Archæological history of Ohio: the Mound builders and later Indians;

Prefatory Note

THE Archeological History of Ohio, which is herewith given to the public, is the consummation of a desire long entertained by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. The Society is enabled to put forth this publication by means of the appreciative and generous assistance of the General Assembly, which made sufficient appropriations for the purpose in the years 1900 and 1902. Probably no work of equal character and completeness has been produced by any state in the Union. Certainly no other state affords such rich material for similar work. While the Archaeological History of Ohio is published by the Society under the auspices of the state, it is to be regarded in no sense as a public document for gratuitous distribution.

For the preparation of this work the Society was fortunate in obtaining the services of Mr. Gerard Fowke, who has had extensive and varied experience as an Archaeologist. He has conducted explorations for the National American Bureau of Ethnology; in 1884, at Flint Ridge in Licking county (Ohio) ; in 1885, in northern Mississippi, southern Ohio and northern Kentucky; in 1886, in western Pennsylvania, southern Illinois and western Kentucky; in 1887, in conjunction with James D. Middleton made surveys of aboriginal works in Licking, Ross and Pike counties; collected data for archaeological map from Detroit to Duluth, principally along the lake shores, and to some extent in the interior of Michigan (northern and southern peninsulas), Wisconsin and Minnesota; then among the effigy mounds of Wisconsin and Iowa; thence down the Mississippi to Cairo and across western and central Kentucky. In 1891-2-8, examined the valleys of the James, Potomac. Shenandoah and South Branch, in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, opening large numbers of mounds ; made a partial map of the mounds and shell heaps along the Atlantic coast of Georgia and Florida. In 1892 visited Columbia, South America, and studied aboriginal remains. In 1893, studied the archaeological localities in Virginia. West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. In 1894 and 1896, studied the remains of the Norsemen on Charles river near Boston. In 1898, opened various cairns on Vancouver’s Island (British Columbia) , and explored the lower Amoor river in Siberia, for the American Museum of Natural History of New York.

Mr. Fowke has written extensively for publications, particularly the reports of the Smithsonian Institution and of the Bureau of Ethnology ; in the American Anthropologist; Science; the American Naturalist; Folk Lore Journal ; Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly ; Ohio Geological Survey Reports ; Denison University Bulletins ; Ohio Academy of Science (special papers); the American Archaeologist; Popular Science; Reports of Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science and numerous magazines and newspapers. ’

E. O. Randall,

Secretary Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Columbus, Ohio, April, 1902.

(iii)

Preface

“There is more ado to interpret interpretations than to interpret the things , and more books upon books than upon all other subjects; we do nothing but comment upon one another.”

* * * * *

This volume is not written for scientists or specialists.

Many persons interested in archaeology are desirous of extending their knowledge, but have not the time, opportunity, or perhaps courage to wade through the vast amount of literature that has accumulated on this subject in the past fifty years. To lighten this labor, an attempt is made in the following pages to compile so much of it as relates to Ohio antiquities, and present it in convenient form. As certain features of Ohio archaeology can not be understood when considered alone, there must be brought into the work a number of descriptions of remains outside her borders. This is the more necessary owing to the general impression that traces of the Mound Builders, wherever found or of Whatever nature, belong to one race existing within one definite period of time.

To the writer has been assigned the task of preparing the manuscript and selecting the illustrations ; the reproduction of the latter and the publication of the entire work has been assumed by the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. Most of the figures, except those in the chapter on relics, have been borrowed from the sources indicated in the text. The explanation of abbreviated references will be found in the appendix.

Gerard Fowke.

Chillicothe, Ohio, July, 1901.

CHAPTER I. pAGE.

Introductory • • • 1

Chapter II

Paleolithic Man. The Evidence of His Existence. Objections to the Evidence. Necessity for Careful Examination 6

In Europe 6

In America 7

The Trenton Gravels of the Delaware River 7

Chapter III

Theories of the Origin and Migrations of North American Indians. Natives of North America. Conjectures as to Their Origin. Ways in Which the New World Might Have Been Peopled from the Old. Possibly a Distinct Variety. Apparently of Great Antiquity. Mounds in the Eastern Hemisphere. Of Various Ages. Widely Distributed. Probable Initial Seat of American Aborigines. Lines of Migration. Suggestions as to Lineage of Mound Builders 31

Mound Building Peoples 43

Chapter IV

The Mound Builders. Ohio Mound Builders. Early Writers. Little Known until the Report of Squier and Davis. Great Increase in Number of Authors Since Their Day. Conflicting Opinions Regarding This People. Theories as to Their Affiliation with Historic Tribes. No Definite Knowledge Concerning Their Origin or End 54

A. Civilization 61

B. Religion 76

C. Numbers 73

D. Extent 86

Geographical Limitations of Types 101

E. Age lOt

The Mastodon or Mammoth 107

The Buffalo 113

Human Bones 115 vi Table of Contents.

PAGE.

Trees 11?

Terraces 124

The Formation of Terraces 127

Surface Accumulation and Erosion 130

F. Physical Structure 131

Crania 131

Jaws, Teeth, and Limbs. 142

Summary 146

Chapter V

Enclosures. The Enclosures of Ohio. Classification. Theories as to

Use. Methods of Designing and Building. Description 149

Geometric Enclosures 162

Newark Works 162

Marietta Works 171

Charleston (West Virginia) Works 173

Portsmouth Works 173

Pike County Works 179

Ross County Works 181

Harness Works 184

High Banks Works 187

Chillicothe Works 190

Frankfort Works 190

Hopetown Works 190

Cedar Banks Works 196

“Mound City’’ 198

Dunlap’s Works 199

Black water Works 202

“Junction Group” 202

Clark’s Works, or the Hopewell Works 204

Baum’s Works, Bourneville 206

Bainbridge (Pricer’s) Works 206

Circleville Works .. 208

Remains in the Miami Valleys 209

Turner Works 209

Cincinnati Works..: 212

Other Works 212

Chapter VI

Smaller Enclosures and Works of Irregular Construction. Minor Geometrical Enclosures. Confined Mainly to Southern Half of the State. Probably Walls of Villages. The Smallest, Possibly Foundations for Houses. Irregular Works, Mostly in Northern Part of the State and in Miami Valleys. Evidently for Defensive Purposes. Similar Works Common in Other States 220

Table of Contents

vii

Chapter VII. Page

Hili-top Enclosures. Effective Defenses. Deficient Water Supply.

• Large Areas Included. Amount of Labor Involved in Construction. Possibly Not Work of the Mound Builders 238-

Fort Ancient, Warren County 239'

Spruce Hill, Ross County 242

Fort Hill, Plighland County 244

Glenford Fort, Perry County 248-

Fort Miami, Hamilton County 254

Fort at Foster’s, Warren County 256-

“Fortified Hill,” Butler County 257

“Fortified Hill,” Licking County 259-

Fort near Newark, Licking County 261

Fort on Flint Ridge, Licking County 261

Other Hill Forts 261

To what People May We Attribute the Forts?. 265-

CHAPTER VIII. Graded Ways, Terraces, Effigies, and Anomalous Structures 271

A. Graded Ways

a. At Marietta . 272

b. At Richmonddale . . ...... 273

c. At Piqua 274

d. At Piketon 274

e. At Waverly 278

f. At Newark 278

g. Near Bourneville 278

h. At Madisonville 278

i. Near Carlisle ; 279

B. Terraces 281

At Fort Ancient and Waynesville 281

At Red Bank, Hamilton County.... 281

C. Effigies 282'

A. Serpent Mound, Adams County 282

b. The Opossum, Licking County 291

c. The Newark Figure 292'

d. The Tapir, Scioto County 294

e. The Bear, opposite Portsmouth 295

D. Anomalous Structures 295

The Cross, Pickaway County 295

Stone Work, Ross County 295

Th£ Trefoil, Ross County 297

Table of Contents.

viii

Chapter IX. Page

The Mounds of Ohio. Numbers. Size. Form. Classification. Stratification. Altars. Position of Skeletons. Property Buried with the Dead. Origin of the Custom. How Mounds were

Built 299

Altar Mounds 304

Altars 307

Temple Mounds 310

Lookout Mounds 311

Sepulchral Mounds 313

CHAPTER X. Structure and Contents of Mounds

Northern Ohio

Central and Southern Ohio

Grave Creek Mound, West Virginia.

Charleston, West Virginia

Knox County

Licking County

Athens County

Lower Muskingum Valley

Hocking County

Pickaway County

Ross County

Hopewell’s

Baum’s

Chillicothe

Harness’s

Pike County

Adams County

Brown County

Clermont County

Montgomery County

Butler County

Hamilton County

Turner Group

329 331 335 337 339

348 359 362 380

383 383 385

Chapter XI

.Stone Mounds. Stone Graves. Cemeteries. Village Sites. Shell Heaps. Funnel Shaped Pits. Rock Shelters. Rock Inscriptions 388

Stone Mounds 388

Stone Graves 391

Village Sites 406

Cemeteries 412

Table of Contents.

ix

PAGE.

Shell Heaps 413

Funnel-shaped Pits 414

Rock Shelters 415

Rock Inscriptions 417

Localities of Inscribed Rocks 423

CHAPTER XII. Some Analogies Between the Remains of Mound Builders and Those

of Modern Indians 425

Traditions 427

The Modern Indian as a Builder of Mounds 445

Reported Objects of Modern Date, Exhumed from Mounds 455

Salt-making 462

Conclusions 469

Chapter XIII

Indians. False Beliefs Regarding Them. Home Life. Character.

as Portrayed by Those Familiar with Them 473

CHAPTER XIV. Sources of Material for Manufactured Objects 509

Art in Stone. Methods of Working. Classification. Lises 509

Pecked or Ground Objects 521

Axes, Celts, and Gouges 521

Axes 521

Celts 526

Gouges 532

Hematite Celts 532

Pestles 536

Mullers 539

Pitted Stones 539

Cup-stones 539

Hammer-stones 545

Mortars • 548

Sinkers and Large Perforated Stones 549

Discoidal Stones 551

Spuds 554

Plummets 556

Cones 559

Hemispheres 559

CHAPTER XV. Stones for Decorative or Ceremonial Purposes 561

Gorgets 564

Banner Stones 566

X

Table of Contents.

PAGE.

Bird-shaped Stones 569

Spools 56S

Working Soft Stone 573

Tubes 576

Inscribed Tablets 580

Pipes 583

Sculptures 604

The Manitus 610

CHAPTER XVI. Chipped Stone Articles 618

Sources of Raw Material 618

Flint Ridge. 619

Quarries near Warsaw 624

New Lexington 625

Carter County, Kentucky 625

Kanawha Valley 626

Wyandotte Cave 626

The Manufacture of Flint Implements 632

Flaking 634

Arrow-making 636

Time Required 643

Uses of Chipped Flint Articles 645

Other Forms of Flint Implements 657

Perforators 657

Bunts 666

Scrapers 667

Cores 668

Flakes 670

Ceremonial Flints 672

Serration 673

Beveling 673

Some Odd Suggestions 676

CHAPTER XVII. Other Manufactured Articles 678

Bone 678

Shell 684

Pottery 691

Fabric ; 697

Mica 701

Copper 704

How Copper was Obtained and Worked 705

Implements and Ornaments of Copper 714

Appendix

Explanation of Reference Notes 729

PAGE.

Figure 1. — The “Elephant Mound” of Wisconsin Ill

Figures 2 and 3. — The “Elephant Pipes” from Iowa Ill

Figure 4. — Mound in which skull was found 137

Figure 5. — Section of above mound 138

Figure 6. — Profile of skull from mound 138

Figure 7. — Front and top view of skull from mound 139

Figure 8. — Morgan’s "Restoration of High Bank Pueblo”... 156

Figure 9. — Morgan’s Plan of “High Bank Pueblo” 157

Figure 10. — Six miles of Raccoon creek valley, Licking county 163

Figure 11. — The Newark works, Licking county 164

Figure 12. — Minor work at Newark 166

Figure 13. — The Fair Ground Circle at Newark 169

Figure 14. — The Square at Newark 170

Figure 15. — The Marietta works 172

Figure 16. — The Portsmouth group 174

Figure 17. — Work opposite old mouth of the Scioto 175

Figure 18. — Works on the site of Portsmouth 177

Figure 19. — Mound and concentric circles in Kentucky 177

Figure 20. — -Mound within enclosure, Greenup county Kentucky 178

Figure 21. — The Barnes work, Pike county 180

Figure 22. — Ditch and embankment, with Barnes work 181

Figure 23. — Twelve miles of the Scioto valley 182

Figure 24. — Six miles of Paint creek valley 183

Figure 25. — Harness, or Liberty township group, Ross county 185

Figure 26. — Correct outline of small circle, Harness group 187

Figure 27. — High Banks works, Ross county 188

Figure 28. — Octagon at High Banks 189

Figure 29. — Works at Chillicothe 191

Figure 30. — Works at Frankfort, Ross county 191

Figure 31. — Works at Plopetown, Ross county 192

Figure 32. — The square at Hopetown 194

Figure 33. — The circle at Hopetown 195

Figure 34. — Cedar Banks works, Ross county 196

Figure 35. — “Mound City,” Ross county 199

Figure 36. — -Dunlap works, Ross county 200

Figure 37. — • Blackwater group, Ross count}' 201

Figure 38. — Junction group, Ross county 203

Figure 39. — -Clark’s works, or Hopewell group, Ross county 205

Figure 40. — Baum works, near Bourneville, Ross county 207

Figure 41. — Pricer works, near Bainbridge, Ross county 207

Figure 42. — Six miles of the Great Miami valley 210

(xi )

List of Illustrations .

xii

PACE.

Figure 43. — Work in Clermont county

Figure 44.— The "Gridiron,” Clermont county

Figure 45. — Coleraine work, Butler county

Figure 46. — Works at Alexandersville, Montgomery county

Figure 47. — Square near Worthington, Franklin county

Figure 48. — Ellipse near Bourneville, Ross county

Figure 49. — Works near Dublin, Franklin county.

Figure 50. — Works in Athens county

Figure 51. — Archaeological map of Miami county

Figure 52. — Work on Massie's creek, Greene county

Figure 53. — -Works at Norwalk, Huron county

Figure 54. — Works in Ashtabula and Cuyahoga counties

Figure 55. — Works near Cleveland

Figure 56. — Work near Toledo

Figures 57 and 58. — ■ Works in Lorain county

Figure 59. — Fort Ancient, Warren county

Figure 60. — Spruce Flill Fort, Ross county

Figure 61. — Fort Hill, Flighland county

Figure 62. — Map of the vicinity of Fort Hill

Figure 63. — Glenford Fort, Perry county

Figure 64. — East wall of Glenford Fort

Figure 65. — Portion of eastern wall, Glenford Fort

Figure 66. — Wall on east slope, Glenford Fort

Figure 67. — View from interior of Glenford Fort

Figure 68.— Fort Miami, Plamilton county

Figure 69. — "Fortified Hill," Butler county

Figure 70. — "Fortified Hill,” Licking county, with exterior ditch....

Figure 71. — Hill fort, with exterior ditch, Licking county

Figure 72. — Stone fort on Flint Ridge, Licking county

Figure 73. — Fortifications in Butler county

Figure 74. — Enclosures in Miami and Montgomery counties

Figure 75. — Graded Way, Pike county; from Squier and Davis

Figure 76. — Graded Way; from Squier and Davis

Figure 77. — Graded Way ; correct plan and sections

Figure 78. — ■ Serpent Mound; from Squier and Davis

Figure 79. — Map of Serpent Mound Park; from Putnam

Figure 80. — Serpent Mound; from McLean

Figure 81. — Serpent Mound; from Holmes

Figure 82. — The Opossum Mound, Licking county

Figure 83. — The Newark "Effigy,” Licking county

Figure 84. — Groups of conjoined mounds

Figure 85. — The "Tapir,” Scioto county

Figure 86. — The Cross, Pickaway county

Figure 87.— Stone work, Ross county

Figure 88. — The Trefoil, Ross county

Figure 89. — The Marietta Mound; from a fanciful sketch

Figure 90. — The Marietta Mound; from a photograph

214 216 218 218 222

231 231 241 243

247 -.48

253 255 258 260 262 262

277 277 283

291 293

294 296 296 298 301 301

List of Illustrations. xiii

PAGE.

Figure 91. — The Miamisburg Mound; from a photograph 302

Figure 92. — The Tippett Mound, Licking county; from a sketch 302

Figure 93. — Great Stone Mound, Licking Co., impossible “restoration.” 302

Figure 94. — Theoretical section of a mound and altar 305

Figure 95. — Outlines of separate loads of earth in a mound 307

Figure 96. — Plan of mound at Mt. Vernon 330

Figure 97.— Section of above mound 330

Figure 98. — Group of mounds near Brownsville and Linville 332

Figure 99. — Stone mound in above group 333

Figure 100.— Temple Mound at Marietta 338

Figure 101. — Enclosure with interior mound near Adelphi. . . .• 340

Figure 102. — Section of mound with altar 344

Figure 103. — Sections of mound at Baum’s 347

Figure 104. — Imaginary section of a mound 350

Figure 105. — Plan and section of altar 350

Figure 106. — Section of a mound with very large altar 351

Figure 107 — Longitudinal section of above altar 351

Figure 108. — Cross section of same ;.. 351

Figure 109. — Cross section of altar 353

Figure 110. — Wooden pick and log cut with stone ax 356

Figure 111. — Section of a mound 360

Figure 112.— Plan and section of Harness mound 360

Figure 113. — Monitor pipe from Harness mound 360

Figure 114. — Front view of skull from Waverly mound 366

Figure 115. — Side view of above skull 367

Figure 116.— Front view of skull from Waverly mound 368

Figure 117.' — Side view of above skull 369

Figure 118. — Mound of stone covered with earth, Chillicothe 390

Figure 119. — Stone graves in a mound of earth, Brown county 393

Figure 120. — Grave in above mound 395

Figure 121. — Cairn with covering intact, in above mound 396

Figures 122 and 123. — Grave, cleaned out, in above cairn 397

Figure 124.- — Grave made of clay and stone in above mound 399

Figure 125. — Cairn in Brown county 399

Figure 126. — Grave cleaned out, in a cairn 401

Figure 127. — Cairn in Brown county 403

Figure 128. — Grave in above cairn 403

Figure 129.— Plan and section of stone grave near Ripley 405

Figure 130. — Cairn containing an “arch,” near Ripley 405

Figure 131. — Refuse pit, Madisonville 407

Figure 132. — -Refuse pit, containing charred corn, Madisonville 4u7

Figure 133.— Refuse pit containing human skeleton, Madisonville... 408

Figure 134. — One of the Barnesville “Track Rocks” 419

Figure 135. — Some details of above inscription 420

Figure 136. — Barnesville “Track Rock” 421

Figure 137. — Newark “Track Rock” 422

Figure 138. — Inscribed rock at Independence 423-

XIV

List of Illustrations.

PAGE.

Figures 139 and 140. — Aboriginal hut plastered and floored with mud. 461

Figure 141. — Axe with two grooves 521

Figures 142 to 154. — Grooved axes 527-530

Figures 155 to 157. — Hatchets, tomahawks, or celts 533-535

Figure 158. — Hematite celts 536

Figures 159 to 162. — Pestles 537-538

Figure 163. — Mullers 539

Figure 164. — Cup-stone 541

Figure 165. — Large boulder with numerous cups 546

Figure 166. — Hammers, sinkers, or club-heads; round and grooved. 547

Figures 167 and 168. — Discoidal Stones 555

Figure 169.— Spud-like implement 557

Figure 170. — Plummets 557

Figures 171 and 172. — Cones 560

Figure 173.— Hemispheric stones 560

Figures 174 to 176. — Gorgets 566-568

Figure 177. — Banner stones 570

Figure 178. — Pendants 571

Figure 179. — Perforated round stones 571

Figure 180. — Picks 571

Figure 181. — Bar amulets 572

Figure 182. — Bird shaped stones 572

Figure 183.— Spool shaped stones 573

Figure 184. — Unfinished pipes 573

Figures 185 to 187. — Unfinished slate objects -...574-576

Figure 188. — -Grinding or polishing stones 576

Figure 189. — Tubes 577

Figure 190. — Monitor pipes 585

Figure 191. — Unfinished effigy pipe 586

Figures 192 to 195. — Effigy pipes; human heads 591-592

Figure 196. — -Effigy pipe; figure with human head 592

Figure 197.— Effigy pipe; bird with human head 592

Figure 198. — Effigy pipe; human figure with coiled snake 593

Figures 199 and 200. — Human faces carved in stone 593-594

Figure 201.— Effigy pipe; elk 594

Figure 202. — Effigy pipe; wildcat 594

Figure 203. — Effigy pipe; otter 594

Figure 204. — Effigy pipe; heron 595

Figure 205. — Effigy pipe ; eagle or hawk 595

Figure 206. — Effigy pipe; buzzard .. 595

Figure 207. — Effigy pipe; paroquet 597

Figures 208 and 209. — Effigy pipes; unfinished 597

Figure 210. — Effigy pipe; toucan 598

Figure 211. — Effigy pipe; unnamed 598

Figure 212. — Effigies; eagles 598

Figure 213. — Effigy pipe; toad 599

Figure 214. — ■ Effigy pipe; possibly groundhog 599

List of Illustrations.

xv

PAGE.

Figure 215. — Effigy pipe; possibly hawk or eagle 599

Figure 216. — Effigy pipe; unnamed 600

Figure 217. — Effigy pipe; coiled rattlesnake 600

Figure 218. — Effigy pipe; said to be an owl 600

Figures 219 to 221. — So-called “toucan pipes,” and the toucan 607

Figures 222 and 223. — Effigy pipes, wrongly identified 609

Figures 224 to 227. — The manitus and the so-called manitus pipes. . 612

Figure 228. — -Effigy pipe; carnivore with human head 613

Figure 229. — Effigy pipe; frog 613

Figure 230. — Effigy pipe; owl 614

Figure 231. — Rude effigy pipes of stone and clay 615

Figures 232 and 233. — Various forms of pipes 615-616

Figure 234. — Map of Flint Ridge 620

Figure 235.— Mound containing large disks, at Hopewell’s 628

Figure 236. — Disks, from Hopewell mound 630

Figure 237. — Diagram of terms applied to flint implements 633

Figure 238. — Flake of obsidian and arrow head made from it 642

Figure 239. — Progressive stages ir. arrow head making 644

Figures 240 to 242. — - Flints with polished bases 647-649

Figure 243. — Flint knives or spear heads 650

Figures 244 and 245. — -Flint knives 651-652

Figure 246. — -Roughly finished knives or spear heads 653

Figure 247.— Flint scrapers 654

Figure 248. — Rare forms of knives and scrapers 654

Figure 249. — Unusual forms, probably for cutting or scraping 655

Figure 250. — -Illustrating the manner of drilling curved objects 659

Figure 251. — Modern Sioux pipe made of catlinite 661

' Figures 252 and 253. — Experiments in drilling 662

Figure 254. — -Flint drill 662

Figures 255 to 260. — Primitive methods of drilling and fire-making. 663-664

Figures 261 and 262.- — -Experiments in drilling 664

Figure 263. — -Flint perforators 665

Figure 264. — Bunts and scrapers 667

Figure 265. — Flint cores 669

Figure 266. — Flint flakes 671

Figures 267 and 268. — Methods of hafting knives and arrow heads. . . 675

Figgre 269. — Bone scrapers or skin dressers 680

Figure 270. — -Bone arrow heads 680

Figures 271 and 272.- — Piercing, weaving and serving tools of bone. .681-682

Figure 273.— Manufacture of bone fish hooks 683

Figure 274. — Animal jaws cut into ornaments 684

Figure 275. — -Hoe made of a mussel shell 685

Figure 276. — Hoe or scraper made of a mussel shell 686

Figure 277. — -Spoon made of a mussel shell 686

Figure 278. — Shell gorget 687

Figure 279. — Rattlesnake, carved in stone 688

Figure 280. — Belts of wampum 690

XVI

List of Illustrations.

PAGE.

Figures 281 to 285. — Specimens of ancient pottery G92-C95

Figure 286. — Clay pipes 695

Figures 287 and 288. — Specimens of weaving, from impressions on

pottery 698-699

Figures 289 and 290. — Specimens of cloth from mounds 700-701

Figure 291. — Parts of mica crescent 702

Figure 292. — Cutting and piercing tools of copper 714

Figure 293. — Copper hatchets or celts 714

Figure 294. — Copper plate, with cloth adhering 715

Figures 295 and 296. — Copper ornaments, battered out of form. . .716-717

Figure 297. — Copper ear-ornaments 718

Figure 298. — Antlers of wood, covered with copper, from Hopewell’s. 719 Figures 299 and 300. — Copper symbolic figures, from Hopewell's. . . . 720

Figure 301. — Copper eagle, from Peoria 722.

Figures 302 and 303.— Copper plates of Mexican design, from Georgia. 723.