Builder's architectural drawing self-taught : containing descriptions of drawing instruments and accessories, with rules for using them, and hints as to their care and management ...

Front matter

Library

Brigham Young Universii^''

Builders’

Preface

Having been more or less interested in Archi tecture and the building trades for nearly a half a century, I have in that time become acquainted with a great many workmen, who, while filling a subordinate position, possessed aspirations and ambitions, which, had they had a fair knowledge of drawing and geometry, would have lifted them to the hightest place in the department in which they labored. To give similar good fellows a chance to obtain the necessary knowledge to enable them to apply for the better positions with a certainty of their being able to fill them with credit is the motive which has prompted the compilation of this book, and, knowing the quality and magnitude of their wants, by personal contact with the workmen in the shop and on the building, I think I am qualified, to a large extent, to cull from the vast treasure house of industrial and technical literature, which added to my own experience, to present to the workman in the simplest form possible the material he requires to help him along in the struggle for

III

IV preface better conditions. To attempt to write a book on the subject of architectural drawing and claim for it originality, is simply out of the question; for very little that is original can be said, indeed very little is wanted to be said, for the literature now obtainable seems to cover every point and every phase of the subject.

It may be asked then: “Why make another

book on the subject?'’ This seems a just and reasonable query, and one that deserves a well considered answer, and I will, to the best of my ability, endeavor to make such answer. First, then, while admitting that all that need be said on the subject has been said, and better said than I can say it, yet, it is so scattered and broken up, a bit here, and a bit there, that the student for whom this work is prepared would require to own a gold mine to be able to purchase all the works containing just what he requires; secondly, as this work is specially designed for - active workmen who have no time to wade through ponderous tomes to find what may be a simple matter after all, they would probably be forced to forego the knowledge if it could not be obtained in a cheap and handy form, therefore, it is thought that by gathering together, and putting within reach of those who want them, a

PREFACE

V series of instructions containing what is considered the most suitable to satisfy the requirements-I have undertaken to fill, and which I hope will prove satisfactory to the young workman. Doubtless there are many things in this little work that, in the opinion of many persons, might be dispensed with; it may be, and likely is, that there are many good things omitted, many things that would have proved extremely useful, but in palliation I can justly say, that everything I have found on the subject, that was plain, simple and within the capacity of most of the persons this book will reach, and that were not too extensive, I have made use of, and to the best of my ability have placed them before my readers in such language as I am sure will meet with their approval.

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

A

Page

d vice to draftsmen 12

Advice to Young Men 13

Advantage of knowing how 14

A box of instruments 35

American instruments 39

Attic plan for brick cottage Ill

Ashler work 118

Arch over window 126

A rampart arch 131

A straight arch 131

Arches of various kinds 146

Arabesque fretwork 172

Anthemion 185

A wrought iron design 213

A circular ornamental design 215

Arrangement of flutes and fillets 222

Arrangement of Doric order 228

Advice to student 241

Alphabets 246

A method of hatching showing materials 258

A parting word 262

B

Beam compasses 31

Brown’s ellipsograph 34

Bow pens and pencils 43

Boxwood scales 46

Brick cottage plans 108

7 Brick foundations 114

Blocked coursed work 118

in brickwork 119

Brick courses 120

Brickwork generally 121

Bonding in 9-inch walls 122

Bed o-f arch . 130

Brick and stone arches 145

Box frame weights 162

Balusters 175

Barge boards 179

Border mouldings 183

Border, Egyptian style 186

VII

VIII

Page

Border, Byzantine style 189

Byzantine Rosette 189

Balustrades 203

Balcony 209

Block letters 246

Blue prints 361

C

Cheap drawing boards 19

Cartridge paper 20

Cleaning pen 52

Circular ornaments 60

Circiilar segments 61

Curves of various grades 63

Circles and straight lines mixed] 67

Curved mouldings 68

Compass drawn scrolls 85

Cutting lead pencils 93

Cellar plan for cottage 108

Crown of arches 129

Casings for door and window finish 158

Cornice for frame building 159

Cornice for brick building 161

Curved and straight lines 162

Complicated fret work 173

Chain moulding 177

Continuous moulding 177

Curved line ornaments 178

Cut scroll work 179

Conventional flower 184

Conventional lotus 186

Cut Gothic border 190

Cinquefoil Gothic ornament 193

Curves for cut work 198

Cut work for barge boards, etc 199

Carvers’ ornaments 200

Cut work for balustrades 203

Columns 219

Columns, fluted 220

Columns with fillets 231

Columns with fillets and reeds 222

Corinthian order of architecture 236

Column and section, Corinthian 237

Colors used in drawings 249

Colors representing materials 254

D

Drawing boards. How to make 18

Drawing board grooved 19

Drawing paper 20

Page

Damp-stretching 22

Drawing table 24

Drawing pens 38

Drawing lines 53

Drawing circles 54

Drawing concentric curves 55

Drawing eccentric curves 55

Drawing circular ornaments 57

Drawing variable curved ornaments 58

Doric mouldings 73

Describing ellipses by aid of trammel 78

Dotted line work 88

Dimension lines 92

Different grades of pencils 99

Drawing arches 127

Doorway entrance 151

Diagonals and squares 164

Drops for porches and verandas 203

Drops for balcony 209

Drawings for iron work 213

Drawing sections of fluted columns 220

Dividing circumferences of columns 221

Drawing of Tuscan order 226

Doric order of architecture 228

Drawing the Doric order 228

Design of Ionic capital and entablature . . 234

Designs for letters 244

Description of colors 250

Defining use of colors 253

E

Ellipsograph 33

Ellipsograph illustrated 34

English drawing instruments 39

Elliptical mouldings 76

Elliptical curves by string 77

Elliptical curve by trammel 78

Egg shaped figures, How to draw them 82

Examples' in line work 86

Erasions 98

End elevations and section of cottage 113

English bond of brickwork 124

Elevation of brickwork 125

Extrados of arches 129

Elliptical arches in brickwork 134

Elevation of doorway 151

Elevation of window 153

Elevation of inside door and finish 155

Egyptian ornament 180

Elaborated scroll 182

Page

Egg and dart 188

Echinus 188

Egyptian lotus border 186

Elaborate tracery 197

Eave boards 207

Elliptical wrought iron scroll 218

Elliptical ornamentation 216

Entasis of columns 225

Elevation of Tuscan order 226

Elevation of Doric order 228

Elevation of Composite order 280

F

Free-hand drawing 14

French curves 26

Flat scales 80

Figured plans 105

Floor plans for cottage 110

Front elevation of brick cottage 112

Foundation footings 114

Fourteen-inch brick wall 125

Flat arches in brickwork- 141

Finish of inside door 155

Fret work 171

Figured ornaments 175

Finished scroll work 179

Fence boards, ornamental 211

Fluting columns 218

Flutes and fillets 221

Figures for drawings 242

Flowing of colors 250

G

Good tools 17

Greek mouldings 69

Gothic brick arches 184

Gothic arches generally 185

Gothic ogee arches 188

Gothic arches of various kinds 146

Gutter and cornice 159

Gutter and cornice open 161

Gothic perforated work 166

Greek fret work 171

Greek lily 184

Greek anthemim 185

Gothic ornament in border 190

Gothic tracery 194

Greek Ionic 333

INDEX 3

PAGE

H

Hard rubber scales 49

Handy method of drawing scrolls 84

Hatching lines 89

How to hold the lead pencil 95

Herring bone brickwork 126

How to describe an elliptical arch 184

Horseshoe arches 139

Horseshoe arches of several styles 146

Hexagon ornament 167

Handling brushes in coloring 251

Hatching, showing materials 258

I

Introduction 11

Instruments in Morocco case 36

Instruments in wooden box 37

Inserting ink in pen 51

Ink brush 52

Inking in 52

Inking lines 53

In trades of arches 129

Inside shutter finish 152

Inside window finish 153

Inside finish of sliding doors 156

Introduction to the order of architecture 218

Ionic mouldings 234

J

Joining curves 66

Joining straight lines to curved lines 67

Joints in masonry 119

Joints in brickwork 120

Joints in bonded work 121

Joints in arches 130

Joints shown in brick arches /. . . 140

Jamb in section 151

Joint of sliding doors 157

K

Keystone of arch 129

L

Linework 85

Linework in shade and shadow 88

Laying off dimensions 91

Lead pencils cut to shape 93

Lancet arches 136

Lintels of stone 145

Page

Laying out diagonals 165

Laying out hexagon work 167

Laying out turned ornaments 175

Laying out scrolls ^ 178

Lotus ornamentations " 186

Laying out tracery 196

Laying out cut work 206

Laying out flutes of columns 218

Laying out flllets and flutes 221

Laying out letters 243

Lettering generally 244

Laying on of colors 252

M

Manner of sharpening pen 42

Manner of*closing pen 43

Mouldings 69

Methods of describing Greek mouldings 71

Method of describing ellipses 77

Method of describing arch 134

Moorish arches 139

Moorish arches of various kinds 146

Miscellaneous arches 149

Mixed ornament 168

Moorish fret work 172

Mixed Greek ornament 174

Mouldings of Tuscan order 226

Mouldings for Doric order 228

Modillions 238

Miscellaneous matters 241

Making of letters 242

Methods of coloring 250

Mixing colors 252

Materials shown by hatching 258

Method of mixing ink 260

O

Ornamental curves 59

Ornaments from circles 60

Ovals 81

Ornamental line work 87

Ogee arches 137

Ogee Tudor arches . 138

Ogee Gothic arches 138

Openings in stone work 143

Ornamental Gothic work 166

Ornamental cut work 199

Ornamental balustrades 205

Ornamental iron work 215

Order on architecture 223

V

INDEX 5

Page

Open letters 244

Old style letters 245

P

Preface 2

Paper tacks 21

Prices of drawing pens 39

Pens, with and without ink 51

Proper method of holding pen 90

Position of hand when drawing 95

Pencil lines and erasions 97

Preliminary rough sketches 102

Plans in part 105

Plan of cellar 108

Plan of courses in brickwork 125

Plan of details 150

Pocket for sliding doors 157

Plan of pocket for sliding doors 157

Perforated stone work 166

Panel work in fret 201

Pickets for ornamental fence 211

Proportions for Tuscan order 226

Proportions of Doric order 228

Plan and elevation of Ionic column 234

Plan and elevation of Corinthian order 236

Proportion of Composite order 239

Proportion of letters 243

Preparing paper for coloring 249

Preparing colors 252

Preventing ink from “creeping” 260

Q

Quatrefoil 191

Quatereal columns 218

R

Roman mouldings 70

Rubber for erasing 98

Rough sketches 100

Rough sketches figured 102

Rough sketches of details 103

Random rubble work 116

Rough stone work 116

Rubble work coursed 116

Rustic stone work 117

Running bond in brickwork 123

Rubble arches 146

Rosette, Egyptian 186

Roman border 187

Page

Roman Rosette 188

Roman ornament 188

Running elliptical ornament 216

Roman Ionic order 233

Runic letters 245

Retouching colored drawings 252

Rough shading 259

Reissman’s “Blue print making” 261

S

Set squares 26

Swivel squares 28

Straightedges 29

Scale-triangular 30

Splices 33

Swiss drawing instruments 38

Steel scales 47

Showing various curves 63

Scrolls, how to draw them 83

String and pencil 84

Sharpening lead pencils properly 94

Sketches of windows 104

Scale for work 107

Section of brick cottage 113

Side elevation of cottage 113

Stone foundation 114

Stone walls 115

Squared stone work 119

Semi-circular arches 127

Span of arches 129

Spring of arches 129

Segmental arches 132

Segment of Tudor arches 132

Semi-elliptical arches 133

Stone arches with offsets 143

Segmental Gothic arches 147

Section of door jamb 151

Shutter linings 152

Splay of window jambs 154

Section of window jamb and finish 154

Sliding doors *. 156

Section of sliding door pocket 156

Section of corner studs 158

Section of window finish 158

Section of cornice 159

Section of cornice for brief building : 161

Section for box frame 162

Section for window sill 162

Straight and curved lines 163

Squares and diagonals 164

Page

Straight line ornamentation 169

Strap work 170

Star work 170

Scroll work 178

Scroll work for carvers 200

Scroll work on elliptical plan 216

Something on architectural orders 218

Sections of columns 219

Section of Doric order 228

Sections of Ionic order 234

Single line letters 245

Shaded letters and figures 247

Stone, wood and iron shown by colors 257

Shading for different forms 259

T

Thumb tacks 21

Tee squares 25

Trammel 31

The drawing pen discussed 41

Triangles 47

The lead pencil 93

Tee square and pencil 95

Thrust in arches 130

Tudor arch 132

Tudor arches of various kinds 148

Tiles and diagonals 166

Trefoil ornament 173, 191

Turned ornaments 175

Tracery 194

The Tuscan order of architecture 225

The Grecian Doric 230

The Ionic order of architecture 234

The Corinthian order of architecture 238

The Composite order of architecture 239

The use of colors in drawing 249

Tints in coloring 252

. U

Use of bow-pen and pencil 41

Uses of pencils generally 4<>

Uins 175

Use of colors in drawings 249

Use of hair pencils for coloring 252

Use of heavy ink lines 260

V

/ariable curves 27

Various mouldings 76

Page

Vertical measurements 106

Voussoirs 129

Versed sine of arches 129

Various arches 146

Verge boards 179

Veranda cut work 202

Volutes in Ionic order 237

Various letter! 244

W

Walls of stone 114

Walls of brick 114

Window openings in brick walls 142

Window linings 152

Window frame with weights 162

Window finish at sill 162

Wave mouldings 177

Wave scrolls 178

Work for balconies 202

What materials are represented by colors 255 f i

PLATES

PAGE

Plate 1. Eighteen illustrations 16

Plate 2. Plan of Cottage 32

Plate 3. Full Frame for Cottage 48

.Plate 4. Showing Disposition of Joists 64

Plate 5. Elevation of Front and End of Cottage 80

Plate 6. Constructive Details 96

Plate 7. Showing Cornice, and Roof Construction 112

Plate 8. Shows Plans of Windows, Doors, etc 128

Plate 9. Inside Finish of Windows and Doors 144

Plate 10. Elevation and Section of Finish 160

Plate 11. Doors and Door Finish ‘ 176

Plate 12. Stairs, Newels and Balusters 192

Plate 13. Elevation and Details of Mantel, 208

Plate 14. Elevation of a Book-case 224

Plate 15. Kitchen and Student’s Desk 232

Plate 16. Section and Plans of Window 240

Plate 17. Cellar Window in Stone Wall 248

Plate 18. Sections of Windows in Wood 256