Coral Lands ... With illustrations

Front matter

THE CORAL LANDS OF THE PACIFIC. LACJOON OF MANGO, THE CORAL LANDS OF THE; PACIFIC THEIR PEOPLES AND THEIR PRODUCTS. BY H. STONEHEWER COOPER. ' To burst all links of habit —there to wander far away, On from island unto island, at the gateways of the day.' WITH TWO ILLUSTRATIONS. .fteto aui) ISebisti) (Ebitioit brought bohm to bate. LONDON : RICHARD BENTLEY AND SON, $3ttbl:shr.r3 in Orhinarj) to gjer JBajestn tht Qnetn. 1882. [All Rights Reserved.} PEEFACE. {TO TI1E SECOND EDITION.) Notwithstanding the almost prohibitory price at which the first edition of ' Coral Lands ' was issued, the very flattering reception which my work has received from Loth the public and press has resulted in its now being altogether out of print. Every day public attention is being more and more directed to the infant Colony of Fiji and the surrounding groups in the Pacific.

The importance of Polynesia will not perhaps be thoroughly understood by the majority of my countrymen until the com pletion of the Panama Canal has placed these rich archipelagoes on the direct route from London to our Australian Colonies. In the meantime a popular edition of such a work as ' Coral Lands ' may tend to prepare the public mind for estimating the full value in every sense of the islands of the great South Sea. The information afforded in this edition has been brought down to the latest news from the Pacific, and the whole work has been thoroughly revised.

Preface

TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this revision I have been assisted by many good friends. For the most recent returns of the exports and impoits of the colony of Fiji, I am indebted to the indefatigable Colonial Secretary, the Hon. John B. Thurston, C.M.G. ; while in regard to some interesting Samoan data, I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of Mr. H. Phipps Allender. The beautiful lagoon of Mango, which forms the frontispiece, was sketched from a photograph by my friend M. Frederic- Sang, of the Salon, Paris. For the index appended to this edition I am indebted to Mr. F. W. Jordan. H. STONEHEWER COOPER. Church End, Finchley, June, 1882. EEEFACE. (TO THE FIRST EDITION.) The original pioneers of the Pacific were exceptionally unfortunate. In the church of St. Francis, in the town of Nombre de Dios, on the Darien isthmus, is a piainting of Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

With infinite labour he has dragged the timbers of his vessel across the mountains of America, and now, clad in complete armour and standing up to the waist in salt water, with a sword in one hand and the Papal flag in the other, he is depicted as taking formal possession of the islands of the Pacific on behalf of the Apostolic See of Rome. He died under the headsman's axe in 1517, for an unjust charge of treason, four years after his great discovery. Magalhaens, who passed, in November, 1520, through the straits which bear his name, died the next 3'ear in a miserable skirmish with some Indians. Alvaro de Saavedra died upon his return voyage from Mexico to Manilla. It was' Saavedra

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION. who proposed to the King of Spain to cut through the isthmus of Darien, and very circumstantially described the route be tween the. San Miguel and Atrato, a favourite one at this hour. Alvaro de Mendana, who discovered the Solomon Islands in 1567, afterwards planned and attempted a scheme for their colonisation. On his second voyage, however, in 1595, he was unable to find them, and a settlement was tried at Santa Cruz. At that place he died, leaving his wife in command of the colony ; but disease and other disasters soon caused it to be abandoned, and the survivors, sick and dying, sailed away for the Philippines, taking Mendana's body with them. The vessel, carrying the corpse of the pioneer, was last seen in full sail drifting towards a reef, but the body of Mendana had the ghastly companionship of a crew of dead men — for no living man was on board the ill-fated discoverer's ship ; with their late commander they had all gone on the more extended voyage of eternity.

Dampier, our countryman, died in obscurity, we know not how or where. Fernando Quiros, who gave his name to an island which yields an annual income of some thousands sterling, has left us this record at the hands of Cardinal Valenza : ' I have seen, in a wine-shop of Seville, one Fernando Quiros, who had been an adventurer in the Indies and beyond, and who told me he

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION. had seen there people who did eat their wives and other relatives, in place of consigning them to tombs, which did not so much surprise me, seeing that the same thing has been related of the ancients.' Quiros commenced life as a common sailor, and became an admiral. Torres, who gave his name to the Australian Straits, was Quiros's lieutenant, and Torque mada his historian. This ' man in the wine-shop ' died in obscurity in Panama. Roggewein, who discovered Samoa, was imprisoned in Ba tavia, and died in wretchedness. Of Cook's sad end I need not speak. The French circumnavigator, M. de la Perouse, perished off the island of Vanikoro, one of the Santa Cruz group ; while Dumont D'Urville, the Polynesian naturalist and traveller, was burnt to death on the Paris and Versailles railway.

To these men, and many others who seem to have given their lives for the Pacific, we owe a deep debt of gratitude, for they serve, though dead, as finger-posts to a world of wealth. Spain is no longer a colonising power, and though the dis covery of the Pacific is due to the Latin race, the utilisation of that discovery will almost certainly be the work of the Anglo-Saxon. With the hope of assisting in that work, morally and com mercials, I have written ' Coral Lands.'

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION To the Agent-General for New Zealand, Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., I must also tender my grateful thanks for much valuable information on the trade of the South Sea Islands, notably in Mr. Sterndale's report to the Government of New Zealand, which I have followed in my treatment of some details. To my old friend Mr. Archibald J. Dunn, I am in debted for valuable assistance. To Messrs. Thos. P. Elphinston of Fiji, and T. S. Kelsall of Samoa, I am also much obliged ; and I should add that some of the commercial matter on Fiji has ajipeared in the columns of the Field newspaper above my signature. If the following pages have any tendency to advance civilisation — by which I mean religion, law, order, and freedom for all — and which includes legitimate commerce in the great Pacific, the end for which thi s book was written will have been accomplished. H. STONEHEWER COOPER. Church End, Fikchley, September, 1880. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PACE

Introduction

..... V I. FROM THE GOLDEN GATE TO FIJI . . .1 II. THE FIJI GROUP . . . . . .8 III. CORAL AND CORAL REEFS . . . .12 IV. THE CESSION OF FIJI . . . . .18 V. THE CANNIBAL OUTBREAK OF 1876 . . .34 VI. LEVUKA . . . . . . .43 VII. LIFE IN LEVUKA . . . . . .50 VIII. RELIGION, PAST AND PRESENT . . . .59 IX. FIJI IN CANNIBAL DAYS . . . . .67 X. FUNERALS IN TAVIUNI . . . . .74 XI. FIJI LIFE, PAST AND PRESENT . . . .85 XII. THE FIJIAN OF TO-DAY . . . . .91 XIII. MORE ABOUT THE FIJIAN OF TO-DAY . . .96 XIV. MEKE-MEKES ...... 108 XV. BRITISH NATIVE POLICY — FIAT JUSTITIA . .119 XVI. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY OF FIJI . . . .131 XVII. A VERY SUGGESTIVE CHAPTER .... 140 XVIII. MORE HINTS FOR CAPITALISTS . . . .161 XIX. LAND TITLES ...... 171 XX. A SAMPLE OF POLYNESIAN WANDERINGS . . 175 XXI. A LITTLE 'BLOW' — AND SOME LIGHT FROM THE CANDLE-NUT AND OTHER THINGS . . .184 XXII.

SAVU SAVU TO TAVIUNI ..... 192 XXIII. MANGO AND MANGO COTTON .... CONTENTS. CHAl'IEE PACE XXIV. THE REWA. — LET FIJI FLOURISH . . . 206 XXV. THE SAMOAN OR NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS . . 211 XXVI. LIFE IN SAMOA . . . • .219 XXVII. GODEFFROY AND CO., THE SOUTH SEA KINGS . 232 XXVIII. THE CAREER OF 'BULLY HAYES' . . . 240 XXIX. PEARL FISHING AND ' BEACHCOMBERS ' . . 245 XXX. WHAT I! CHE-DE-MER IS, HOW IT IS CAUGHT, AND WHAT IS DONE WITH IT . . . . 263 XXXI. TURTLE AND SPONGE FISHING . . . 279 XXXII. A GLIMPSE OF TONGAN HISTORY- . . . 286 XXXIII. TONGAN TRADITIONS ..... 301 XXXIV. NEUTRAL TONGA ..... 308 XXXV. THE LINE ISLANDS ..... 312 XXXVI. ' FROM ISLAND UNTO ISLAND AT THE GATEWAYS OF THE DAY ' . . . . . « . 323 XXXVII. POLYNESIAN TRADITIONS .... 344 XXXVIII. WHO BUILT THOSE FORTS ? . . . . 350 XXXIX. THE SOLOMON ISLANDS .... 360 XL. THE SOCIETY ISLANDS ..... 363 XLI. IS NOTHING TO BE DONE ? . . . . 370

Appendix

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INTRODUCTION.

. The peoples of Polynesia may be divided into three distinct classes. In the western islands from the east end of New Guinea and Australia eastward, including Fiji, we find a nearly black frizzly-haired people. In all the eastern islands there are large brown straight-haired people (found also in New Zealand) ; and in the western islands north of the equator, there is a smaller brown straight-haired people. The black frizzly-haired people, who are nearly the lowest type of humanity in existence, are called Papuans.* On some of the islands the men collect their hair into small bunches and carefully bind each bunch round with fine vegetable fibre from the roots up to within about two inches from the head. Dr. Turner, in his ' Nineteen Years in Polynesia,' mentions having counted nearly seven hundred bunches on the head of one young man.

This strange custom gave rise to the long popular belief that the hair of the Polynesians grew in tufts. Dr. Turner also calls attention to the strange resemblance existing between the hair of these people thus dressed and the conventional representation in the Assyrian sculptures. In the physiognomy of the Papuan people there is great difference. The lips of a typical specimen are somewhat thick. * Eroin ' Papuah, frizzled, woolly headed.' — Mariden's Malay Dic tionary. According to Spencer, the Euegians, Andamans, Veddahs, etc., are of a lower type than the Papuans. INTROD UCTION X The nose is broad, often arched and high, but coarse. The jaws project, and they may as a rule be said to be progna thous. They are generally small in stature ; and in island.-. where the natives are comparatively large-sized, there is always evidence of their mixture with another race.

The typical Papuan is small, thin-limbed, and physically weak. They are savage, bloodthirsty, and inveterate cannibals. They arc also broken up into hostile tiibes, speaking languages with a structural resemblance, but wide verbal differences, owing to long isolation : in fact, the people in one valley frequently had no communication with the peojne in another, except when at war with them. Women hold a very low position among the Papuans, and are merely the slaves and tools of the men. Their domestic instincts are not greatly elevated above those of the lowei animals. In the Papuan mode of government might is right. Both intellectually and religiously the natives are of a low type, and they possess few of the". traditions, poems, and songs common to many barbarous races. In arts and commerce they are also backward, although with occasional exceptions.

Throughout the whole of the Papuan region, there are traces of more or less mixture of the people with the large brown straight-haired people referred to, whom Mr. Whitmee calls the 'Sawaiori,' and other writers the Mahori races; and this is especially noticeable in Fiji, and in the Solomon Group. The word ' Sawaiori ' is taken from the three representative peoples of the race, those belonging to (SVanoa, H&iraii, and Maori. The Papuans of the Pacific are believed to belong to the same race as those in New Guinea and other parts of the Indian Archipelago ; in fact, they may be divided into Eastern and Western Papuans. That they were the earliest occupants of the various places where remnants of the race are now found, and that they have in many places been partly or wholly overrun and displaced by more recent races, is, in my opinion, unquestionable.

INTRODUCTION.

. XI The average height of the Sawaiori races is five feet ten inches, and they are proportionately well developed. Their colour is brown, lighter or darker according to the amount of exposure to the sun. The hair is black and generally straight, but sometimes wavy, with a tendency to curl. The features are fairly regular, and the eyes dark ; the jaws do not project, except in a few instances ; the lips are of medium thickness, thicker than those of Englishmen ; the nose is short, but some what wide at the base, and the forehead is moderately high, but rather narrow. Politeness is one of their marked charac teristics, and women occupy a position hardly inferior to men. Rank and hereditary titles exist, and a different language is used in addressing chiefs from that employed to common people.

If a chief possesses a dog, the animal must be spoken of by a different name from that given to a common man's dog. In Samoa, for instance, there are four different words for ' to come,' appropriated to four grades of people — sau, for a common man ; maliit mat, for a person of respectability ; susu mat, for a titled chief ; and afio mai, for a member of the royal family. When addressing a person in respectful language, the Samoans never use the personal pronoun in the singular number, but always in the dual — the dual of dignity. The way in which landed property is held and transmitted, resembles its tenure by the Israelites under the Mosaic laws. The land in the islands is divided among families, each of the members having an equal right to its use. The patriarch, or recognised head of the family, however, alone properly exer cises the right to dispose of, or to assign it temporarily to persons outside the family or clan.

I expressly use the word 'clan,' as the family among the Sawaiori people consists of all the connections by blood or marriage. Elaborate traditions, both in prose and poetry, exist among them, and have been retained with the greatest accuracy for centuries. The Sawaiori people have always been great navigators, and are skilled in boat-building. They think highly of them selves, and some are decidedly conceited. As a heathen race, b -1

INTRODUCTION.

. XII they are strict in their religious observances, and they are easily influenced by Christianity. In the western portion of Polynesia, north of the equator, there is a wide belt of atolls or lagoon islands, inhabited by a brown race of men, in colour resembling the Sawaioris, but of smaller stature and less robust. These Mr. Whitmee, in a paper read before the Philological Society, classes as the Tarapon race, from Tara-wa, and Po»-ape, names of two repre sentative islands in the Gilbert aud Caroline Groups respectively. They differ more from one another than the Sawaioris do. The natives of the Carolines are larger and finer men than those of the Gilbert Group, and are yellower in colour. The Tarapon people are decidedly a mixed race, and in many respects resemble the brown people of the Malay peninsida more nearly than they do the Sawaiori race.

The Tarapons are all navigators, and many of them build large boats or proahs, not unlike those found in Indian seas. It is more than probable that, at an early period, the ances tors of the Sawaioris, the Tarapons, the Malays, and also the Malagasy of Madagascar, dwelt together in the islands of the Indian Archipielago. From some cause or other, probably from war, a portion of that people migrated eastward to Polynesia. Finding the islands in the west occupied by the black Papuan race, they went on until they reached some of the islands in the centre of Polynesia, perhaps Samoa, and there they settled. From this point they spread abroad to the distant eastward islands : some went north-east to the Hawaiian Archipelago ; some south-west to New Zealand ; and a few others, at various times, migrated westward into the Papuan area, and either formed colonies there or mixed with and intermarried among the Papuan people ; some have also, in comparatively recent times, gone north-west, and mixed with the Tarapon people, who entered Polynesia much later than the Sawaioris. These Sawaioris being isolated from contact with other people, have retained their primitive manners nearly unaltered.

INTRODUCTION.

. XIII The changes which have taken place among the Papuans since their settlement have probably all been for the worse, for want of circumstances to call for the use of knowledge or of habits originally possessed. The absence of Sanscrit ele ments in their language proves that their migration must have occurred before Sanscrit influenced the languages of the Indian Archipelago. At a later period a second migration took place from the Archipelago, westward across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. This, we may conclude, was in post-Sanscrit times — for there are a few Sanscrit elements in the language of Madagascar. Later still, another migration from the Indian Archipelago went eastward, settling on the north-west islands of Polynesia, commonly known as Micronesia. The bulk of these people probably came from the Philip pines or some other island in the north-eastern portion of the Archipelago.

The few Papuan elements which now appear in the Tarapon people may have existed in the original people before they migrated. Since their settlement in the Pacific there has been a considerable infusion of other blood among them — probably Chinese and Japanese. To make this division of races in the Pacific clear to my readers, I give a list of the principal Archipelagos under the different heads of Papuan, Sawaiori or Mahori, and Tarapon or Micronesian. Papuan. New Ireland. New Britain. Papua or New Guinea, mixed with Sawaiori. Solomon Islands ,, ,, Santa Cruz, mixed with Sawaiori New Hebrides ,, ,, Loyalty Islands New Caledonia Fiji Group ,, Sawaiori oh Mahoki New Zealand. Kermadec. Tonga Group. Samoa Islands. Phœnix Islands. Cook Islands. Society Islands. Austral Islands. Marquesas and Tuamotu Groups.

Hawaiian Islands, North Paeiric. Tarapon ok Micronesian. Gilbert or Kingsmill Islands, North Pacific. Marshall Islands. Caroline Islands. Mariana or Ladrone Islands. The Rev. S. J. Whitmee thus describes the three great varieties of speech which are used by the races in Coral Lands — Papuan, Sawaiori, and Tarapon : ' The following are the broad characteristics of the Papuan languages . . . Consonants are freely used, some of the conso nantal sounds being difficult to represent by Roman characters. Many of the syllables are closed. There is no difference be tween the definite and indefinite article, except, perhaps, in Fiji. Nouns are curiously divided into two classes, one of which takes a pronominal affix, the other which never takes an affix. The principle of this division appears to be a near or more remote connection between the possessor and the thing possessed.

Those things which are intimately connected with a person, as the parts of his body, etc., take the pro nominal affix. A thing possessed merely for use would not take this. For example, in Fijian the word lure means either a son or a daughter, one's child, and it takes the possessive pro noun after it, as luvenct; but the word nr/mie, a child, but not necessarily one's own child, takes the possessive pronoun before it, as nona ngone, his child, i.e., his to look after or bring up. Gender is only sexual. Many words are used in discriminately as nouns, adjectives, or verbs, without change, but sometimes a noun is indicated by its termination. In most of the languages there are no changes in nouns to form the plural, but a numeral indicates number. Case is shown by INTRO D UCTION. XV particles which precede the nouns.

Adjectives follow their substantives. Pronouns are numerous, and the personal pro noun includes four numbers, singular, dual, trinal, and general plural, also inclusive and exclusive. Almost any word may be made into a verb by using with it the verbal particles. The differences in these particles in the various languages are very great. In the verbs there are causative, intensive, frequenta tive, and reciprocal forms.' With one exception the sounds found in the Sawaiori languages may be expressed by the Roman letters, with their ordinary values. This exception is a sound which we call a break ; a kind of a pause in the breath, which is between an aspirate and a L A k sound takes its place in some of the languages. In those languages in which this sound occurs we usually write it by a comma inverted, as in the name Hawai'i. The vowel sounds are all simple, as in Spanish.

Every syllable is open. To this there is no exception. Some words consist entirely of vowels. Phonetic changes have taken place according to law, so that a given word in one language may have its form in any other language, if it be found in it predicated. As a rule the accent is on the penultimate syllable, but in a few cases (chiefly when the last syllable ends in a diphthong or a long vowel, which is really a double vowel) on the ultimate. Very rarely, in some languages the accent may be on the antepenult. There is an indefinite as well as a definite, and in some cases a plural, article. But some nouns are formed from the verb by taking a suffix, and some adjectives are formed from the noun in the same way. There is some variety in the way of indicating number in the noun. In Samoa many nouns have special plural forms.

The cases are indicated by prepositions. Proper names in the nominative cases take a prefix, as 0 Tahiti, 0 Samoa, etc. Ad jectives follow the substantives. The pronouns are numerous. Personal pronouns are singular, dual, and plural. The form of the plural in some languages shows that it was originally a trinal. In the verbs the distinctions of tense, mood, and voice are indicated by particles prefixed and affixed. Number and person are generally regarded as accidents of the subject and not of the verb. To this, however, the Samoan forms an ex ception ; in this language many of the words have a special plural form. In all the languages there is a causative, which is formed by a prefix to the verb. There are also intensive or frequentative and reciprocal forms of the verbs. The intensive consists usually in a repetition of the active verb ; the reciprocal is usually formed by both a prefix and postfix.

Verbal directive particles are freely used to direct towards, away from, or aside. In some languages — especially in that of Samoa — many cere monious words are used to persons of rank. Words which form part of the name of a chief are often disused during his life, and in some places they are disused after his death. ' In the Tarapon language,' says Mr. Whitmee, 'consonants are used more freely than in the Sawaiori languages. They have some consonantal sounds which are not found in the latter, such as eh, dj, and sh, which may perhaps be regarded as inter mediate between the Sawaiori and Papuan, although not nearly so strong as in the latter. Closed syllables are by no means rare. Occasionally double consonants are used, but there is a tendency to introduce a slight vowel sound between them.

In all of these particulars there is an approximation to the Papuan. Most words take the accent on the penult. In some of the Tarapon languages there appears to be no true article. Gender is sexual only. Number in the noun is either gathered from the requirements of the sense or is marked by pronominal words or numerals. Case is known by the position of the noun in the sentence, or by prepositions. ' In the language of Ebon, one of the islands in the Marshall Archipelago, nouns have the peculiarity which I mentioned as being characteristic of the Papuan languages, viz. : those which indicate close relationship, as of a son to his father, or of the members of a person's body, take a pronominal affix, which gives them the appearance of inflections. I do not know of the existence of this peculiarity in any other Tarapon language, but would not make too much of negative evidence.

INTRODUCTION.

XVII Many words may be indiscriminately used as nouns, adjectives, or verbs, without any change of form. In some languages the personal pronouns are singular, dual, and plural. In others there are no special dual forms, but the numeral for tico is used to express the dual. In the Ebon language there are inclusive and exclusive forms of the personal pronouns, which, as far as I have at present been able to ascertain, do not occur in the other Tarapion languages. The verbs usually have no inflec tion to express relations of voice, mood, or tense, number or person, such distinctions being expressed by particles. In the Ebon language, however, the tenses are sometimes marked : but even in that the simple form of the verb is frequently given. All verbs have directive particles. In Ponape — one of the Carolines — many words of ceremony are used only to chiefs, exactly as they are used so largely in Samoa.

The custom of tabooing words which occur in the names of chiefs is also found there. It may be useful for any philological readers of Coral Lands if I enumerate the principal works bearing on the languages of the South Sea. The first in time and importance is the comparative sketch of the grammar and dictionary published in the ' United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-42, Ethnology and Philology,' vol. vii., by Horatio Hale, Philologist to the Expedition (Philadelphia, 1846). In this grammar and dic tionary, Mr. Whitmee remarks, in a paper read before the Philological Society of London, ' Mr. Hale collected together the information which had up to that time been gathered by the missionaries respecting the languages of several groups. He also carried on independent investigations during his cruise, both in the languages which had been studied by missionaries and in others up to that time unknown.

The vast amount of information thus brought together he generalised in a moderately full grammar which has up to the present time been the chief standard work on the whole Malayo-Polynesian (or Sawaiori) family of languages. His dictionary also has been

INTRODUCTION.

. XVIII of very great value, although I think it of less value than the grammar. To say that Mr. Hale's work is now behind our present knowledge of these languages is to say only what every student would hope and expect to be the case. But even now, the student of the Polynesian philology who has separate grammars aud dictionaries of all the languages in his hand may still learn something from this work which he cannot afford to overlook. The volume containing it is, however, very rare and difficult to obtain.' As regards Tahiti and the Marquesas, P. L. J. B. Gaussin's Du Dialecte de Tahiti, de celai des lies Marquises, et en geniral de la Langue Polynesienne (Paris, 1853), is a work which is of interest and especial value in regard to the Marquesas. Dr. Friedrich Midler's sketch of the Sawaiori languages, in his ' Voyage of the Frigate Novara ' (Reise der Fregatte Novura, Vienna, 1867), has some value.

As this subject must possess great interest for many, and, with a view to popularising, as far as I can, a study which must tend towards the opening up of the beautiful region about which I write, I make no scruple in reproducing here the admirable list of books of reference on the languages of Polynesia, for which I acknowledge myself indebted to the author of the paper just quoted. In addition to .the works already named, the chief works on the particular languages of the Malayo-Polynesiau or Sawaiori tongue are as follows : On the Maori of New Zealand the grammar by R. Maunsell, LL.D. (Auckland, N. Z. ; 1st ed., 1842; 2nd ed., 1862). Kendal's Grammar, 1820, may be consulted, and Archdeacon Williams's ' First Lessons in Maori ' (1872) ; Bishop Williams 's Dictionary (1st ed., 1844 ; 3rd ed., edited by Archdeacon Williams, 1871) is very good, and moderately full, giving many examples of the use of words from Sir G. Grey's ' Mythology and Traditions of the New Zealanders ' (London, 1855), which greatly enhances its value. Sir George Grey's ' Maori Poetry ' (New Zealand, 1853), and his ' Proverbial and Popular Sayings

INTRODUCTION.

. XIX of the Ancestors of the New Zealand Race ' (Cape Town, 1857), will be found useful and instructive. In the Hawaiian language there is an excellent grammar by the late Judge Andrews, and Professor W. P. Alexander has published an admirable little ' Synopsis of the most essential points in Hawaiian Grammar,' for the use of his students in Oahu College, while Andrcws's ' Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language ' (Honolulu, 1865) may certainly be regarded as by far the best dictionary of any Polynesian tongue which has been published. It may be mentioned here, though I omitted to mention the fact when sketching my short stay in the Hawaiian Islands, that newspapers are regularly published in its language, and the Bible has, of course, been translated. A short grammar and small dictionary of the language of Samoa, by the Rev. G. Pratt, was published in Samoa in 1862.