Autobiography of a fugitive negro : his anti-slavery labours in the United States, Canada & England.

Front matter

AUTOBIOGEAPHY

OF

A FUGITIVE NEGBO

Preface

The idea of wr.ting some account of my travels was first suggested to me by a gentleman who has not a little to do with the bringing out of tliis work. The Rev. Dr. Campbell also encouraged the suggestion. I then thought that a series of letters in a newspaper would answer the purpose. Circumstances over which I had no control placed it beyond my power to accomplish the design in that form of publication.

A few months ago I was requested to spend an evening with some ardent friends of the Negro race, by the arrangement of Mrs. Massie, at her house, Upper Clapton. Her zeal and constancy in behalf of the American Sla ^ ure well known on both sides of the Atlantic. Nor is there, I believe, a more earnest friend of my kindred race than is her husband. With him I have repeatedly taken counsel on the best modes of serving our cause. Late in August last, Dr. Massie urged on me the propriety of preparing a volume which might remain as a parting memorial of my visit to England, and serve to embody and perpetuate the opinions and arguments I had often employed to provi

PREFACE.

mote the work of emancipation. Peter Carstairs, Esq., of Madras, being present, cordially and frankly encouraged the project; and other friends, in whose judgment I had confidence, expressed their warmest approval. My publisher has generously given every facility for rendering the proposal practicable. To him I owe my warmest obligations for the promptitude and elegance with which the Volume has been prepared. ,^

i do not think the gentlemen who advised it were quite correct in anticipating that so much would be acceptable, in a Book from me. I should have gone about it with much better courage if I had not felt some fears on this point. However^ amidst me ny apprehensions of imperfection, I place it before the reader, begging him to allow me a word by way of apology. I was obliged to write in the midst of most perplexing, most embarrassing, private business, and had not a solitary book or paper to refer to, for a fact or. passage; my brain alone had to supply all I wished to compose or compile. Time, too, was very ; limited. 'Under these circumstances, that I should have committed soitne slight inaccuracies, will not appear very strange, though I trust they are not very great or material. I beg the reader generously to for- . give the faults he detects, and to believe that my chief motive in writing is the promotion of that cause in whose service I liVe. I hope that this Book will not be looked, upon as a specimen of what a well educated jtfegro could do, ior as a fair representa-

PREFACE.

vii tion of what Negro talent can produce — knowing that, with better materials, more time, and in more favourable circumstaaces, even / could have done much better; and knowing also, that my superiors among my own people would have written far more acceptably.

It will be seen that I have freely made remarks upon other tilings than slavery, and compared my own with those of other peoples. I did the former as a Man, the latter as a Negro. As a Negro, I live alid therefore write for my people; as a Man, I freely speak my mind upon whatever concerns me and my fellow men. If any one be disappointed or offended at that, I shall regret it; all the more, as it is impossible for me to say that, in like circumstances, I should not do jmt the same again.

The reader will not find the dry details of a journal, nor any of my speeches or sermons, I preferred to weave into the Work the themes upon which I have spoken, rather than the speeches themselves. The Work is jjot a literary one, for it is not written by a literary man; it is no more than its humble title indicates — the Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro. In what sense I am a fugitive, will appear on perusal of my personal and family history.

S. E. W.

Radley's HoTEi.

Zlst October, 1855.

Chapter I. Family History

I "WAS "bom on the 17tli Octoljer, 1817, in that part of the State of Maryland, U.S., commonly called the Eastern Shore. I regret that I can give no accurate accomit of the prec,ise location of my birthplace. I may as well state now the reason of my ignorance of this matter. My parents were slaves. I was bom a slave. They escaped, and took their then only child with them. I was not then old enough to know anything about my native place ; and as I grew up, in the State of New Jersey, where my parents lived till I was nine years old, and in the State of New York subsequently, where we lived for many years, my parents were always in danger of being arrested and re-enslaved. To avoid this, they took every possible caution: among their measures of caution was the keeping of the j children quite ignorant of their birthplace, and of their condition, whether free or slave, when bom ; because children might, by the dropping of a single

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AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

word, lead to the betrayal of their parents. My brother, however, was bom in New Jersey; and my parents, supposing (as is the general presumption) that to be bom in a free State is to be bom free, readily allowed us to tell where my brother was bom ; but my birthplace I was neither permitted to teU nor to know. Hence, while the secresy and mystery thrown about the matter led me, most naturally, to suspect that I was bom a slave, I never received direct evidence of it, fr'om either of my parents, until I was four-and-twenty years of age; and then my mother informed my wife, in my absence. Generous reader, will you therefore kindly forgive my inability to say exactly where I was bom ; what gentle stream arose near the humble cottage where I first breathed — how that stream sparkled in the sunlight, as it meandered through green meadows and forests of stately oaks, tiU it gave its increased self as a contribution to the Chesapeake Bay — if I do not tell you the name of my native town and coimty, and some interesting details of their geographical, agricultural, geological, and revolutionary history — if I am silent as to just how many miles I was bom from Baltimore the metropolis, or Annapolis the capital, of my native State? Fain would I satisfy you in all this ; but I cannot, from sheer ignorance. I was bom a slave— where? Wherever it was, it was

FAMILY HISTORY.

where I dare not be seen or known, lest those who held mj parents and ancestors in slavery should make a claim, hereditary or legal, in some form, to the ownership of my body and soul.

My father, from what I can gather, was descended from an African prince. I ask no particular attention to this, as it comes to me simply from tradition — such tradition as poor slaves may maintain. Like the sources of the Nile, my ancestry, I am free to admit, is rather difficult of tracing. My father was a pure-blooded ^egro, perfectly black, with woolly hair : but, as is frequently true of the purest negroes, of small, handsome features. He was about 5 feet 10 inches in height, of good figure, cheerful disposition, bland manners, slow in deciding, firm when once decided, generous and unselfish to a fault ; and one of the most consistent, simple-hearted, straightforward Christians, I ever knew. What I have grouped together here concerning him you would see in your first acquaintance with him, and you would see the same throughout his entire life. Had he been educated, free, and admitted to the social privileges in early li.(e for which nature fitted him, and for which even slavery could not, did not, altogether unjit him, my poor crushed, outraged people would never have had nor needed a better representation of themselves — a better specimen of the black gentleman.

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Yes : among the heaviest of my maledictions against slavery is that which it deserves for keeping my poor father — and millions like him — in the midnight and dungeon of the grossest ignorance. Cowardly system as it is, it does not dare to allow the slave access to the commonest sources of light and learning.

After his escape, my father learned to read, so that he could enjoy the priceless privilege of searching the 'Scriptures. Supporting himself by his trade as a house painter, or whatever else offered (as he was a man of untiring industry), he lived in Cumberland County, New Jersey, from 1820 until 1826 ; in New York city from that year until 1838; and in the city of Newark, New Jersey, from 1838 until May 1851, when he died, at the age of 68.

In April I was summoned to his bedside, where I found him the victim of paralysis. After spending some few days with him, and leaving him very much better, I went to Pennsylvania on business, and returned in about ten days, when he appeared still very comfortable ; I then, for a few days, left him. My mother and I knew that another attack was to be feared — another, we kiiew too well, would prove fatal ; but when it would occur was of course beyond our knowledge ; hntMe hoped for the best. My father and I talked very fi-eely of his death. He had always maintained that a Christian ought

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to tave his preparation for his departure made; and completed in Christ, before death, so as when death should come he should have nothing to do but to DIE. " That," said my father, " is enough to do at once : let repenting, believing, everything else, be sought at a proper time ; let dying alone be done at the dying time." In my last conversation with him he not only maintained, bat he fe% the same. Then, he seemed as if he might live a twelvemonth ; but eight-and-forty hours from that time, as I sat in the Eev. A. G. Beeman's pulpit, in New Haven, after the opening services, while singing the hymn which immediately preceded the sermon, a telegraphic despatch was handed me, announcing my father's death. I begged Mr. Beeman to preach ; his own feelings were such, that he could not, and I was obliged to make the effort. No effort ever cost me so much. Have I trespassed upon your time too much by these details ? Forgive the fondness of the filial, the bereaved, the fatherless.

My mother was a widow at the time of her marriage with my father, and was ten years his senior. I know little or nothing of her early life : I think she was not a mother by her first marriage. To my father she bore three children, all boys, of whom I am the second. Tradition is niy only ^ . authority for my maternal ancestry : that authority I saith, that on the paternal side my mother de- '

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I scended from Africa. Her motlier, however, was a : woman of light complexion; her grandmother, a mulattress; her great-grandmother, the daughter of an Irishman, named Martin, one of the largest \ slaveholders in Maryland — a man whose slaves I were so numerous, that he did not know the numi ber of them. ^)Mj mother was of dark complexion, ' but straight silklike hair ; she was a person of large frame, as tall as my father, of quick discernment, ready decision, great firmness, strong will, ardent temperament, and of deep, devoted, religious character.^ Though a woman, she was not of so pleasing a countenance as my father, and I am thought strongly to resemble her. Like my father, she was converted in early life, and was a member of the Methodist denomination (though a lover of all Christian denominations) until her death. This event, one of the most afflictive of my life, occurred on the first day of September, 1853, at New York. Since my father's demise I had not seen her for nearly a year; when, being about to sail for England, at the risk of being apprehended by the United States' authorities for a breach of their execrable republican Fugitive Slave Law, I sought my mother, found her, and told her I was about to sail at three p.m., that day (April 20th, 1853), for England. With a calmness and composure which she could always command when emergencies re-

FAMILY HISTORY.

quired it, she simply said, in a quiet tone, "To England, my son!" embraced me, commended me to God, and suflfered me to depart without a murmur. It was our last meeting. May it he our last parting ! For the kind sympathy shown me, upon my reception of the melancholy news of my mother's decease, by many English jfriends, I shall ever be grateful : the recollection of that event, and the kindness of which it was the occasion, will dwell together in my heart while reason and memory shall endure.

In the midst of that peculiarly bereaved feeling inseparable from realizing the thought that one is both fatherless and motherless, it was a sort of melancholy satisfaction to know that my dear parents were gone beyond the reach of slavery and the Fugitive Law. Endangered as their liberty always was, in the Jree Northern States of New York and New Jersey — doubly so after the law of 1851 — I could but feel a great deal of anxiety concerning them. I knew that there was no living claimant of my parents' bodies and souls ; I knew, too, that neither of them would tamely submit to re-enslavement : but I also knew that it was quite possible there should be creditors, or heirs at law ; and that there is no State in the American Union wherein there were not free and independent democratic republicans, and soi~disant Christians, readj, aye ready * to aid in overpowering and capturing a runaway, j^'^ay. But when God was pleased to take my fattier in 1851, and my mother in 1853, I felt relief firom my greatest earthly anxiety. Slavery had denied them education, property, caste, rights, liberty; but it could not deny them the application of Christ's blood, nor an admittance to the rest prepared for the righteous. They could not be buried in the same part of a common graveyard, with whites, in their native country ; but they can rise at the sound of the first trump, in the day of resurrection. Yes, reader: we who are slavebom derive a comfort and solace from the death of those dearest to us, if they have the sad misfortune to be blacks and Americans, that you know not. God forbid that you or yours should ever have occasion to know it !

My eldest brother died before my birth: my youngest brother, Isaiah Harper Ward, was bom April 5th, 1822, in Cumberland County, New Jersey; and died at New York, April 16th, 1838, in the triumphs of faith. He was a lad partaking largely of my father's qualities, resembUng him exceedingly. Being the youngest of the family, Ve all sought to fit him for usefiilness, and to shield him from the thousand snares and the ten thousand forms of cruelty and injustice which the unspeakably cruel prejudice of the whites visits upon the

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Head and the heart of every black young man, in New. York. To that end, we secured to him the advantages of the Free School, for coloured youths, in that city — advantages which, I am happy to say, were neither lost upon him nor unappreciated by him. Upon leaving school he commenced learning the trade of a printer, in the office of Mr. Henry R. Piercy, of New York — a gentleman who, braying the prejudices of his craft and of the community, took the lad upon the same terms as those upon which he took white lads: a fact all the more .creditable to Mr. Piercy, as it was in the verj'- teeth of the abominably debased public sentiment of that city (and of the whole country, in fact) on this subject But ere Isaiah had finished his trade, he suddenly took a severe cold, which resulted in pneumonia, and — in death.

I expressed a doubt, in a preceding page, as to the legal validity of my brother's freedom. True, he was bom in the nominally Free State of New Jersey; true, the inhabitants bom in Free States are gmerally free. But according to slave law, " the child follows the condition of the mother, during life." My mother being bom of a slave woman, and not being legally freed, those who had a legal claim to her had also a legal claim to her offspring, wherever born, of whatever paternity. Besides, at that time New Jersey had not entirely ceased to be a Slave State. Had my mother been legally freed before liis birth, then my brother would have been bom free, because bom of a free woman. As it was, we were all liable at any time to be captured, enslaved, and re-enslaved — first, because we had been robbed of our liberty; then, because our ancestors had been robbed in like manner ; and, thirdly and conclusively, in law, because we were black Americans.

I confess I never felt any personal fear of being retaken — ^primarily because, as I said before, I knew of no legal claimants ; but chiefly because I knew it would be extremely difficult to identify me. I was less than three years old when brought away : to identify me as a man would be no easy matter. Certainly, slaveholders and their more wicked Northern parasites are not very particularly scmpulous about such matters; but still, I never had much fear. My private opinion is, that he who would have enslaved me would have "caught a Tartar": for my peace principles never extended so far as to either seek or accept peace at the encpense of liberty — if, indeed, a state of slavery can by any possibility be a state of peace.

I beg to conclude this chapter on my family history by adding, that my father had a cousin, in New Jersey, who had escaped from slavery. In the spring of 1826 he was cutting down a tree, which accidentally fell upon him, breaking both

FAMILY HISTORY.

thighs. While suffering from this accident his master came and took him hack into Maryland. He continued lame a verj great while, without any apparent signs of amendment, until one fine morning he was gone ! They never took him again.

Two of my father's nephews, who had escaped to New York, were taken hack in the most summary manner, in 1828. I never saw a family thrown into such deep distress by the death of any two of its members, as were our family by the re-enslavement of these two young men. Seven-and-tweuty years have past, but we have none of us heard a word concerning them, since their consignment to the living death, the temporal hell, of American slavery.

Some kind persons who may read these pages will accuse me of bitterness towards Americans generally, and slaveholders particularly: indeed, there are msmy professed abolitionists, on both sides of the Atlantic, who have no idea that a black man should feel towards and speak of his tormenters as a white man would concerning his. But suppose the blacks had treated i/our family in the manner the Americans have treated Twiwe, for five generations: how would you write about these blacks, and their system of bondage? You would agree with me, that the 109th Psalm, from the 5th to the 21st verses inclusive, was written almost purposely for them.

Chapter II. Personal History

I HAVE narrated when and waere I was bom, as far as I know. It seems that when young I was a very weakly child, whose life for the first two years and a half appeared suspended upon the most fragile fibre of the most delicate cord. It is not probable that any organic or constitutional disease was afflicting me, but a general debility, the more remarkable as both my parents were robust, healthy persons. Happily for me, my mother was permitted to " hire her time," as it is called in the South — i. e., she was permitted to do what she pleased, and go where she pleased, provided she paid to the estate a certain sum annually. This she found ample means of doing, by her energy, ingenuity, and economy. My mother was a good financier (0 that her mantle had fallen on me ! ) She paid the yearly hire, and pocketed a surplus^ wherewith she did much to add to the comforts of her husband and her sickly child. So long and so hopeless was my illness, that the parties owning us feared I could not

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be reared for the market — the only use for which, according to their enlightened ideas, a young negro could possibly be bom or reared ; their only hope was in my mother's tenderness. Yes : the tenderness of a mother, in that intensely FREE country, is a matter of trade, and my poor mother's tender regard for her oflFspring had its value in dollars and cents.

When I was about two years old (so my mother told my wife), my father, for some trifling mistake or fault, was stabbed in the fleshy part of his arm, with a penknife : the wound was the entire length of the knife blade. On another occasion he received a severe flogging, which left his back in so wretched a state that my mother was obliged to take peculiar precaution against mortification. This sort of treatment of her husband not being relished by my mother, who felt about the maltreatment of her husband as any Christian woman ought to feel, she put forth her sentiments, in pretty strong language. This was insolent. Insolence in a negress could not be endured — it would breed more and greater mischief of a like kind j then what would become of wholesome discipline ? Besides, if so trifling a thing as the mere marriage relation were to interfere with the supreme proprietor's right of a master over his slave, next we should hear that slavery must give way before marriage ! Moreover, if a negress may be allowed fi:ee speech, touching the flogging of a

AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

negro, simply because that negro happened to be her husband, how long would it be before some such claim would be urged in behalf of some other member of a negro family, in unpleasant circumstances ? Would this be endurable, in a republican civilized community, A.D. 1819? By no means. It would sap the very foundation of slavery — it would be like " the letting out of water " : for let the principle be once established that the negress Anne Ward may speak as she pleases about the flagellation of her husband, the negro William Ward, as a matter of right, and like some alarming and death-dealing infection it would spread from plantation to plantation, until property in husbands and wives would not be worth the having. No, no : marriage must succumb to slavery, slavery must reign supreme over every right and every institution, however venerable or sacred; ergo, this freespeaking Anne Ward must be made to feel the greater rigours of the domestic institution. Should she be flogged? that was questionable. She never had been whipped, except, perhaps, by her parents ; she was now three-and-thirty years old — rather late for the commencement of training; she weighed 184 lbs. avoirdupoise ; she was strong enough to whip an ordinary-sized man; she had as much strength of will as of mind; and what did not diminifth the awkwardness of the case was, she

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gave most unmistakeable evidences of " rather tall resistance," in case of an attack. Well, then, it were wise not to risk this; but one most convenient course was left to them, and that course they could take with perfect safety to themselves, without yielding one hair's breadth of the rights and powers of slavery, but establishing them — they could sell her, and sell her they would : she was their property, and like any other stock she could be sold, and like any other unruly stock she should be brought to the market.

However, this sickly boy, if practicable, must be raised for the auction mart. Now, to sell his mother immediately^ depriving him of her tender care, might endanger his life, and, what was all-important in his life, his saleability. Were it not better to risk a little from the freedom of this woman's tongue, than to jeopardize the sale of this artich f Who knows but, judging from the pedigree, it may prove to be a prime lot-arising six feet in length, and weighing two hundred and twenty pounds, more or less, some day? To ask these questions was to answer them ; there was no resisting the force of such valuable and logical considerations. Therefore the sale was delayed; the yoimg animal was to run awhile longer with his — (I accommodate myself to the ideas and facts of slavery, and use a corresponding nomenclature)

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— dam. Thus my illness prevented the separation of my father and my mother from each other, and from their only child. How God sometimes makes the afflictions of His poor, and the very wickedness of their oppressors, the means of blessing them! But how slender the thread that hound my poor parents together ! the convalescence of their child, or hiu death, would in all seeming probability snap it. asunder. What depths of anxiety must my mother have endiF?ed! How must the reality of his condition have weighed down the fond heart of my father, concerning their child! Could they pray for his continued illness? No; they were parents. Could they petition God for his health ? Then they must soon be parted for ever from each other and from him, were that prayer answered. Ye whose children are bom free, because you were so bom, know but little of what this, enslaved pair endured, for weeks and months, at the time to which I allude.

At length a crisis began to appear: the boy grew better. God's blessing upon a mother's tender nursing prevailed over habitual weakness and sickness. The child slept better; he had less fever; his appetite returned; he began to walk without tottering, and seemed to give signs of the cheerftdness he inherited from his father, and the strength of frame (and, to tell truth, of will also)

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imparted by his mother. Were not the owners right in their "calculations"? Had they not decided and acted wisely, in a business point of view? The dismal prospect before them, connected with the returning health of their child, damped the joy which my parents, in other circumstances, and in a more desirable country, would have felt in seeing their child's improved state. But the more certain these poor slaves became that their child would soon be well, the nearer approached the time of my mother's sale. Motherlike, she pondered all manner of schemes and plans to postpone that dreaded day. She could close her child's eyes in death, she could follow her husband to the grave, if God should so order ; but to be sold from them to the far-off State of Georgia, the State to which Maryland members of Churches sold their nominal fellow Christians — sometimes their own children, and other poor relations — that was more than she could bear. Submission to the will of God was one thing, she was prepared for that, but submission to the machinations of Satan was quite another thing j neither her womanhood nor her theology could be reconciled to the latter. Sometimes pacing the floor half the night with her child in her arms — sometimes kneeling for hours in secret prayer to God for deliverance — sometimes in long earnest consultation with my

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father as to what mu?t be done in this dreaded emergency — ^my mother passed days, nights, and weeks of anguish which wellnigh drove her to desperation. But a thought flashed upon her mind : she indulged in it. It was full of danger ; it demanded high resolution, great courage, unfailing energy, strong determination; it might fail. But it was only a thought, at most only an indulged thought, perhaps the fruit of her very excited state, and it was not yet a plan ; but, for the life of her, she could not shake it off. She kept saying to

herself, " supposing I should " Should what ?

She scarcely dare say to herself, what. But that thought became familiar, and welcome, and more welcome ; it began to take another, a more definite form. Yes; almost ere she knew, it had incorporated itself with her will, and become a resolution, a determination. " William," said she to my •father, "we must take this child and run away." She said it with energy; my father felt it. He hesitated ; he was not a mother. • She was decided ; and when decided, she was decided with all consequences, conditions, and contingences accepted. As is -the case in other families where the wife leads, my father followed my mother in her decision, and accompanied her in — I almost said, her hegira.