The History of Little England beyond Wales, and the Non-Kymric Colony settled in Pembrokeshire

Chapter I. Paoe

Primary and Pleistocene Pembrokeshire i — ii Rocks of Pembrokeshire — Pre-Cambrian — Cambrian — Silurian — Devonian — Carboniferous — Drift — Ice Scratches — Bone Caves — Great Pleistocene Subsidence — Hoyle's Mouth — The Little Hoyle — Black Rock Caves — Caves on Caldy Island — Pleistocene Fauna — The Northern Temperate and Southern Groups — List of Caves and their Contents.

Chapter II

The Neolithic Period ...... 12—24 No Commingling of Blood between Men of the First and Second Stone Age — Appearance of NeoUthic Man — Improvement in Implements — Earth Movement in Progress during Neolithic Times — Remains found in Cornwall and Carmarthenshire — Did Man in Pembrokeshire during Neolithic Times dwell on land which is now submerged — Flint Flake from Whitesand Bay — Ox Skull from Wiseman's Bridge — Irish Elk from Pendine — Raised Beaches at Manor bier, Tenby, Caldy Island, &c. — Cliff Castles — Hut Circles— Caves — The Little Hoyle — Kitchen Midden on Giltar — Flint Factories — Finds of Implements — How did Neolithic Man in Pembrokeshire dispose of his Dead? — His Long Barrows — Cromlechs — Stone Avenues, AUgnments, Monoliths and Circles — Habits of Neolithic Men.

Chapter III

Bronze Age ....... 25 — 35 The Aryan Migration — Kelts led the way — The Gaels — The Silurian contribution to civilization — No Copper Age in Britain — Bronze Axes from Carn Segan, St. Botolph's, St. David's, Llandysilio — Stone Hammer Axe — The Stackpole Sword Handle — Find at Henefeddau — Bronze Axe Graves — The Dry Burrows — The Ridgeway Tumuli — Freyneslake Tumulus — Norchard Beacon — Carew Beacon — Mode of constructing a Bronze Age Barrow — Urns — Incense Cups — Find at LlandysiUo — Funeral Feast — Bronze Ago People in Pembrokeshire very poor — Religion in Bronze Age — Druid's Rocking Stones at Goodwick, St. David's, and Skomer Island — Enclosures or Prehistoric Villages near New Inn and Stackpole Warren — Stone Circles — Cupped Stone at Pendine — Difficulty in separating Stone Age from Bronze Age Relics — Pembrokeshire should be called Little Ireland — People inhabiting Western Coasts of Europe much alike in Bronze Age — Horse WeddingB. .

Chapter IV

Iron and Rome ....... 36 — 48 The Iron Age a development of the Bronze, not introduced by a fresh race of men — A Bronze Smith on Iron — Supernatural qualities attributed to Iron — Roman influence reached Pembrokeshire about 52 A. D. — Ptolomy's notice of the County — The Bishop of St. David's on Roman Pembrokeshire — Richard of Cirencester, his Itinerary— Dr. Stukely — Professor Bertram, was he a Practical Joker ?— Sir R. Colt Hoare and Fenton, they identify Castle Flemish as Ad Vigesimum — Ford — No Roman Buildings at St. David's— The Bishoprio no proof of Roman occupation — Rectangular Camps near St. David's — Stoup (?) in the Cathedral — Roman Altar at Caerleon — Roman Remains at Longbury — Bronze Dagger from Kilgerran — Fibulœ from Stackpole and Llanwnda — Roman Mines— Roman Coins recorded as found in Pembrokeshire— Irish raids in Roman times.

Chapter V. Page

The Introduction of Christianity. . 49 — 62 Change of Race in North Wales since Roman Period— The Gael in Gwynedd— South Welsh more directly descended from their nredecessors— In England Roman civilization destroyed by Pagans— In Wales by Christians— No relics of Roman Christianity to be found in South Wales— Aaron and Julius— Magnus Maximus— Caer Alun or Haverfordwest — Caer Fyrdin, Carmarthen— Form of Consecration of early Churches— Nial of the Seven Hostages— Aulae Mac Cormac— Brychan and his Children— Pelagius— Kunedda— Keredig- -Garmon and Lupus— Dyfrig or Dubricius— Illtyd— Teilo and Dewi, or David— Conflict of the latter with Boia— Boia's Wife sacrifices her Step-daughter— Dewi routs the Pelagians— Is elected Primate of Wales— Resume of early Dedications in Pembrokeshire— Welsh Saints not Ascetic— Form of early Churches— Brownslade Tumulus— Ogham Inscriptions— Professor Graves first Interpreter- List of Pembrokeshire Oghams.

Chapter VI

The Kymro and the Scandinavian .... 63 — 78 Gildas— Vortiporios or Guortepir, tyrant of Demetia— Invaders of several nationalities— Englishmen said to have killed St. Dogvan in the 5th century— West Saxons did not reach the Western Coast of England till the last quarter of the 6th ceutury— Pembrokeshire Saints crossed to Damnonia— Saxons in South Wales in 720 — Kymry alter Demetia into Dyfed— Scandinavians raid, 775— Saxons, 810— Danish Colony formed, 833— Rhodri Monarch of Wales, 843— Gives a Constitution— Danish Marauders, 860— Hinguar Halfdcne and Hubba— The Daonebrog— Hubba winters in Milford Haven, 877 — Description of Scandinavian War-ship — Norwegians colonize Iceland, Scotch Islands, Man, Ireland, and Wales— Rhodri divides Wales between his Sons— Asser— Hemeid, Regulus of Dyfed, makes a Treaty with King Ælfred, 921— King Eadward sends a force to Milford Haven— Hywel King of all Wales— Kymric raids in Dyfed— Dywallon, the Regulus, slain— Servile war among the Gaels in North Wales— Fugitives seek refuge in Dyfed and join the Danes— Saxon pest (sweating sickness) breaks out, 994 — Glamorgan men, with whom were Danes, burn Narberth and kill the Bishop of St. David's— Olaf Haroldson ravages Pembroke and destroys St. David's— Scandinavian Colony in Pembrokeshire, their Morals and Manners — Norse names — Pla^e names and words still extant in Pembrokeshire — No Scandinavian architectural or sepulchral remains — Palace of a Kymric King — Dwelling of Freeman and small Freeholder— Description of interior of a dwelling of the latter — Kymry did not build stone houses — Inscribed Crosses at Carew, Nevern, Penally, &c. — Roadside Cross at Nevern.

Chapter VII

Pembrokeshire Myths ...... 79 — 92 Little England "made" before the creation of Welsh Literature — Interpolations in Welsh Writings, some accidental, other intentional — Pembrokeshire the scene of Kymrio Fairy Tales — Dyved was Gwlad yr Hud, the land of Phantasie chosen by the Authors of Mabinogion as the background for their tales — Pwyll, Manawyddan, and Math's Mabinogion — All refer to Pembrokeshire — Professor Rhys' Hibbert Lectures — These Mabinogion are the Sacred Books of Wales — Keltic Gods transformed to heroes — Members of Pwyll's Family have left traces of their names on the Ordnance Map, and are not forgotten by the people — Plot of Mabinogi — Pwyll story continued in Manawyddan and concluded in Math — Another account of the introduction of Swine into Pembrokeshire — Coll, son of Collvrewi — Wealth in Wales represented by Swine— Hunting of the Boar Trwyth through Pembrokeshire — Traditions of Kilhwch near Fishguard — G wales (Grasholm) visited by Pryderi and Manawyddan — Bedd Avanc in Precelly Mountains.

Chapter VIII

The Norman Conquest . . . . . . 93 — 106 Kymric usurpers— Restoration of the House of Rhodri — William I. visits St. David's — Normans and Norsemen, strong resemblance between — Rhys again driven into exile, but returns and conquers the rebels at St. Dogmael's Mic Dynbych — Death of Rhys ap Tewdwr — The conquest of Glamorgan — Martin de Turribus lands at Fishguard and conquers Cemaes —St. Dogmael's Priory founded— Cemaes, a typical march — Why it did not become Anglicized Pedigree of Sir Marteine Lloyd— Kilgerran fortified by the Belesme family — Arnulph de Montgomery seizes Pembroke and builds a castle, which he hands over to Gerald de Windsor — The Welsh overrun Dyved and Cardigan, but cannot win Pembroke— Siege of Pembroke in 1092 — William II. comes into Wales — Returns to England, but comes back Talks of conquering Ireland — The Church of St. Nicholas at Pembroke— Rufus orders castles to be built— Divisions of Pembrokeshire in his time — The Belesme rebellion — Arnulph and Gerald removed from Pembroke Sayer created Castellan — Gerald marries Nesta and is reinstated as Castellan of Pembroke — Builds Carew Castle Buildings in Pembrokeshire at the beginning of the 12th century — Norman families.

CHAPTER IX. The Flemish Immigration

IO« IIQ Encroachment of the Sea in Flanders, 1107— Quotations from Authors noticing the Immigration of Fleming into West Wales— HoUnshead— Caradoc of Llancarvan— William of Malmesbury— Doubts thrown on this Immigration--- PAGE Grufudd raids Carmarthenshire and Gower — De Bauzun's unfortunate expedition into Carmarthenshire — Llanstephan, Laugharne, Narberth aud Maen Castles destroyed— Also the Pembrokeshire Salt-works — Expedition into Kemaes — The Pembroke men repulsed— Llewelyn raids Carmarthen and Cardigan, beleaguers Kidwelly — Henry makes truce with Llewelyn — Pembroke men treacherously attack the Welsh at Kilgerran and are repulsed, Lord Patrick de Canton killed — Llewelyn plunders and destroys Tenby — Battle of Evesham fatal to Welsh independence — Henry III. dies 1272 — Llewelyn allies himself with France — War declared against Llewelyn — Henry Lord of Kidwelly slain — Pagan de Cadurcis conquers the King's enemies in South Wales — Llewelyn makes peace 1277 — Famine and Pestilence — War breaks out again (1282) — Young William de Valence killed — Llewelyn ravages Cardigan and marches to Builth — Thomas Beck succeeds Bishop Carew — Beck revives the agitation for a Welsh Church — Archbishop Peckham arrives at St. David's to investigate — News brought to the Archbishop that Llewelyn is dead — Davydd nominated Prince of North Wales — William de Valence takes the Castle of Bere — Davydd captured and executed at Shrewsbury — Abortive insurrec-'-'ins — Dispute between the Earl and the Lord of Kemaes — Tenby the only place in South Pembrokeshire which suffered d iring the war — Outer line of Castles : Dale, Benton, Haverford, Picton, Wiston, Llawhaden, Narberth, St. dear's, Llanstephan, Laugharne — Outposts : Cardigan, Kilgerran and Carmarthen — Fortified Churches and Houses : Lamphey Palace, Stackpole, Orielton, Bonville s Court, so-called Rectory at Angle — Political status of Little England in the 13th century.

CHAPTER XV.

The Hundred Years' Peace 176—193 Edward stops the creation of new Lordships of the March — Pembroke divided between the Lord Marcher of Kemaes and the Earl of Pembroke, who acted as Count Palatine — Disputes between the Marcher and the Earl, and between the Earl and the Crown — Bishop Beck rebuilds Llawhaden and erects a hospit&ttm at that place, founds collegiate establishments at Llangadoc and Llandewi Brefi — The Earl founds a hospitium at Ttnby, gives a charter to that town, probably builds the walls — Fortification of towns an advance in civilization — William de Valence dies 1296 — Aymer does not succeed until the death of his mother, 1307 — List of Jurors' names — Monumental effigies — Bishop Beck dies (1293) and is succeeded by David Martin — Earl Aymer de Valence and his wives die 1234— Fulling Mills mentioned at Pelkham and Lewelston in the inquisition taken after his death— Aymer de Valence confirms his fathers charter to Tenby — Is succeeded by his nephew Laurence de Hastings, who again confirms that charter — Bishop Martin supposed to have built the Gate Tow er to the Cathedral Close at St. David's and completed the Cathedral Church — Died in 1328— Succeeded by Henry Gower, who completed the Cathedral and built the Episcopal Palac.s at St. David's and Lamphey — Gower dies 1347 and is succeeded by John Thoresby, Reginald Brian, and Thomas Fastolph (1352) — Freelances from Wales fight in Scotland and Wales— John de Hastings leads Welsh troops in Edward III.'s French and Spanish Wars — Story of Evan of Wales and John Lambc— King Edward dies iu the aims of Dame Perrers, lady of Manorbier— Richard popular in Wales — Richard sails from Haverford to Ireland (1397) — Returns in nine months, his army mutinies, and he flies to North Wales — .John de Hastings succeeded by his son John ; the latter by a cousin, Sir Edward Hastings — The King assumes the Earldom and grants it to Queen Isabel— Unfortified mansions built — Lydstep — Carswell — The Welsh resume importance in South Pembrokeshire — Jestynton — Trefgarn— Wages of work men in the 14th century.

CHAPTER XVI.

The Fifteen Years' Revolt 1 94 — 207 Owain Glyndwr born at Little Trefgarn— Prodigies at his birth— Studies law and afterwards becomes shield-bearer to the King — Quarrels with Reginald de Grey, Lord of Ruthyn, and is treated badly by him— Owain destroys Lord Ruthyn's land— The King sends a force against him — Welsh return from England to join Owain — He takes Ruthyn— Henry burns the Franciscan Monastery of Llanfaes — Owain camps on Mynydd Hyddnant with 150 men— Francis a Court, Lord of Pembroke, sends a force of 1500 against him— They beleaguer Owain, who breaks through them, slaying 200— Henry burns Strata Florida — In 1402 a comet appears— Owain captures Reginald Lord de Grey, and marries him to his daughter — Story of Hywel Sole of Nannau — Owain takes Sir Edmund Mortimer prisoner — Ill treatment of English dead by Welsh women after Brynglas fight — Owain burns Llandaff Cathedral and Cardiff Town- Henry assembles three large armies at Shrewsbury, Chester, and Hereford— Coalition between the Percies, Mortimer, Glyndwr, and the Scotch King— Owain crowned Prince of Wales at Machyulleth— Makes an alliance with King Charles VI. of France — Letters from Jankyn Hanard — Sir Nicholas Carew meets Owain near St. Gear's— The latter retreats, but sends out a band of 700 soldiers, whom Sir Nicholas Blays to a man— Owain besieges Kidwelly Castle — Percy marches to Shrewsbury and Owain raises the siege of Kidwelly and marches to Oswestry— Henry defeats Percy and Owain retreats — Owners of Castles in Pembroke -ihire directed to garrison Bame — Bishop of St. David's to repair Llawhaden — Owain defeated with loss at Pwll Melyn and goes into hiding— Henry marches 37,000 men into Wales — 12,000 French troops land at Haverfordwest, burn the town, and march to Tenby, where Glyndwr lies with 1000 men — The allies proceed to Carmarthen, which they take— The French march to Worcester and then retreat into Wales, followed by the English— The French return to France tho following year— Francis a Court makes a treaty with Owain and raises a sum of money to buy peace from him— William Pioton, Henry Malefant, and Thomas Perrot collect a gum of £15 2s. 8d. on the land between Picton and ScotBboro, and pay the same to Stephen Perrot of Jestynton, and John of Castlemartin— Lord Arundel of Haverford, and Francis a Court of Pembroke, are directed not to permit their vassals to desert their posts— The former is instructed to abrogate all illegal pacts and attack Owain and his followers with the utmost vigour (1409) — Owen dies in 1415.

X PAGE 225 241 257

CHAPTER XVII.

Cambria Triumphans ....•• 20& Welshmen held in low esteem by the English at the beginning of the 15th century— Coercive statute not enforced in Pembrokeshire— Perrot family had Welsh connections— Welsh Bailiffs at Tenby— Welsh improve their position in the 15th century— Henry Chicheley Bishop 1408— After his day the See of St. David's declined m public estimation- Welsh soldiers in France— The Queen Dowager gives birth to children of which Owain Tudor is the father— Owain imprisoned— Edmund, the eldest son, married to Margaret Beaufort, grand-daughter of John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford— Cabal against Henry Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Pembroke— He is murdered in prison— List of his body guard— Grufudd ap Nicholas— Story of the abduction of Margaret Malefant from Upton— Grufudd and the Royal Commissioner— William de la Pole Duke of Suffolk created Earl— His execution— Henry takes the Earldom- He gives it to his half brother Jasper Tudor— Earl Jasper takes the Castle of Kilgerran from Grufudd ap Nicholas- Henry VII born at Pembroke Castle (1456)— Jasper rebuilds the Walls of Tenby— Is defeated at Mortimer Cross by Edward and the Carmarthen men under Grufudd ap Nicholas, who is slain— William Herbert of Raglan created Earl of Pembroke— Is beheaded at Banbury and succeeded by his son— Jasper restored to the Earldom— Is vanquished at Tewkesbury— Flies to Chepstow, thence to Pembroke— Is besieged by Owen ap Thomas and relieved by David ap Thomas— He flies from Tenby to Brittany with the Earl of Richmond— Thomas ap Grufudd retires to Dijon with his son Rhys— Returns to Wales— His duels and death— Rhys succeeds— Acquires Carew Castle— His character- Intrigues with the Duke of Buckingham— Richard III. demands his son as a hostage— Rhys swears to defend the realm— His letter to Richard— Plot to dethrone Richard— The Bishop of St. David's persuades Rhys to break his oath and declare for Henry — Consults the Seeio— Henry lands at Brunt— Rhys lies under Mullock Bridge while the Earl passes over — They return to Carew — Divide their forces — Their itinerary through Wales — The Hildas Horn — The Battle of Bosworth Field.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Cambria Triumphans (continued) 226 Henry VII. creates Jasper Duke of Bedford and promotes Sir Rhys — Invites Sir Thomas Perrot and Sir John Wogan to Court — Thomas White, Mayor of Tenby, receives a grant of Earl's Lands — The French Auxiliaries introduced the Sweating Sickness — Sir Rhys restores order in West Wales — He serves against Lambert Simnel and accompanies the King to France, 1492 — Captures Perkin Warbeck — Holds a great Tournament at Carew to celebrate his being made a Knight of the Garter — Bishop Vaughan builds Trinity Chapel St. David's, St. Justinian's Chapel, the Chapels at Llawhaden and Lamphey, and a Grange at the latter place, and restores Hodgeston Church — Sir Rhys transfigures Carew and restores Narberth Castle — Tenby Church — Carmelite Convent — St. John's Hospital, White's House and Tomb — Statuette of St. George — Tomb of a pilgrim in St. Mary's, Haverfordwest — Sir Rhys a favourite of Henry VIII. — Attends him in the French Wars — Immigration from Ireland into Pembrokeshire — Rhys Gruffyd's letter to Cardinal Wolsey — The King Earl of Pembroke — Rhys died 1527 and buried in Grey Friars, Carmarthen — He is succeeded by his grandson Rice ap Griffith, who marries Lady Catherine Howard — Is accused of intriguing with the King of Scotland, and beheaded on Tower Hill December 4, 1531.

CHAPTER XIX.

Abolition of the Palatinate and Monasteries 242 Henry VIII. fortifies Milford Haven — Bishop Rawlins— Anne Boleyn created Marchioness of Pembroke— W7illiam Barlow Prior of the Black Canons of Haverford— Roger Barlow explored South America, created Vice Admiral by Henry VIII.— Barlow's letter of recantation — Struggle between Reformers and Romanists— Feelings of the Laity in Pembrokeshire— Morganatic marriage of the Clergy— The Black Friar of Haverfordwest makes a charge against Barlow— Seal of the "Prior Provincial in England of the Preaching Friars" — Bishop Rawlins refers the matter to the Court of Arches — Cromwell protects Barlow — The Bishop arrests Barlow's servant and two women, who are charged with heresy and summoned before the Mayor of Tenby ; no evidence being forthcoming they are discharged— Barfow appeals to Cromwell for protection and is removed to the Priory of Bisham, Berks— Petition for the Union of Wales with England — The King nominates Justices— Statute for the judicial incorporation of Wales with England Haverfordwest, Kilgerran, Llansteffan, Laugharne, Walwyn's Castle, Dewisland, Llawhaden, Lamphey, Narberth Slebech, Rosemarket, Castellan, and Landifleur are annexed to the County of Pembroke— Withdrawal of' troops and dismissal of officials ensuing on the union disastrous to the colony— Changes effected in the administration of justice- Commission directed to inquire into the condition of Monasteries in England and Wales, 1535— Parliament directs the dissolution of all Monasteries whose incomes do not exceed £200 per annum- Rawlins dies— Barlow nominated Bishop • had been on a Scotch embassy— Barlow's letters to Cromwell— Intrigues for the translation of St David's to Carmar then— Destroys the roofs of the Great Hall in the Palace of St. David's and the Castle of Llawhadeu • said to have appropriated the lead to the dowering of his daughters ; their names— Richard Suffragan of Dover arrives in Wales to enforce the Act passed for dissolution of smaller Monasteries— Dissolves Grey Friars Carmarthen— Removes remains of Edmund Tudor to St. David's Cathedral ; of Sir Rhys ap Thomas to St. Peter's, Carmarthen— Monasteries in Pembrokeshire— Augustinian : Haverfordwest and Newport— Benedictine : St. Dogmael's Caldv Pill and Monkton— Dominican : House in Haverfordwest— Carmelite : Tenby— Houses of unknown fraternities at Cresswell Warren and Manorbier.

PAGE

CHAPTER XX.

Odium Theologicum ...... 258 — 271 John Leland visits Pembrokeshire — His journey from Whitland to Lamphey — Carew Castle— Pembroke Town and Castle — Manorbier in ruins — Tenby — Coal-pits — Pembrokeshire Islands haunted by Pirates — Red deer at Llawhaden — Roche Castle — Fall of Cromwell — The Six Articles — Division of the Monastic Land3 in Pembrokeshire — Bishop Barlow yields up the Manor of Lamphey to the Crown, by whom it is granted to Richard Devereux, Lord Ferrers' heir — St. Mary's College dissolved — Barlow translated to Bath and Wells — His family — Robert Ferrar succeeds to the See of St. David's — Formerly a disciple of Anthony de la Bere — Joined Barlow in the Scotch Mission — Was Cranmer'B Chaplain — Thomas Yong leads a coalition against Ferrar — Charge of " Folly " brought against the Bishop, who was found guilty and thrown into prison, when the Marian persecution commenced was tried by the Ecclesiastical Commission sitting at St. Mary Overy for Heresy — Sent to Carmarthen — Tried by Henry Morgan, found guilty, and handed over to the Civil power — Is burnt — Legend as to Corpse Lights — Morgan nominated Bishop — William Nichol burnt at Haverfordwest — Deprivation and death of Henry Morgan — Thomas Yong elected Bishop of St. David's.

CHAPTER XXI.

The Lords of Lamphey and Carew .... 272 — 295 The Devereux Family — Walter Devereux, Lord FeiTers Chief Justice of South Wales, obtains some of Rice Griffitbs's lands — Is a reformer, not a bigot — Barlow sponsor to his grandson Walter — Lamphey, home of the Devereux family— Lord Ferrers created Viscount Hereford— Perrote of Haroldston— Sir John Perrot, illegitimate son of Henry VIII., received by Edward VI., imprisoned under Mary for harbouring heretics at his house in Wales, created Governor of Carew Castle, carried Canopy of State at Elizabeth's Coronation — Walter Devereux succeeds his grandfather as Viscount Hereferd — Marries Lettice Knollys and is created Earl of Essex — Johu Perrot made President of Munster — Essex and Perrot unfriendly — Perrot resigns and retires to Carew — Essex volunteers for service in Ireland — Agreement with the Queen — Cabals agaiust the Earl — Cruel warfare — Troops without food — The agreement revised — Earl and Queen quarrel — Governorship of Ulster cancelled — Massacre on Rathliu Island — Countess of Essex and the Earl of Leicester — Essex returns to Wales, sells land to pay his debts, is created Marshal of Ireland and returns to Dublin, where he dies — Suspicions of poison — Body landed at Pwlhelli and buried at Carmarthen — The Earl's will — Robert Devereux Karl of Essex enters at Cambridge— Expenses there — Goes to Court — Lady Peielope Devereux marries —Lord Essex takes his degree — Resides at Lamphey — Gilly Meyrick — Sir John Perrot commands a fleet, is accused by Thomas YYyrriott of OrieltOD, and acquitted — Is then accused by Griffith White of Tenby, and again acquitted — Appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland — Lady Dorothy Devereux clandestinely marries Sir Thomas the Lord Deputy's son Sir Thomas Perrot — Leicester takes command of the Army in Holland— Essex, General of the Horse, present at Zutphen— Expedition returns -Essex appoints Meyrick Steward of his Household — Sir John Perrot's rule in Ireland — He insults the Queen and is recalled — Retires to Pembrokeshire and rebuilds Carew Castle — Exchanges Pill Priory for Haverford Priory with Barlow of Slebech — Essex joins Drake's expedition to Portugal — Walter Devereux and Meyrick present — The Earl marries clandestinely Frances, daughter of Walsingham and widow of Sir Philip Syduey — Receives the command of a force sent to aid Henry IV. — Walter Devereux and Meyrick present — Walter killed before Rouen- Elizabeth recalls Essex, but allows him to return— The Siege of Rouen — Essex returns — Funeral of Walter Devereux — Goods borrowed from Carew Castle — Sir John Perrot arrested on a charge of treason, and claims to be tried by Peers of the Realm — The claim disallowed — He is found guilty aud committed to the Tower — Sir John Perrot condemned to death — Elizabeth refuses to sign warrant — Perrot dies in the Tower — Inventory of his goods at Carew Castle — Essex appointed Governor of Carew — Sir Thomas dies — George Devereux and Gilly Meyrick knighted at

Cadiz by the Earl — Lord Howard created Earl of Nottingham and Lord Steward of the Household — Earl of Essex Earl Marshal of England — Essex opposes the peace party — His apology — His quarrel with the Queen — Appointed Lieutenant and Governor-General of Ireland — His instructions — A disastrous campaign — Concludes a truce with Tyrone— The Queeu's letter — Essex deserts his post — Interview with the Queen — Arrested, tried by the Court of Star Chamber, and pardoned — The Queen refuses to see him — His conspiracy, trial, and execution— Gilly Meyrick tried, convicted, and hung at Tyburn — Bearing of these matters on the History of Little England — Cryptogram on a window in the Temple.

CHAPTER XXII

Elizabethan Pembrokeshire ..... 296—313 George Owen's History of Pembrokeshire — The three races : Welsh, English, Irish — All traces of the Flemish language had disappeared — Hard drinking rare in Owen's day, heavy eating taking its place — Lower class Englishmen ill grown owing to exposure while young in herding cattle — Seventy-four parishes English, sixty-four Welsh, six mixed — Division of Welsh and English— In some parts of Pembroke one third of the inhabitants Irish — Whisky distillers — Vaulted buildingB not built in Owen's day — Coal-digging a chief industry of Pembroke — Fuel, now known as "bails" not invented — Husbandry — Woollen trade lost — Gardening indifferent — Timber scarce — Game — No Chase under Forest Law had ever existed in Pembrokeshire — Fallow deer in two parks — Roe extinct — Wild Cattle on the mountains — Hares very plentiful — Foxes more common than commendable— Martins plentiful ; killed for the musk found in their glands — Grouse — Heathcock — Wooduuail — Crane — Heron — Gulls domesticated — Curlew — Wild Goose — Wild Ducks— Bittern — Wild Swan — Woodcock — Pheasants only at Haroldston — No mention of Guns — Fish — Games— Knappan — Only two or three Castles habitable— Pirates on Caldy— Owen on Cromlechs — Makes no mention of Religion — Very impartial in his description of Pembrokeshire Worthies — Dissention among the Reformers — Devereux family Puritans — John Penry— Rees Prichard— Church held good social position — Dwnn's list of clergymen— Tenby PAGE the residential town of Pembrokeshire— Dwnn's list of gentlemen residing in Tenby, Pembroke, and Haverfordwest— List of county gentlemen of Pembrokeshire— Dwnn's etymology— His apology— Literary movements! he brothers Recorde of St. John's, Tenby— George Owen the county historian— Poets— Lord Essex— Thomas Phaer ot Kilgerran— Sir Thomas Elliott of Erewere compiled Latin English Dictionary— Bishop Davies and Chancellor Huett translated the Scriptures into Welsh— Printers and Publishers— Tottyll of Wiston— Grafton of Carew— Humphrey loye marries Anne, daughter of Scarfe of Lamphey— Dread of foreign invasion— Sir Thomas Perrot and George Owen Deputy Lieutenants— Raise seven companies of trained bands— Corporation of Tenby obtain a lease from the Crown- Restore the fortications— Mr. Paul Ivy sent to survey the Haven— Petition from the county gentlemen— Description of Pembroke Castle in 1595.

CHAPTER XXIII.

The First Civil War 314—332 Intrigues between Pembrokeshire leaders and the Scotch Court— Essex favoured by the King— His marriage and divorce— Visits Lamphey— Leaders of the Presbyterian party— Sir James Perrot M.P. for Haverfordwest, ordered to Ireland— Laud, Bishop of St. David's— The Carew family— Barlows of Slebech and Tenby— Woollen factory- Fisheries— Willes Mark— The King having asked aid from Quarter Sessions, the Court declines— He asks for a pinnace from Pembrokeshire, which is refused— The Court of High Commission— Richard Parry of Llanvalteg prosecuted— Bishop Mainwariug— Phillips, Vicar of Amroth, declines to read the Book of Sports — Presbyterians had no chapels— Ship money— Essex leads the English army against Scotland— The Long Parliament— Essex resigns his appointment— The Irish Rebellion— The Commission of Array— The Commission of Militia— List of the latter in Pembrokeshire— Essex chosen Captain-General of the Parliamentarian forces and nominates Sir John Meyrick Sergeant-Major-General — John Poyer fortifies Pembroke, 1642 — Rice Powell comes from Ireland— Lord Carbery occupies Tenby for the King, 1643 — Sea fight in the Haven — Tenby bombarded by Parliamentarian fleet, who are repulsed — Lord Carbery, Sir John Stepney, Roger Lort, and Archdeacon Rudd impeached by Parliament — Pill Fort — Carew Castle — Manorbier Castle — Protestation of loyalty — List of subscribers — Stackpole fortified — Lord Carbery visits Haverfordwest, 1643— Roche Castle fortified- Mrs.

White of Henllan visits Lord Carbery— Colonel Laugharne sallies out from Pembroke and cuts off some Royalists near Carew Castle — The Parliamentarian fleet relieve Pembroke— Stackpole, Treffloyne. and Pill Fort taken by the Roundheads— Haverfordwest evacuated by the Royalists — Roche Castle yields — Tenby bombarded and stormed — Carew Castle capitulates — List of Parliamentarian leaders — Lamphey occupied by Master Gunter — Parliament nominates a Committee of Defence — List of members — Swanley makes "water rats" of Irish prisoners— Colonel Gerard sent into Wales — Enters Pembrokeshire, 1644 — Retakes Haverfordwest — Captures Picton Castle — Legend respecting Picton — Gerard treats the country people with great cruelty — Retakes Roche Castle — Gerard recalled to Bristol — Cardigan taken by the Roundheads — Colonel Gerard returns — Attempts in vain to retake Cardigan, is repulsed, and retires to Carmarthen — Recruits there and falls on Laugharne at Newcastle Emlyn, whom he defeats with loss — Haverford again yields to the Royalists— Gerard again recalled — Laugharne conquers the Cavaliers on Colby Moor, takes Haverfordwest and Carew, and concludes the first Civil War in Pembrokeshire — His proceedings in the neighbouring counties — Slebech granted to Laugharne — Quarrel between Presbyterians and Independents — "The Self-saorifieing Ordinauce" — The Earl of Essex deprived of his command over the army in the field — The Commons propose also to deprive him of the forts and garrisons — He resigns, as does Sir John Meyrick — Ihe death and funeral of the Earl — Lady Hertford succeeds to Lamphey and the Pembrokeshire property.