The Hand-Book of British India : A Guide to The Stranger, the Traveller, the Resident, And all who may have business with or appertaining to India

Preface

TO THE THIRD EDITION. The First Edition of this Hand Book was published exactly ten years ago. The Second rapidly followed upon the First ; and the continual demand for the work has produced the Third. The Author is exceedingly glad of the opportunity afforded him in this, the Third Edition, of introducing a great many additions and alterations, rendered necessary by the manifold and marvellous changes which have taken place in India since 1844, or suggested by the obviousness of former unavoidable omissions. The acquisition of Scinde, the Punjaub, and of more territory in Burmah. has given occasion for considerable mention of places scarcely referred to in the former volume. The compression of matter by the use of a smaller and closer type, and the excision of superfluous, because now obsolete, views of social usages and society, has afforded the means of describing the territories subordinate to the Madras and Bombay Governments, the Eastern Islands, Ceylon, and Kashmir, — none of which were embraced in previous editions. VI

PREFACE.

. Nor are these the only new features included in the pre sent edition: since 1S44 the Government of India has undergone a material change ; commerce and civilization have marched onward ; population has augmented ; the armies have been increased, and their rules and regulations much altered ; railways and the electric telegraph have been established, and the Ganges Canal completed and opened. None of the subjects arising out of these nume rous changes have been disregarded. Appearing almost coevally with the operation of the Act which gives a new form and character to the Govern ment of India, it is hoped that the " Hand Book," which records and reflects the progress of events, will continue to merit the reputation which it has enjoyed since the hour of its first appearance. In a work of this description, reference has necessarily been had to a great many publications which treat of India ; and although at least one half the volume is original, and the result of the author's own experience of India and Anglo-Indian society, he readily acknowledges his obligations to the pages of Miss Roberts' " Scenes and Sketches in Hindostan," Bishop Heber's " Journal," Mrs. Postans' " Western India," the late Sir William M'Naghten's "Mahomedan Law," the Topographical Reports of the Madras Medical Society, Milburn's " Oriental Commerce," Thornton's " Countries West of the Sutlej," the works of Orme, Mill, Wilson, Selkirk, and others.

ADVERTISEMENT.

. Several subjects of importance will be found treated fully at page 417 to 427, and in the Appendix. They could not be introduced in the body of the work, in suitable places, because they were only in progress of completion while the previous sheets passed through the press. These subjects are : — 1. The Electric Telegraph in India. 2. The course — completed and intended — of the Railways. 3. The Ganges Canal. 4. The College of Civil Engineers, &c, at Roorkee. 5. The Rules and Regulations connected with admission to, and retirement from, the Services, Furloughs. Civil and Military Funds, &c. The reader is requested to cancel the two paragraphs at pages 80 and 81, beginning, " The foregoing suggestions, _>:\" — because within the last month or two, the "General .v Steam Navigation Company" has ceased to send vessels round the Cape of Good Hope.

J. H. S. London, Jtdy, 185 4 . INDEX. Abdar, domestic duties of the, 120 Aboo, Mount, description of, 341 Acquaintances in India, 106 Adam's Peak in Ceylon, 373 Addiscombe seminary, regulations for the admission of candidates, 444 ; of cadets, Arsenal, the, at Calcutta, 173 Arts and Sciences, low state of among the natives, 28 Asiatic Society, their meetings at Calcutta 161 Assam, valley of, 268, 269 Assay masters, rules for their admission into the East-India Company's Service, 448. Aden, description of, 89; population of, 90 Affghanistan, population of, 23 Affgbanistans, hostilities with, 10; defeated by Sir John Keane, 11 ; expel the British, 11; defeated by Generals Pollock aud Nott, 11 ; their territory abandoned, 481, 482 Attock, the fortress of, 397 Auckland, Lord, governor of India, 10 Ayah, domestic duties of the, 120 Ayer Etam, a district of Penang, 357 Ayer TiDJau, a district of PenaDg, 357 11 Agra, the ancient city of, 226 ; architecture and public buildings of, 228, 229 ; remains of the palace of, 233 ; its gardens and suburbs, 232, 233 ; college at, 234 ; benevolent institutions of, 235 Agricultural Society at Calcutta, 165 Ahmedabad, the town of, 340 Ahmednuggur, the fortified city of, 340 Ajmeer, the city of, 238 Albuquerque, Alfonso, the first European occupier of Goa, 332 et note.

Allahabad, vovage from Calcutta to, 187; city of, 212— 216 Almorah, the military station of, 243 America, productions of sent to India, 33 Amritsir, the town of, 392 Amusements of the Indian population, 26, 112 ; at Calcutta, 179 ; at Bombay, 322 Andaman, trade of with India, 35 Animals, great variety of, 21 Anna, value of the coin so called, 39 Arab population of India, 22 Arabic language most generally cultivated, 7° Arcot, south and north districts of, 294 Armenian populationof India, the descendants of the Persian refugees, 22 Army of British India, 51— '■•!', its influence, 52 ; its strength, 44, 53 ; proportion of Europeans and Natives, 54 ; staff of the, 54 ; rules for admission to tbe, 55 ;" emoluments of officers, 56, 57. See Military Service. Arracan, province of, 276 ; population of, 27fi; mountains of, 281 ; religion of, 281, 282 ; animals and productions of, 283 ; its trade with India. 35 Bancooeah, military station of, 192 Bandel, settlement of, 192 Banians, the trading caste of Hindoos, 23 Bangalore, the city of, 302 Bank notes, circulation of, 40 Banks, number of in India, 40 Bar of India, 65 Barley, cultivation of, 20 Baroda, the town of, 340 Barrackpore, the military station of, 190 Bassein, the city of, 331; ruins of, 332, 333 Bawurchee, or cook, duties of the, 11?

Bayaderes of India, 26 Bazaars at Calcutta, 186; at Bombay, 323 Beas, one of the rivers of the Punjaub, 385 Beasts, wild, great variety of, 21 Belgaum, the town of, 340 Bellary, district of, 304 ; geology of, 305 Benares, the ancient city of, 210, 211; voyage to, 192 Bengal, early successes of the English in, 7 ; various contests in, 8, 9 Bengal Presidency, various regiments of the, 53 ; the government, 121 ; territorial divisions for revenue purposes, 122 ; principal places in, 124 et seq. Bengal Civil Service Annuity Fund, 432 Bergal Military Fund, regulations of the, 457—468 Bengal Medical Retiring Fund, 469 Bengal Pilot Service, 488 Bengalee language, 69 Berhampore, description of, 192 et seq. Bhaugulpore, town of, INDEX.

X 173 et seq.; sports at. 179: a river voy. age from, to Allahabad, 187 < ,u___I of the Ganges, 418 Canara, province of, 300 Canarese language peculiar to Mysore, 69 Cape route to India, undertaken b] the Egyptians, the Carthaginians, and the Portuguese, 4 Caravansaries, magnificent remains of, 223 Carriages of India, 109 Carrying trade of India, 36 Castes of India divided into four great classes, 22, 23 Cawnpore, the civil and military station of, 217; Miss Roberts' description of, 217— Bhurtpore, fortress of, reduced, 10; present state of, 23; Bhyses, the trading caste of Hindoos, 23 Bihisli luties of the, 118 Bills of exchange, 39 Birds, great variety of, 21 Bishop's College at Calcutta, 165 Black paaoda, near Poree, 273 Boat equipments for inland travelling, 98; hire of and supplies, 100; for public conveyance at Calcutta, 185 Bombay, trade and commerce of, 34; its imports and exports, 37 ; the city of, 31-_;)19; the borahs of, 320; horse-dealers of, 321; sports of, 322; the bazaar, 323; native education in, 326, 327 ; climate and population of, 329 Bombay Presidency, the various regiments of the, 53 ; government of the, 122 ; the regulation provinces of the, 123; territory of the, 333; principal places and stations in the, 334 et seq.

Bombay civil fund, rules of the, 438 Bombay military fund, rules of the, 474— SSI Cemeteries, Chinese, at Penang, 359, 360 Ceylon, trade and commerce of, 84; its exports and imports, 37 ; islanl its productions, 370 et seq. ; the various cities, towns, and villages of, 3S 1 0 Chamber of Commerce at Calcutta, )":.

Cbandalas, the degraded caste of India, 23 480 Bombay medical fund, 481 Bombay marine, origin of the, 68 Borahs of Bombay, 3J0 Botanical Gardens at Calcutta, 1 68 Brahmins, the religious caste of Hindoos, Chandernagore settlement, 191 Chaplains, rules for their admission into the East-India Company's service, 481, 482 Chenaub, one of the rivers of the Punjaub, 386 Cherra Poonjee, the station of, 259 Chinese, hostilities with, and defeat of the, in India, 23 Chioglcput district of Madras, 295 Chinsurah settlement, 191 Chitah, a British-Indian weight, 41 Chumar caste of Malabar, 298 Chuprah, civil station of, 205 Cingalese language spoken in Ceylon, 69 Cinnamon, the produce of Ceylon, 371 Civil engineers, college of at Roorkee, 421 Civil service of the East-India Company, 44 et seq.; its duties and emoluments, 49, 50 ; rules of the college at Haileybury for the education of civilians, 425; terms of admission for students, 429; furlough rules for the, 428 Civil service Bengal annuity fund, 432 Civil service fund instituted Oct. 1804, 434 Climate of India, 17, 240; of Calcutta, 133; of Agra, 229 ; of Cherra Poonjee, 260 ; of Bombay, 349; at Colombo, 378; of the Punjaub, 401 Clippers used in the Indian trade, 36 Clive, General, defeats the French and the Viceroy of Bengal at Plassy, 7 ; his fund for the military service, 456 Club-houses at Calcutta, 1^4 Coachman of a domestic establishment, 1 19 Cobra capella, the dancing snake of the East, 303 Cocoa-nut, the produce of Ceylon, 372 Coel, the civil station of, 223 Coimbatore, province of, 301 Coins of India, their respective values, 39 Cole language, 69 Colgong, village of, 196 23 Bramha, the supreme god of the Hindoos, sa British traders to India, 5 Broach, the town of, 340 Buckingham, Mr., introduces freedom of the press, 72 Budjerows, travelling by, 97 Buildings, public, of Calcutta, 138—176 ; of Madras, 289 ; of Bombay, 323 Bundelkund, diamonds of, 214 Bungalows, for travellers, 244 Burdwan, colleries at, 192 Burmah, coast of, 275, 276 Burmese, contests with the, 9, 10; defeated, 15; population of the, 23 ; character of the, 276 ; their manners and customs, 276— 280 ; their costume, 280 Buxar, town of, 205 Cadets, rules for the nomination of at Addiscombe, 448 Calcutta, massacre at, 17; trade and commerce of, 34 ; its imports and exports, 37 ; press of, 75 ; general description of, l'2-iet neq. ; ghauts of, 125 ; conventional divisions ofthe city, 127; business of, 128; streets, shops, &c., 129, 132; climate of, 133; population of, 135; English in, 136 ; Mahomedans and Hindoos in, 137 ; public buildings, institutions, &c, 138 — 170; religious, literary, scientific, and commercial societies of, 163 et seq.; botanical gardens at, 168; sailors' home, 171 ; hospitals and associations of, 172; the arsenal, docks, &c., INDEX, XI College at Agra, 234 College of civil engineers at Roorkee, 421 Colleges, &c, of Calcutta, 159 et seq.

Collieries ar Burdwan, l'j2 Colombo, the capital of Ceylon, 374 ; churches of, 376; its commerce, 377; its climate, 378 ; its population, 390 ; its libraries and museum, 381 ; hotels, schools, &c. 382 Combermere, Lord, reduces the fortress of Bhurtpore, 10 Commanders-in-chief, salaries of the, 44; their qualifications, 46 Commerce of India, .'.3 — 37; of Colombo, 377 Commercial Societies of Calcutta, l6j, 164 Con door, the station of, 313 Conveyances, public, at Calcutta, 185 Coolies at Calcutta, 185 Coorg, the principality of, 304 Copper coins of India, 39 Cornwallis, marquis, monumental inscription to, at Ghazeepore, 206 Corygaum, monument at, 337 ; battle of, 338 Cossim Ali Khan, palace of, 206, 207 Cossipore foundry at Calcutta, 174 Cossyah HiMs, 259 ; climate of the, 260 ; routes and approaches to the, 260 ; savage tribes of the, 260 Cotton plant, cultivation of in India, 37 Courts of law, judges and advocates of the, 65^ their jurisdiction, 66 Cowrie, a small shell used as currency, 39 Cuddapah, town of, 305 Currency, silver the standard of, 39 Cutch, territory of, 334, 342 Cuttack, a station in the Bengal presidency, 269 Dutch, their first attention to India, 5 East-India Company, its Directors the governors of British India, 43 ; their qualifications and salaries, 43 ; their rules and regulations for the civil, military, and naval services of the, App. 425 — 492 East-India College at Haileybury, rules of the, 425 et seq.

East Indies, rules of precedence in the, 490 Eastern Islands of British India — Penang, Malacca, and Singapore, 354 et seq.

(which see) Eastern Straits settlements, government of the, 123 Ecclesiastical Protestant establishment, 62; duties of the British clergy, 62; chaplains and their assistants, 63 ; their salaries, 63, 64 Education, native, of Bombay, 326, 327 Electric telegraph at Calcutta, 179 Electro - telegraphic communication in India, 4 1 : Elephant dealers, 250 Elephantiasis, prevalence of, 19 Ellenborough, lord, governor of India, 12 ; his contests with Gwalior, 12 — 14 England, manufactures and productions of sent to India, 33 English, their first voyages to India, 5 ; obtain a charter for permission to trade, 5 ; their collisions with the French, 6 ; defeat the French, 7'; their contests with Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib, 8 ; their residence in Calcutta, 136 Equipments to India, JQ Etawah, ruins of, 224 ; gardens of, 225 Eurasians, the descendants of East Indians and Europeans, 22; character of the, 30; their employments, 31 ; their general deficiency, 31 ; list of those who have distinguished themselves, 31 European habits in India, 108 European population of India, 32 European traders to India, 3 Expenses of living, 107, 1W> US Exports from Europe, America, and the East, sent to India, 33, 34 Exports from India, value of, 36 Dacca, city of, 254—256; suburbs of, 257; manufactures of. 257, 258 Dawk arrangements, 93 Delhi, the ancient city of, 238 Desert, crossing of the, 86 Dhan, a British Indian weight, 41, 42 Dhobee, domestic duties of the, 1 18 Dhony, a vessel used in the Indian trade, 36 Diamonds of Bundelkund, 214 Dimhutty, the station of, 313 Diseases of India, 19 District Charitable Society at Calcutta, 165 Docks, &.c., at Calcutta, 175 Domestic expenditure in India, 107, 114, 115 Domestic life and usages, 26, 27, 1 1 3 Domestic servants, 116— 120 Dorieling, town of, 261 ; great elevation of, 202 ; temperature and climate of, 263 — 265 ; diseases of, 266, 26" Dost Mahomed. — See Affghanistans.

Dum Dum, the artillery station of, 189, 190 Dupleix, General, defeated by the English, 7 Durzee, domestic duties of the, 119 Fanam, the coin so called, 39 Field sports at Calcutta, 183 Fish, great variety of, 28 Flora, beauty and variety of the, 20 Food, rice and wheat the principal support of the population, 20 Food of the Hindoos, 20, 25 Fort St. George at Madras, 287 Fort William, college of, 165 Foundry, Cossipore, at Calcutta, 174 France, productions of, sent to India, 33 French establish agencies in PondicbeiTy and Chan dem ago re, 6 ; their contests with the English, 6 ; defeated by General CUve, 7 ; population of in India, INDEX.

XII 23 ; choracter of the, 24 ; their manners and customs, 25 ; in Calcutta, 137 Hindostan, climate of, 17 Hindostanee, the general language as India, 69 ; most generally cultivated, 69 History of British India, 1 et seq. , early history veiled in obscurity, 1 ; the Tyrians, the Greeks, the Scythians, the Tartars, the Mahometans, and the 'irett Mogul, 2 ; intercourse with European states, 3 et seq. ; Cape route, 4 Hives of Cashmir, 415, 4l6 Hog-hunting at Poona, 336 Holiday amusements, 112 Hooghly, left bank of the, 189 ; right bank, 191 Hookah-burdar, domestic duties of the, 120 Horse-breeding at Calcutta, 181 Horse-dealers of Bombay, 320 Horticultural society at Calcutta, 1 65 Hospital, the Presidency-general, 159 Hospitals at Calcutta, 172 Hot winds of India, 240 Hotels at Calcutta, 184 Hulwah, a general term for sweetmeat*, 260 note Fruits cultivated in India, 20 Funds, for various purposes, established at Calcutta, 164 Funeral pyres, 188 Furlough regulations, 60 ; for the civil service of the East-India Company, 428 ; for the military service, 451 ; for the naval service, 483 Furniture for India, 107 Futtehpore, numerous remains at, 216 Galle, the town of, 383 Ganges canal, 418 Ganjam district of Madras, 297 General Assembly's institution at Calcutta, 159 Ghauts, the, of Calcutta. 125 Ghazeepore, town of, 206 — 209 Goa, the ancient city of, 332 Goitre, prevalence of, 19 Gold currency, scarcity of, 39 Goond language, 69 Gora Bunder, Portuguese monastery of, 331 Gough, Sir Hugh, defeats the Seikhs, 15 Gour, ruins of, 194, 195 Government of India, 16, 43 et seq. ; in the hands of the Directors of the East- Hunting at Calcutta, 181, 162 Hurdwar, a place of great sanctity, 948 ; fair at, 250 Hutchinson, Frederick, high character of, 31 note Hyder Ali, his contests with the Engli* h, 8 Hyderabad, the capital of the Deccan, 306 : governed by the Nizam, 307 ; medical school of, 308 ; city of, 342 India Company, 43 ; the number of local governments, 44 ; the system of, 44 ; the members of, 46 ; separated into four grand divisions, 121 ; municipal government at Calcutta, 186; government of the Punjaub, 402 Government house at Calcutta, 139 Grasscutter, domestic duties of the, 1 1 9 Gutta-percha, the produce of Singapore, 367 Guzerattee language, 70 Gwalior, town of, 235, 236; British contests with, 12 ; treachery of the Baee, 13 ; troops of defeated, 13, 14; treaty of peace with, 14 Imports transmitted to India, 35 INDIA, BRITISH, general history of, 1 — 15; its extent, 16; government of, 16, 43 ; climate and productions, 17 et seq. ; diseases of, 19; animals of, 21 ; population of, 22 ; castes and religion, 23 ; tbe Hindoos, 24; manners and customs, 26 et seq. ; arts and sciences, 28 ; the Eurasians, 30 ; commerce and trade, 33 et seq. ; the currency of, 39 ; weights and measures of, 41 ; writerships, 47 ; civilians, 49 ; the army of, 51 ; the staff, 54 ; emoluments of officers, 56 ; the navy and marine, 58, 60 ; Protestant ecclesiastical

establishment, 62 ; law and the bar, 64 et seq.; languages, 69; tbe press, 70j various routes to — the voyage, and overland passagp— travelling in, &c, 76— 101 ; society of, social habits, and domestic expenditure, 102 — 120; the governmental divisions of, 121 Principal Places in, 124 et seq.; presidency of Bengal — Calcutta, 124; Berampore, 192 ; Monghyr, 197; Patna and Dinapore, 201 ; Benares, 210; Mirsapore, 212; Allahabad, 213; Cawnpore, 217; Lucknow, 221 ; AgTa, 226 ; Delhi, 239; Meerut, 242; Dehra, 243; Almorah, 243 ; the Himalayas, 215 ; Simla, 246; Habits, European, in India, 108 Hadjeepore fair, 203, 204 Haileybury college, establishment of tbe, 48 ; rules of, for the education of civilians, 425 et seq.

Hansi, the town of, 252 Hardinge, Sir H., governor of India, 15 Hastings, Marquis of, his government of India, 9 Hill tribes of the Cossyah hills, 260 ; of the PuDjaub, 398 Himalayas, climate of the, 17 ; range of the, 245 Hindee, the popular language of Oude, 69 Hindoo college at Calcutta, 140; students of the, 143 Hindoo metropolitan college, 144 Hindoo population of Benares, 211 Hindoos, the most numerous and ancient class of the population, 22, 23 ; separated into four great castes, 23 ; their religion, INDEX. XIII Hurdwar, 248 ; Hansi, 252 ; Mhow, 253 ; Indore, 253 ; Saugor, 254 ; Decca, 254 ; Dorjeling, 26i ; Cuttack, &c, 269 et seq. The Burmese coast and Tenasserim provinces, 275 ; the Mughs, 277 ; Arracan, 281. — Presidency of Madras, 285. —Bombay, 317- Ceylon, 369 ; the Punjaub, 385 ; Lahore, 389 ; Mooltan, 393 ; Kashmir, 403.

Progress of great works, 407; railway communication, 418; the Ganges' canal, 418 ; college of civil engineers at Roorkee, 421.

Appendix.— the civil service, 425 ; furlough rules, 428 ; Bengal and Madras service annuity funds, 432, 437 ; the military service, 444 ; furlough regulations, 451; Lord dive's fund, 456; Bengal military fund, 457; Madras military fund, 469; Madras medical fund, 473; Bombay military fund, 474 ; Indian navy, 483 ; Bengal pilot service, 468 ; rules of precedence in, 490 Indian navy, rules for admission to the, 483.— See Navy Indigo, cultivation of in Bengal and Behar, 274, 275 Indore, the capital of the Holkar Mahrattas, 253 Indus, difficulties of travelling up the, QQ ; valley of the, 395 Institutions, &c. of Calcutta, 141 etseq. ; at Bombay, 329 ; at Agra, 235 ; at Madras, 290 Insurance societies at Calcutta, 164 Eatries, the military caste of Hindoos, 23 Kattewar, treaty with the chieftain of, 333 Eeane, Sir John, defeats the Affghanistans, 1 1 Khalapoor, station of, 334 Khassia, the savage nation of, 260 Khansama, or butler, duties of the, 116 Khidmutgar, domestic duties of the, 116 Khyrabad, the fortress of, 397 Kotagherry, the station of, 313 et seq, Kunkhul, a place of Hindoo pilgrimage, road to, 249 Kurraehee, a civil and military station, 342 Kyd, James, mechanical talents of, 31 note Laboratory at Calcutta, 153 La Martinique institution at Calcutta, 155 Lahore, the city of, 389 ; its mosques, tombs, &c, 390 ; population of, 391 Land travelling in India, 91 Languages of India, 69 Law, courts of at Calcutta, 165 Laws of British India, history and foundation of the, 64, 65 ; the supreme or queen's courts, 65 ; the judges and advocates, 65 ; jurisdiction ot the courts ; 66 ; the Mahomedan law and its evils, 67; the different causes brought under revision of the, 67 Leprosy, prevalence of, 19 Letters of introduction, 79 Library, public, at Calcutta, 172 Lieut.- governors, salaries of the, 44, 47; their qualifications and duties, 47 Lorenco, Don, the Portuguese hero, establishes himself in India, 332 Lowe Ammee, the Chinese contractor at Penang, 357, 358 Luckia, the Bengalese washerwoman, 359 Lucknow, town of, 221 Jaffnapatam, the town of, 383 Jageer lands in Scinde, 344 Jail at Calcutta, 161 Jailum, one of the rivers of the Punjaub, 388; the towo of, 401 Jama Masjid, the great mosque of Cashmir, 4t»7 Jamsetjee Jeheebhoy, Sir, wealth and munificence of, 24 note Jelutong, village of, 36l Jesuits' college at Calcutta, 159 Jews of India, 22 Jeypore, town of, 238 Judges of the courts of law, 65 Juggernauth, temple of atPoree, 2"0 — 272 Jugglers of Madras, 303 Julinder, the town of, 401 Jumna Musjid, fortress of at Gwalior, 236 Jungheera, rock of, 196 Justice, obstacles to, in the courts of law, 67 Madras, trade and commerce of, 34 ; imports and exports of, 37 ; sea-shore of, 286 ; fort St. George, 287 ; public buildings, 289; charitable institutions, &c.f 290 ; jugglers of, 303 Madras presidency, the various regiments of the, 53; government of the, 122; general view of the, 285 ; territory and various districts of the, 291 et seq.

Madras civil service annuity fund, 437 Madras military fund, rules of the, 469 — 473 Madras medical fund, 474 Madrusa college at Calcutta, 146 Madura district of Madras, 2921 Mahabaleshwur hills, the sanitarium of Bombay, 349 : their great elevation, 349 ; different routes to the, 351 ; climate of the, and its effect on health, 352, 353 Maharajpore, battle of, 13 Mahomedans, one of the great classes of the population, 22; their different professions, 23 ; their religion, 23 ; in Callaira, the town of, 340 [andy, the town of, 383 [ashmir, valley of, 403 ; vegetation and seasons of, 401; rivers and lakes, 405; the city of, 406 ; tombs and mosques, 407 ; population of, 408, 410 ; land revenue of, 409; dress and food, 411; floating gardens, 412; natural productions of, 413 cutta, 137 et seq. INDEX.

XIV Mahrattas, contests with the, 8, 9 Mahratta language, spoken at Gwalior, &c, 69 Malabar, province of, 297 ; the population and their various castes, 298 ; religion and sects of, 300 Malacca, the peninsula of, 361 ; its produce, 362; its mines, port, and climate, 363, 364 Malcolm Peth, village of, 350 Malay peninsula, trade of, with India, 35 Malay language spoken in Travancore, 69 Malayan peninsula, 354 Malda, the civil station of, 194 Malligaum, tbe town of, 340 Manar, island of, 384 Manufactures of England sent to India, 33 ; Indian, at Bombay, 329 Marching in India, preparations for, 91 Marine of India. — See Navy Marine insurance societies at Calcutta, 164 Marslmian, Mr., his statement respecting the roads of southern India, 38 note -, newspapers established by, 74 Masha, a British-Indian weight, 41, 42 Masonic lodges at Calcutta, 165 Masulipatam district of Madras, 296 Measures, British Indian, 42 Mechanic arts, skill of the natives in, 28 Mechanics' institution at Calcutta, 159 Medical college at Calcutta, 151 Medical and physical society at Calcutta, 172 Meerut, the civil and military station of, 242 Mutalchen, domestic duties of the, li; Museum at Calcutta. 153 Mussulmans. —See Mahomedans Muttra, the military cantonment ol Mysore, kingdom of, 301 Nair caste of Malabar, 298 Nambtiries, customs of the, 298 Navy of India, history of the, 58; ib strength and composition, 59 , table ol salaries to officers, 60, 6l ; tin afloat, 6] ; Indian rules for adun the, 483; regulationsoftheIn.il Fund, 484— 488; Bengal pilot sei Necessaries for the voyage to India, Neilgberry hills of the Madras Pre 312 ; four different stations on ti. 317; different points of access to the 316, 317 Nellore district of Madras, 295 Newspapers, the first one established in India, 70 ; freedom of the, 72, , tablished by Mr. Marsbman, 74 ; number now in circulation, 75 Niadies, a low caste of Malabar, 299 Nicobar Islands, trade of with India, 35 Nizam, the states of the, 306 j his army, 309—312 Officers of tub Aemy, their emoluments, 66, 67; of the Navy, 60, turning to India, 454 ; retiring from scr. vice, 454—456 Ochterlony monument at Calcutta, 159 Oordoo, the popular language of Oude, flj> Ootacamund, the station of, 312 et seq.

Ophthalmia, prevalence of, 19 Oriental traders to India, 2 Oude, state of, 222 Overland route, its advantages, 83 ; expenses of the, 83—85; equipments for the, 84 j provisions and accommodations for the, 88 Metcalfe hall at Calcutta, 144 Metropolitan college at Calcutta, 149 Mhow, the military station ot', 268 Mihtur, domestic duties of the, 1 18 Military orphan institution near Calcutta, 159 Military service of the East-India Company, rules for admission to the Addiscombe seminary, 444 ; furlough regulation._, 451 ; officers returning to India, 454 ; officers retiring from service, 45* ; Lord Clive'B fund for the, 456; regulations of the Bengal military fund, 457 ; and benefits derivable from, 464 ; Madras military fund, 469; Bombay military fund, 474 ; and benefits derivable from, 475 Minerals, their great abundance, 22 Mines of Cashmere, 416 Mirzapore, town of, 212 Mithuranee, domestic duties of the, 120 Mohur, value of the coin so called, 39 Momunds of the Punjaub, 399 Monghyr, military station of, 196 — 200; voyage from to Patna, 200 Mooltan, the ancient city of, 393 Mopilla caste of Malabar, 298 Mosaic work, produced at Bombay, 330 Mughs, habits of the, 277 ; their marriages and funerals, 277, 278 ; their food, 270 Mun, a British-Indian weight, 41, 42 Pagoda, the coin bo called, 39 Palankeen travelling, 92 Paper-money of India, 39, 40 Pariahs, the degraded caste of India, 23 ; of Malabar, 299 Parsees, the descendants of the ancient Fire-worshippers, 22 ; character of the, 24 ; of Bombay, 323 Patna, voyage to from Monghyr, 200 ; citv of described, 201—204 Pattamars, vessels used in the Indian seas, 36 Pay and allowances to military officers, table of, 56, 57 ; to naval officers, 60, 6l Pearl fisheries at Cevlon, 372 Pegu, trade of with India, 35 Penang, trade of, with India, 35; exports and imports of, 37 ; Uland of, 354 ; one of the richest in the universe, 355 ; town of, 356 ; separated into various districts, 356, 357 ; Chinese tombs at, 3 60 Peon, domestic duties ofthe, INDEX.

XV Persian Gulf, pirates of the, 9 Persian language most generally cultivated, 70 Persians of India, 22 Peshawer, the city of, 394 Pice, a small copper coin, 39 Pilgrimages to Allahabad, 215 Pilot service of Bengal, 488 Pindarries, contests with the, 9 Pinnaces, travelling by, 97 Plassy, the French and Surajah Dowlah defeated at, 7 Police, services of the, 45 ; defective state of the, 68 ; at Calcutta, 1S6 Poona, military station of, 334 ; its importance, 336 Poppy, cultivation of the, 20, 202 note Population of India, 22 ; of Aden, 90 ; of Calcutta, 135 ; of Benares, 21 1 ; of Bombay, 329 ; of Colombo, 380 ; of Cashmir, 408 Portuguese, the first of the moderns who doubled the Cape of Good Hope to India, 4 ; their expulsion, 5 ; present descendants of the, 22 ; their character, 29, 30 ; first establish themselves at Goa, 332 Presidencies, various regiments of the, 53 Press of India, state of the, 70; progress of the, 71 ; restrictions on the, 71 ; freedom of the, introduced by Mr. Buckingham, 72 ; character of the, 73, 75 Proa, a vessel used in the Indian trade, 36 Productions of India, 19, 20 Protestantism, state of, 62 Pulo Ticoose, a district of Penang, 356 Punjaub, country of tbe, 385; principal rivers of the, 385 — 3S8 ; chief cities and towns of the, 389 et seq.; its climate, 401 ; hill tribes of the, 398 ; government of the, 402 Punniar, battle of, 14 Pusseree, a British-Indian weight, 41 River travelling, 95, 187 Roads, deficiency of, 38 ; Marshman*s statement respecting it, 38/«._e Roorkee, college of civil engineers at, 421 ; the workshop of, 422 Rose-water manufactory at Ghazeepore, 208 Routes to India, 76 ; overland, 83—90 Rupee, value of the, 39 Russia, her designs on India, 10 Ruttee, a British- Indian weight, 41, 42 Sailors' Home at Calcutta, 171 Salaries of the governor and commander-in-chief, 44 ; of the civil service, 49 Salem, province of, 300 Sanscrit, the sacred language of Hindostan, 23, 69 Sanscrit College at Calcutta, 145 Saugor, town of, 254 Schools of Calcutta, 1 63 Scinde, the three districts of, 342 ; productions and revenue of, 344, 348 ; population and manners, 345; climate, 346, 34/ Scindians, hostilities with, and defeat of the, 12 Sea, travelling by, in India, 101 Secundra, suburb of at Agra, 233 Seer, a British-Indian weight, 41 Seikhs, war with, and defeat us the, 15; population of the, 23 ; ugliness of the women, 251 Sepoys, bravery of the, 29 Sepoy Line, a district of Penang, 357 Serampore settlement, 191 Seringapatam, the fortified town of, 304 Servants of domestic establishments, 99, 116—120 Shasters, the sacred books of the Hindoos, 98 Shikarpore, military station of, 343 Ship-building, ike. at Calcutta, 175 Shipping, in which the trade of India is carried od, 36; number of vessels used, 37 Ships, on the selection of, 7^ Sholapore, the military station of, 339 Shopkeepers. &c..; of Calcutta, 177 Sikrigullee, the village of, 195 Silver, the standard currency, 39 Simla, town of, 246 ; road to, 247 Singapore,