebon language there are inclusive and exclusive forms of the personal pronouns, which, as far as I have at present been able to ascertain, do not occur in the other Tarapon languages. The verbs usually have no inflection to express relations of voice, mood, or tense, number or person, such distinctions being expressed by particles. In the Ebon language, however, the tenses are sometimes marked; but even in that the simple form of the verb is frequently given. All verbs have directive particles. In Ponape — one of the Carolines — many words of ceremony are used only to chiefs, exactly as they are used so largely in Samoa. The custom of tabooing Avords which occur in the names of chiefs is also found there.

It may be useful for any philological readers of Coral Lands if I enumerate the principal works bearing on the languages of the South Sea.

The first in time and importance is the comparative sketch of the grammar and dictionary published in the ' United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-42, Ethnology and Philolog)',' vol. ya.^ by Horatio Hale, Philologist to the Expedition (Philadelphia, 1846). In this grammar and dictionary, Mr. Whitmee remarks, in a paper read before the Philological Society of London, ' Mr. Hale collected together the information which had up to that time been gathered by the missionaries respecting the languages of several grouj^s. He also carried on independent investigations during his cruise, both in the languages which had been studied by missionaries and in others up to that time unknown. The vast amount of information thus brought together he generalised in a moderately full grammar which has up to the present time been the chief standard work on the whole Malayo-Polynesian (or Sawaiori) family of languages. His dictionary also has been xviii INTRODUCTION.

of very great value, although I think it of less value than the grammar. To say that Mr. Hale's work is now behind our 2)resent knowledge of these languages is to say only what every student would hope and expect to be the case. But even now, the student of the Polynesian philology who has separate grammars and dictionaries of all the languages in his hand may still learn something from this work which he cannot afford to overlook. The volume containing it is, however, very rare and difficult to obtain.'

As regards Tahiti and the Marquesas, P. L. J. B. Gaussin's Bii Dialede de TahU% cle celui des lies Marquises, et en general de la Langue Folynesienne (Paris, 1853), is a work which is of interest and especial value in regard to the Marquesas.

Dr. Friedrich Midler's sketch of the Sawaiori languages, in his ' Voyage of the Frigate Novara ' (lle'ise der Fregatte Novara, Vienna, 1867), has some value.

As this subject must possess great interest for many, and, with a view to popularising, as far as I can, a study which must tend towards the opening up of the beautiful region about which I write, I make no scruple in rej)roducing here the admirable list of books of reference on the languages of Polynesia, for which I. acknowledge myself indebted to the author of the paper just quoted. In addition to the works already named, the chief works on the j^articular languages of the Malayo-Polynesian or Sawaiori tongue are as follows :

On the Maori of New Zealand the grammar by R. Maunsell, LL.D. (Auckland, N. Z. ; 1st ed., 1842 ; 2nd ed., 1862). Kendal's Grammar, 1820, may be consulted, and Archdeacon Williams's ' First Lessons in Maori ' (1872) ; Bishop Williams's Dictionary (1st ed., 1844 ; 3rd ed., edited by Archdeacon Williams, 1871) is very good, and moderately full, giving many examples of the use of words from Sir G. Grey's ' Mythology and Traditions of the Xew Zealanders ' (London, 1855), which greatly enhances its value. Sir George Grey's ' Maori Poetry ' (New Zealand, 1853), and his ' Proverbial and Popular Sayings

INTRODUCTION. xix

of the Ancestors of the New Zealand Race ' (Cape Town, 1857), will be found useful and instructive.

In the Haicaiian language there is an excellent grammar by the late Judge Andrews, and Professor W. P. Alexander has published an admirable little ' Synopsis of the most essential points in Hawaiian Grammar,' for the use of his students in Oahu College, while Andrews's 'Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language ' (Honolulu, 1865) may certainly be regarded as by far the best dictionary of any Polynesian tongue which has l>een published. It may be mentioned here, though I omitted to mention the fact when sketching my short stay in the Hawaiian Islands, that newspapers are regularly published in its language, and the Bible has, of course, been translated.

A short grammar and small dictionary of the language of Samoa, by the Rev. G. Pratt, was published in Samoa in 1862. This being out of print, Mr. Pratt has prepared a new and enlarged edition, which I believe has been published by Messrs. Triibner and Co., of London. This new edition contains all the words which have been collected by the united efforts of the missionaries ; but, although he is the editor and l)roprietor of the copyright of this work, Mr. Whitmee thinks that the definitions of words are briefer and the examples of their use fewer than are desirable. In some respects the Sanioan is one of the most important of the Sawaiori or Malayo-Polynesian languages, and there can be little doubt that it is the parent of some of the members of this family, such, e.g., as the Tokelau and EUice Islands dialects. I have heard it stated, moreover, that the Samoan version of the Bible published by the indefatigable British and Foreign Bible Society is one of the best versions of the Protestant Bible extant. Still more recently, in 1880, Father Violette has published in Paris an English, French, and Samoan Dictionary, with a Samoan grammar, the merits of which I have had no opportunity of judging.

Of the Tongan language a vocabulary by the Rev. S. Rabone was published in Yavau in 1845. This is far behind the

XX INTRODUCTION,

knowledge of the language now possessed by some of the missionaries. Mr. AYhitniee tells me that he has been engaged on a ' Comparative Polynesian Dictionary/ in conjunction with the Eev. J. E. Moulton, and says, modestly enough, 'From Mr. Moulton's ability and thorough knowledge of the language, I am sure this will be a very valuable contribution to our knowledge.' We may safely add the name of the Rev.. S. J. AYhitmee after that of the Eev. J. E, Moulton in this quotation.

A grammar and a dictionary of the Taldtian language were published in Tahiti in 1851 ; and the Rev. J. L. Green, of Tahiti, has been at work, in conjunction with Mr. Whitmee, upon the last-named gentleman's 'Comparative Dictionary.' Gaussin's 'Grammar of the Tahitian' can be safely relied on, and Buschmann and Baron William von Humboldt, in their works on the Marquesas, also deal with the language of Tahiti.

Of the Herveij Islands dialects, of which the j^rincipal is that of Rarotonga, no dictionary has been published, but a brief grammar by the Rev. A. Buzacott was published in the island in 1854. The assistance of the Rev. W. W. Gill, B.A., has been secured for the ' Comparative Dictionary,' which will take some time yet to complete.

In regard to the Marquesas I have already mentioned Gaussin's work, and I learn there is also an Essai de la Langue des lies Marquises in existence, but do not know when it was published or where. The Jjpercu de la Langue des Iks Marquises et de la Langue Ta'itienne, j^ar J. Ch. Ed. Buschmann {Berlm, 1843), contains, besides the last-named gentleman's essay, a short French Marquesan vocabulary and some Marquesan and Tahitian texts, with interlinear French translations. To these are appended a grammar of Marquesan and Tahitian, and a vocabulary of the Tahitian by Baron William von Humboldt, which will be found useful. Abbe Boniface Mosblech's book, published in Paris in 1843, under the title of Vocalulaire OcSanien-Francais et Francais-Ocianien des Dialectes jparUs aux

INTRODUCTION. xxi

Ik& MarquiseSy Sandivich, Gambler , etc., is by no means a perfect work, but at present it is the only published dictionary of the Marquesan language. The services of M. Pinard, who has resided some time in the islands, have, however, been secured for the * Comparative Dictionary,' and he will contribute material from the two dialects known to exist in the group.