A complete geography

Front matter

Book » 1 S.i .

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

?Mj

Preface

In the plan of this volume the authors have left the beaten track to such an extent that some words of explanation seem in place.

General Geography. — Probably the most difhcult part of the geography for Grammar School grades is that dealing with seasons, winds, rainfall, temperature, etc. It ordinarily occupies a considerable number of pages at the beginning of the larger book, and follows immediately upon Primary Geography.

This arrangement requires pupils to spring from a meagre study of simple, concrete facts to the highest abstractions in the entire subject ; and what makes the matter worse, these broad abstractions are usually only very briefly stated.

The authors of this volume have followed a different plan. Only three chapters, at the beginning of the book, precede the intensive treatment of the United States. The first is a physiographic history of the continent, showing how its principal mountain ranges and valleys came into existence ; how its coal beds were formed ; what were the effects of the great Ice Age ; and what have been the more recent changes in the coast line, with their results. Then comes a chapter on the Plants, Animals, and Peoples of North America; and following that is a treatment of Latitude and Longitude.

Only so much is presented before taking up the United States, because that is all that seems really necessary. Whatever further facts have been needed for North America in regard to seasonal changes, winds, etc., have been plainly stated, when wanted, just as other concrete facts have been. After our continent is finished and a fair number of concrete data, bearing on these matters, has been collected, these topics themselves are treated in much detail. By this arrangement, the study of these difficult subjects has been postponed one year, and they are then approached somewhat inductively. The authors regard this as one of the most important among their proposed changes in method.

The general principles in regard to industries, distribution of inhabitants, mutual relation of city and country, and dependence of vi PREFACE

various sections upon one another form another subject which, contrary to custom, is treated in the middle and latter parts of the volume. One reason for this is that these broad truths approach abstractions in their nature, and are, consequently, too difficult to be earlier appreciated by children. They are, moreover, to a large extent, a summary of what has preceded, and, therefore, naturally come last. A more inductive approach is, therefore, again highly desirable. Their great importance, also, has caused more than the usual amount of space to be given to them.

Physiographic Basis and Causal Sequence. — The authors believe that rational geography must rest upon a physiographic foundation. It is physiographic conditions which most often furnish the reasons for the location of human industries, the development of transportation routes, the situation of cities, etc. In other words, when the physiographic facts about a given region are clearly grasped, most of the other geographic facts easily arrange themselves as links in a. causal chain. Thus the many details touching a certain locality are taught in relation with one another, so that they approach the form of a narrative, rather than that of a mere list of statements.

Physiography has, therefore, been introduced freely ; but not too freely, provided each physical fact is shown really to function in man's relation to the earth. Physiography that is clearly shown to have a real bearing upon man greatly enriches the subject of geography ; it is the unused physical geography that is a stumbling block in the grades, and this we have tried to avoid.

Review of North America. — A common defect in the teaching of geography is that the facts previously learned about the United States fade from the pupil's memory while other countries are being studied. Yet the relation between North America and the other continents is so marked that this defect is unnecessary. For example, most of the industries and important principles of physiography and climate have received the attention of a child when he has completed a general study of the United States. Foreign lands illustrate the same great ideas under slightly different conditions. This means that the comprehension of foreign countries may best be gained by our children if they use their previous knowledge of the United States as a basis of comparison. If, then, this old related knowledge is carefully called to mind when the physiography, climate, and industries of a foreign land are approached, our pupils will not only secure a fuller appreciation of that region, but will also keep

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fresh their knowledge of the United States by bringing it into use.

The above has been a controlling idea in preparing this volume. Accordingly in approaching the physiography of South America (p. 305), the physiography and climate of Europe (pp. 337-344), grazing in Argentina (p. 318), etc., we have reproduced the corresponding situation in our own country at some length. Besides this, we have included in the text scores of brief comparisons with the United States. By this means incidental reviews are continually provided, which are especially attractive to both teachers and pupils because they contain more of motive than the ordinary " review for review's sake."

To supplement this kind of review several sets of questions, which call for still different comparisons with the United States, are included in the book, one series being found at the close of the treatment of each continent. These are likewise rich in motive, inasmuch as they recall leading facts in regard to the United States from varying points of view. It should be kept in mind also that each set at the same time reviews another continent from a new point of view.

Many of the facts in regard to the United States which these questions call for are not presented in the text which treat of the various continents, and answers for a few of them are not indicated in the maps. Also pupils may have forgotten some of the important information about the United States. For these reasons Section XIII, covering eighteen pages, is an organized review of North America alone. It includes the principal facts about our continent which every pupil should know on completing the grades.

The title of the last section, " The United States Compared with Other Countries," indicates provision for still further review. It has seemed to the authors an anti-climax to close several years' study of geography with the Islands of the Pacific, lands farthest away from us and of least interest to us. On the other hand, it has been deemed highly important that, after all the countries of the world have been treated, the closing chapter should summarize the situation and show the rank of our own land and its relation to others. This secures a final reconsideration of the principal facts in our geography, while at the same time it brings them into proper relation and perspective.

On the whole, we are of the opinion that reviews should occupy

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a large part of the time of instruction ; and by the plan followed we hope that pupils will have a fairly complete knowledge of the United States and the rest of the world in their possession, not only when they finish the grades, but in years to follow.

Types. — Another characteristic of this volume is that it deals with many of the fundamental ideas of geography at some length. As was suggested in the Preface of the Primary Book, the basal units for the study of geography, although constantly in use, are seldom adequately presented in the text-books. This applies strikingly, for example, to such topics as farm, cattle ranch, irrigation, lumber camp, and factory. In order to remedy this defect as far as possible, each subject of such a kind is presented in these books with as much detail as space permits, and in connection with that section of country in which it seems most prominent.

For example, lumbering, fishing, and the manufacture of cloth, boots, and shoes receive their most detailed treatment in connection with New England ; the mining of coal and iron ore and the manufacture of iron goods are discussed in connection with the Middle Atlantic States ; and gold mining, irrigation, and grazing are naturally included under the Western States.

The industries and objects thus described, being fairly typical of industries and objects found elsewhere, are on that account worthy of being called types. Through the careful presentation of such types, vivid pictures and an appreciation on the part of the pupils are assured.

The study of the United States has, as suggested above, furnished occasion for detailed treatment of most geographic types. Some important features and occupations, however, are not found in the United States, and to these we have endeavored to give the same careful consideration. For instance, so far as space permits, the Brazilian forest is presented as a type of tropical forests (page 255). Other illustrations may be found in the treatment of the linen industry on page 292 ; and the silk industry on page 315. The object is to continue to acquaint the learner properly with the basal units of geography.

Relative Worth of Facts. — Good judgment is nothing more than proper appreciation of the relative worth of knowledge. Certainly geography should be utilized for the development of this quality. The study of any subject by types tends in this direction because types themselves are the topics of special value. The frequent comparisons provided for at the close of many of the chapters

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accomplish the same purpose, for they lift the more important thoughts into prominence while neglecting non-essentials. Similarly the two review chapters, one a Review and Comparison of our states, the other a Comparison of the United States with other countries, distinguish in a marked way the leading from the minor facts. But, above all, throughout this volume the subject matter in each chapter is presented under few headings, so that the learner is likely to be impressed with the simplicity of the situation. The authors, at least, cherish the hope that the pupil will see the outline clearly even in the midst of the necessary mass of details. Certainly it is one duty of a text to teach a child to separate major from minor points and to carry the outline in mind.

The need of more attention to this matter of perspective is most clearly shown in the study of the United States by individual states. To be sure, there is a call for a knowledge of our own country by states, and an endeavor has been made to meet it by several sets of questions which require a careful state review. But when the geography of the United States is presented primarily by states, the child is oppressed and confused by the great number of individual facts which have apparently the same rank. Even an adult cannot easily escape a feeling of confusion on reading a few pages from any modern geography that divides the subject into such small units. The remedy, therefore, is to proceed by much larger divisions, i.e. by groups of states.

Thus farming by irrigation is only one topic, and only once treated, for the entire western division of states. Several pages are devoted to a discussion of the subject, including the manner in which irrigation is planned, its influence on the value of land, the localities most noted for irrigation, and the cities in the different states that are largely indebted to it for their growth. These many details are associated as parts of one story. By this means the children's minds may be led to dwell long enough upon one topic to insure interest in it ; and as there are only a few such topics in the entire chapter on the Western States, each indicated, too, by special type, it is not difficult to keep in mind the leading points.

Similar provision for relative values in the study of foreign countries is clearly illustrated in the chapter on the British Isles.

Political Maps. — Since it is necessary to, represent more places and present more details, the political maps in this volume are for the most part larger than in the Primary Book ; but they are of the

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same quality. An important feature is the grading of cities according to population — the larger the city, the more important the type used. The principal features of relief are placed upon the map, though without interfering with the clearness of the political divisions. In the color arrangement care has been used to gain an artistic effect, and at the same time to preserve the distinctness necessary in such maps.

No attempt has been made to preserve the same scale for the different maps. Some books claim to do this, and their authors point to the fact as noteworthy. The authors of this series have deliberately declined to make such an attempt for several reasons. In the first place, it is impossible. There must be maps of the World, of North America, of the United States, of a part of the great West, and of New England. Even in those books which point to their uniformity of scale as a merit, maps of five or ten different scales are in use.

The claim for uniformity of scale has no real foundation ; but, if it had, the effect would be undesirable. One of the objects of the study of geography is to teach the meaning and use of maps. To do this, one of the first and most fundamental points is to teach the pupil to understand the meaning and importance of the system of proportion, or of " scale." In one book are maps of various scales ; in the first atlas, or in the first wall map which the pupil sees, there are still different scales. The pupils must be prepared to expect and to understand these differences, and it is the teacher's duty to see that they are so prepared. By the insertion of Pennsylvania as a key, and by some of our map questions we have attempted to aid in this training of the sense of proportion.

Other Illustrations. — Besides the relief indicated on the political maps there are individual relief maps made especially for this series. The relief maps of the continents are pronounced by experts to be the best thus far made.

The city maps are intended to serve to illustrate the surroundings which determine the growth of the large cities, including, of course, the transportation facilities by water and by rail. Attention is also called to the maps showing the distribution of the important industries and to the diagrams that accompany them. These are all placed in the summaries with which they are most closely related ; but the teacher will naturally find occasion to use them and refer to them in connection with the study of the earlier sections. A series

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of maps is also introduced which gives a graphic view of the density of population of the continents. All the railway lines of each of the continents excepting Europe are also shown either on the political maps or else by special maps. The colonies of some of the leading nations are given in two full-page illustrations; and the great commercial routes of the world are represented by a single-page map. It is believed that this large number of maps, each devoted to a specific object, will be found of great value.

Besides the maps and diagrams there are many half-tones of photographs selected to supplement the text. They are not introduced merely as pictures, but as part of the fund of information offered. For this purpose the half-tone is the best adapted; there is reason for confidence in the accuracy of such views.

Acknowledgments. — The political and many of the black maps are made by the Matthews-Northrup Company, of Buffalo ; the relief maps, by E. E. Howell, of "Washington. The world maps showing the distribution of products are in part based upon maps kindly furnished to us by the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and a few of them are actual reproductions of the museum maps. Our photographs have been selected from various sources, but the larger number have been purchased from William H. Rau, of Philadelphia. Through the kindness of Commander Webster we have obtained permission to use the photographs reproduced in Figures 406, 433, 434, and 435 ; and Figures 272, 273, 278, 289, 290, 402, 447, 464, 465, 469, 473, and 477 are borrowed from Ratzel's " History of Mankind." A number of European views were loaned by Dr. Heinrich Ries, of Cornell University, and the wash drawings were made by Mr. C. W. Furlong, also of Cornell.

We are indebted to Mr. Philip Emerson, of the Cobbet School, Lynn, Massachusetts, for his suggestive criticism of the manuscript and for further aid in the preparation of the section on Australia. Valuable assistance in the preparation of the statistical tables has been rendered by Mr. R. H. Whitbeck, of Cornell University. While we have drawn upon many sources for the information upon which the text in this volume is based, the extensive use that has been made of Mill's " International Geography " and the " Statesman's Yearbook " — books which every geography teacher should have at hand — calls for special acknowledgment.

Section I. Physiography of North America ...... 1

The Growth of the Continent, 1. The Coal Period, 2. The Mountains AND Plateaus, 4. Volcanoes, 5. The Trough between the Two Mountain Systems, 6. The Great Ice Age, 8. The Coast Line, 11. Size, Shape, and Position, 13. Summary, 14.

Section II. Plants, Animals, and Peoples ....... 16

Plants of the North, 16. Animals of the North, 17. Plants and Animals in Western North America, 18. Plants and Animals of the Tropical Zone, 19. Plants and Animals in the Temperate Part OF North America, 20. Peoples. Eskimos, 22. Indians, 28. The Spaniards, 24. The French, 25. The English, 26. Westward Migration, 28. Slavery, 28. Immigrants to America, 29.

Section III. Latitude, Longitude, and Standard Time .... 31 Latitude and Longitude. Need of a Means for locating Places, 31. The Streets of a City, 31. Distance North and South of the Equator (Latitude), 32. East and West Distances on the Earth (Longitude), 33. Standard Time, 36.

Section V. New England . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Physiography and Climate, 41. The Forests. Cutting the Timber, 42. Floating the Logs to the Mills, 43. Sawmills and Paper-mills, 43. The Rocks. Granite, 45. Marble, 46. Slate, 46. Fishing. Mackerel, 47. Halibut and Codfish, 48. Other Ocean Foods, 49. Agriculture, 49. Manufacturing. Cotton Manufacturing, 51. Wool Manufacturing, 52. Leather Manufacturing, 52. Metal Manufacturing, 53. Largest Cities and Chief Shipping Routes. The Large Cities, 54. Boston and Vicinity, 54.

Section VI. Middle Atlantic States ........ 58

Physiography, 58. Climate, 60. Forests, 61. Fish and Oysters, 61. Agriculture. Dairying, 62. Tobacco, 63. Fruits and Vegetables, 63. Mining. Salt, 64. Coal, 65. Oil and Gas, 67. Iron Ore, 68. Iron AND Iron Goods, 68. Glass, Pottery, Bricks, etc., 71. Largest Cities and Chief Shipping Routes. Location of New York City, 71. Erie Canal, 72. Eailways of New York, 73. New York City, 75. Philadelphia and its Chief Shipping Routes, 77. Baltimore, 79. District of Columbia, 79. Richmond and Norfolk, 80.

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Section VII. Southern States 83

Physiography, 83. Climate, 84. Forests, 85. Agriculture. Cotton, 87. Rice, 89. Sugar-cane and Sugar, 89. Fruits, 91. Other Crops, 91. Grazing, 92. Mineral Products. Coal and Iron, 92. Stone, 93. Gold and Precious Stones, 93. Phosphates, 93. Salt and Oil, 93. Manufacturing, 93. Leading Cities and Shipping Routes. New Orleans, 95. Memphis and Atlanta, 98. Other Cities, 98. Texas Cities, 99. The Territories, 99.

Section VIII. Central States .......... 103

Physiography and Climate, 103. Settlement of the Mississippi Valley, 103. Agriculture. A Farm in Central Ohio, 105. Fruits, 107. Tobacco, 108. Fine Stock in Kentucky, 108. Caverns, 108. Corn, 108. Wheat, 110. Other Grains, 111. Cattle Ranching, 111. Lumbering, 115. Mineral Products. Building Stone, 116. Petroleum AND Natural Gas, 116. Coal, 117. Iron Ore, 117. Copper, 118. Lead, Zinc, etc., 119. Clays, 120. Principal Cities and Shipping Routes, 120. The Lake Cities. Duluth and Superior, 120. Chicago, 121. Stock Yards of Chicago, 122. Manufacturing in Chicago, 123. Other Facts about Chicago, 123. Other Cities along the Lakes, 124. The River Cities. Cities along the Mississippi, 124. Cities along the Missouri, 126. Cities in the Ohio Valley, 127.

Section IX. The Western States . . . . . . . . . 149

Early Settlements, 131. Physiography, 132. Climate, 133. Mineral Products, 135. Lumbering, 138. Agriculture, 140. Ranching, 143. Territories, 146. Scenery. The Yellowstone Park, 147. Colorado Canyon, 148. Yosemite Valley, 149. The Cities. Cities in the Interior, 149. Cities on the Pacific Slope, 150. >

Section X. Territories and Dependencies of the United States . . 156 Alaska. Climate and Physiography, 156. Fishing, 157. Whaling, 157. Sealing, 157. Mining, 158. Cuba and Porto Rico. Physiography AND Climate, 159. Forests and Minerals, 160. Agriculture, 160. Cities, 161. The Hawaiian Islands. The Volcanoes, 162. Industries, 163. The Hawaiian Islands as a Coaling Station, 164. Guam and Samoa, 164. The Philippine Islands. Physiography, 165. Climate, 166. Resources and Industries, 167. Cities, 169.

Section XI. Countries North of the United States ..... 171

Canada and Newfoundland. History, 171. Physiography and Climate, 172. Lumbering, 173. Fishing, 174. Sealing, 175. Agriculture AND Ranching, 175. Mining, 177. Trade Routes and Cities, 178. Islands North of North America, 181.

Section XII. Countries South of the United States ..... 183

Mexico. Physiography and Climate, 183. History, 184. Agriculture AND Ranching, 184. Southern Mexico, 187. The Mines, 187. The Cities, 187. Central America. The Republics, 189. Canals, 190. The West Indies. Jamaica, 191. Haiti, 192. Lesser Antilles, 192. The Bahamas, 192. The Bermudas, 193.

Section XIII. Review of North America ....... 195

Physical Geographtt, 195. Population, 196. City and Country, 197.

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Country, 198. Cities, 203. Dependence of Different Sections upon One Another, 205. Relation to our Territories and Dependencies, 205. Other Countries of North America, 206. Our Relation to Other Countries, 206. Transportation Routes, 207. Influence of Steam and Electricity, 208. Influence of Modern Inventions on Mode of Life, 208. Influence of our Surroundings on Education and Government, 209.

Part II. General Geography

Section I. The Earth as a Planet : Summer and Winter . . . .211 Form and Size, 211. Daily Motion, 211. Yearly Motion, 212. The Attraction of Gravitation, 213. Length of Day and Night, 214. The Zones, 215.

Section II. Winds and Rain 216

Winds. Review, 216. Effect of a Stove, 216. Winds of the Earth, 217. Effect of Rotation, 218. Wind Belts, 218. Belt of Calms and Belts of Horse Lalitudes, 219. Effect of Revolution, 220. Rain. Causes for Rain, 220. Rain Belts in North America, 221. Other Rainy and Arid Regions of Northern Hemisphere, 222. South of the Equator, 223. Belt of Calms, 223. Migration of Rain Belts, 224. Eastern United States and Canada, 224. Weather Maps, 228. Cyclonic Storms in Europe, 228. Sea and Land Breezes ; Monsoons, 229.

Section III. Ocean Movements and Distribution of Temperature . . 232 Wind Waves, 232. Tides. What the Tides are, 2.32. Height of THE Tidal Wave, 232. Ocean Currents. Cause of Ocean Currents, 233. The North Atlantic Eddy, 233. The Gulf Stream, 234. The Labrador Current, 235. The Currents in the North Pacific Ocean, 236. Eddies of the Southern Oceans, 2.36. Effects of Ocean Currents in North America : Review, 236. Effects on Other Regions, 237. Distribution of Temperature, 238.

Section IV. Peoples 242

Divisions of Mankind, 242. Distribution of Races, 244. Distribution OF Religion, 244.

Part III. South America

Physiography, 247. Climate, 249. Plant and Animal Life, 250. The People, 252. Brazil. Physiography and Climate, 254. The Tropical Forest, 255. Products of the Forest, 256. Coffee Raising, 256. Other Industries in Brazil, 257. Cities, 257. Argentina. Physiography AND Climate, 2.58. Cattle Raising, 259. Farming, 259. Manufacturing and Commerce, 259. Cities, 260. Uruguay and Paraguay. Uruguay, 260. Paraguay, 261. The Guianas and Vene-

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zuela. The Guianas, 262. Venezuela, 262. Tropical Andean Countries. Points of Resemblance, 263. Colombia, 265, Ecuador, 266. Peru, 267. Bolivia, 269. Chile. Phtsiographt and Climate, 270. Mineral Wealth, 270. Agriculture, Manufacturing, and General Development, 271. Cities, 272. Islands Near the Continent, 272.

PAET IV. EUROPE

Section I. Physiography, Climate, and People ...... 275

Physiography. Highlands and Lowlands, 275. Coal Beds, 277. The Great Ice Sheet, 277. The Coast Line, 278. Climate. Influence OF Latitude, 278. Resemblance to Western North America, 279. Influence of Cyclonic Storms, 279. Effect of Mountain Ranges, 280. Inland Seas, 281. People, 281. Influence of the Discovery OF America, 281.

Section II. The British Isles 283

Position, Size, and Importance, 283. Inhabitants, 283. Physiography AND Climate, 283. Agriculture, 285. Pishing, 287. Mining, 287. Reasons for Development of Manufacturing, 288. Woollen and Cotton Manufactures, 289. Iron and Steel Manufacturing, 290. Ireland, 291. Location of Principal Cities, 293. London, 293. Other English Cities, 296. Cities of Scotland, 297. Cities of Ireland, 298. Puller Reasons for the Greatness of the British Empire, 298. Government, 300.

Section III. The Netherlands and Belgium ...... 302

The Netherlands (Holland). Physiography, 302. People and Government, 303. Agriculture, 303. Manufacturing, 304. Commerce, 304. Colonies, 305. Cities, 306. Belgium. Physiography, 306. People and Government, 307. Agriculture, 307. Mining, and Manufacturing, 308. Commerce, 308. Cities, 309.

People and Government, 311. Physiography and Climate, 312. Agriculture, 312. Minerals, 314. Manufacturing, 314. Wool and Cotton Manufactures, 314. Silk Manufacturing, 315. Other Manufactures, 316. Paris, 316. {Location, 316 ; Paris as an Art Centre, 317 ; Manufactures of Paris, 318 ; Commerce of Paris, 318.) Other Cities, 318. Commerce op France, 319. Colonies, 319.

Section V. Spain and Portugal .... ..... 320

People and Government, 320. Physiography and Climate, .321. Agriculture AND Grazing, 322. Mining, 323. Manufacturing, 323. Principal Cities op Spain, 323. Colonies of Spain, 325. Principal Cities and Colonies of Portugal, 325.

Section VI. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark ...... 327

People, 327. Physiography and Climate, 327. Agricultural District,

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328. Industries and Cities of Norway, 329. Scenery on the Western Coast, 331. Industries and Cities op Sweden, 331. Inddstries AND Cities op Denmark, 333. Colonies op Denmark, 334.

Section VII. Eussia 335

Size and Position, 335. Physiography, 335. Climate, 336. People AND Government, 337. Lumbering, 338. Farming and Grazing, 338. Mineral Wealth, 338. Manupacturing, 339. Principal Cities and their Commerce. Moscow and Nijni Novgorod, 339. St. Petersburg, 340. Odessa, 341. Warsaw and Lodz, 341,

Section VIII. German Empire .......... 343

Extent and Position, 343. People and Government, 343. Defence, 344. Physiography, 345. Climate, 346. Forests, 347. Agriculture AND Grazing, 348. Mining, 348. Manufacturing, 349. Germany's Rapid Advance, 350. Colonies and Emigrants, 351. Principal Cities and their Commerce. Berlin, 352. Interior Cities near Berlin, 352. Seaports, 353. Cities along the Ehine, 354.

Section IX. Switzerland ........... 356

Physiography and Climate, 356. People and Government, 357. Farming, 357. Manufacturing, 358. Leading Cities, 358. Scenery and Tourists, 360.

Section X. Italy 361

Extent and Position, 361. People and Government, 361. Physiography AND Climate, 362. Agriculture, 362. Mining and Fishing, 363. Manufacturing, 363. Principal Cities, 364. (Naples and Vicmity, 364 ; A7icient and Modern Borne, 365 ; Other Italian Cities, 367.) San Marino and Malta, 369.

GROUPS

Section I. Asia 385

Size and Position, 385. Physiography and Climate, 385. Plants and Animals, 387. People, 388. Turkish or Ottoman Empire, 389. {Conditions in the Empire, 390 ; The Holy Land, 391 ; Mesopotamia, 392.) Arabia, 393. Persia, 393. Afghanistan, 395. Russia in Asia, 395. India, 396. (Physiography and Climate, 396 ; Farming, 397 ; Forests and Wild Animals, 399 ; Mining and Manufacturing, 399 ; Famines xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS and Plagues, 399 ; Government, 400 ; Baluchistan and Burma, 401 ; Base of Himalayas, 401 ; Principal Cities, 402.) Cetlon, 403. Indo-China AND THE Malay Peninsula, 404. (Siam, 404 ; French Indo-China, 404 ; Straits Settlements, 4:0b.) Chinese Empire, 405. {Area and Population, 405; Climate, 405; People and Civilization, 406; National Besources, 408 ; Government, 409 ; Principal Cities, 409.) Korea, 410. Japan, 411. {Physiography and Climate, 411 ; People and Government, 411 ; Becent Advance, 413; Besources, 413; Principal Cities, 414.)

Section II. Africa 416

Physiography, 416. Climate, 416. Plants and Animals, 418. The People, 418. Exploration and Settlement, 419. Northern Africa. Political Divisions, 420. The Sahara, 421. Egypt and the Neighboring British Territory, 422. ( The Nile, 422 "; Agriculture, 424 ; The People, 424; Suez Canal, 426 ; Cities, 426.) The Barbary States, 427. Southern Africa. Comparison avith Northern Africa, 429. The People, 429. Agriculture and Grazing, 430. Mineral Wealth, 431. Commerce and Cities, 432. Central Africa. The Rivers, 433. The People, 434. Divisions of Central Africa, 435. Need of Railways, 437. Islands near Africa, 437.