Greece, pictorial, descriptive, and historical, with upwards of three hundred and fifty engravings by Copley Fielding, etc

Front matter

• i > TO A" W 'A li? If JU JE IB I . Jit» 9 p i C C(D> !' LA I , B']ES(C - I PT I ■■/' i k\M l) M I ST©ftI€A\ L, 13w €btt@ti0|il)iT ®Jttor03Unmtb. i ■ A NEW "EDITION. L (> N D O N JOHN MXTBBAY, At BE"MLABX"E STBJEET. L859 GREECE : PICTORIAL, DESCRIPTIVE, AND HISTORICAL. BY CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, B.B. CANON OF WESTMINSTER ; LATE FELLOW OF TRINITT COLLEGE, AND PUBLIC ORATOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ; HEAD MASTER OE HARROW SCHOOL; AND MEMBER OF THE ARCH.EOLOGICAL INSTITUTE AT ROME. g. $Ic6j Cbitiotr, tartfaUg AJUbiscb. WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE SCENERY, ARCHITECTURE, COSTUME, AND FINE ARTS OF THAT COUNTRY. AND A HISTORY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK ART, BY GEORGE SCHARF, F.S.A. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1859. LONDON ' PRINTED BY RICHARD CLAY, BREADSTREET HILL.

So % Ijtfjljt honourable GEOBGE EAEL OF ABEBDEEN, K.T., M.A., F.E.S., etc. etc. PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES; CHANCELLOR OF KING'S COLLEGE, ABERDEEN ONE OF THE GOVERNORS OF HARROW SCHOOL ; TO WHOSE EXAMPLE AND ENCOURAGEMENT THE PRESENT AGE IS INDEBTED FOR MUCH OF THE LIGHT WHICH HAS BEEN THROWN UPON THE ARTS, ANTIQUITIES, AND GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE, f&is muxk, WRITTEN WITH A HOPE OF CHERISHING THE LOVE FOR THEM IN THE SCHOOL OF WHICH HE IS A GOVERNOR, IS, WITH FEELINGS OF PRIVATE GRATITUDE AND PUBLIC RESPECT, INSCRIBED. ANCIENT AND MODERN GREEKS. THE EMPEROR TRAJAN MAKING 1119 WILL. PKEFACE. " The Emperor Hadrian possessed a magnificent Villa, at Tivoli, of which the, ruins still remain. Ia it he endeavoured to perpetuate his own Recollections of Greece. He there erected buildings, to wliich he gave the names Pcecile and Lyceum ; by their side he planted the Grove of an Academy, and he carried the stream ol an ideal Peneus through the pleasant Vale of an imitative Tempe.

" The Traveller in Greece constructs in his own mind such a villa as this. He furnishes it with the beautiful scenes which he once visited in that country ■ he refreshes it with the clear waters and cool shades of a Tempe ; he decorates it with the fair porticoes of a Pœcile, a Lyceum, and an Academy. " But his recollections of Greece, like the buildings of Hadrian, are liable to fall into decay. The Author of the following pages has, therefore, attempted to give a permanence to his own reminiscences VI

Preface

. by constructing a humbler Tivoli, in which he hopes that others may perhaps enjoy some share of that pleasure which was felt of old by the Greek Traveller in the Villa of Hadrian." Such was the Author's address, by way of Preface, to the original edition of his " Greece " in the year 1S39. The Publisher has now the pleasure of stating, that in the period which has since elapsed, three large editions have been called for, and the work has been translated into the Prench and Italian languages. It may therefore be presumed to have taken its position as a classical authority. The present edition of the Work has been entirely revised by the Author ; and the matter, as well as the engravings, in some respects rearranged, so as to bring the illustrations into more intimate connexion with their descriptions in the text.

In the present edition, Mr. George Scharf, the able illustrator of Dean Milman's Horace* and other classical works, has supplied notes and illustrations, in an Introductory Chapter, on the " Characteristics of Greek Art," which will be found explanatory of many allusions to the subject that occur in the course of the Work. The Publisher has to express his regret, that the number of pages to which this chapter was necessarily restricted has rendered it somewhat less com plete than that gentleman desired to make it. He believes, however, that the varied information it contains will be a valuable addition to the Work ; at the same time it will be understood that Dr. Wordsworth is in no way responsible for anything contained in that chapter. * The Life and Works of Horace. Edited by Dean Milman.

A new and beautifully printed edition of the text, illustrated by 300 Engravings of Coins, Gems, Statues, &c, from the Antique. Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 30*. " Not a page can be opened where the eye does not light upon some antique gem. Mythology, history, art, manners, topography, have all their fitting representatives. It is the highest praise to say, that the designs throughout add to the pleasure with which Horace is read." — Classical Museum.

PREFACE.

. VII It may not be unbecoming in the Publisher here to express his belief, that, by the aid of the Author, Artists, and Engravers, and of the more humble but indispensable powers of the Press, he has been enabled to erect a Pœcile and Lyceum, in remembrance of Greece, such as Hadrian, with all the imperial power of Rome, would have attempted in vain. London, October 185S. MOUNT PARNARKVS. "OAST OF EPJRIS FROM THE SEA. WORKS ILLUSTRATIVE OF GREEK GEOGRAPHY. *** // being inconsistent, with the plan of the present Work that reference should be made in it io any collateral authorities on the subjects mentioned in the text, the Author has deemed it expedient to prefix a general list of books which may be considered either as illustrative of its contents, or supplementary to them. Scylax, Periplus. — See Philological Museum, i. p. 245 ; Hudson's Geog.

Græc. vol. i. Dicæarchus, scholar of Aristotle, Status Græciæ. — Hudson, Geog. Græc. vol. ii. Scymnus, Chius, Orbis Descriptio. — Hudson, Geog. Gr. vol. ii. Dionysius Pkriegetes.— Bemhardy, Geog. Gr. vol. i. Strabo of Amasia in Cappadocia, in the Augustan Age, hooks viii. ix. x. Pomponius Mela, book ii. cap. 3. Caius Pltnius Slcundus, hook iv. cap. 1 to 13. Pausanias of Cappadocia, Ten Books. Travelled in Greece in the time of the Antonines. Ptolemæus Pelusiotes. About a.d. 160. Cyriacus of Ancona. Travelled in Greece about 1430, principally with a view to collect ancient inscriptions. Martin Kraus, or Krusius, Professor at Tubingen. His Turco-Græcia, 1573. Sandys, Relation of a Journey in the Turkish Empire, 1674. Meursius, his geographical and antiquarian Treatises in Gronovii Antiquitates Græcæ.

Babin, Relation de l'Etat Present de la Ville d'Athenes, 1674. Carrey's Drawings of the Parthenon, made about 1674, for the French Ambassador, the Marquis of Nointel, now in the Royal Library, Paris : copies in the British Museum. Jacob Spon of Lyons, Voyage, &c, 16:6. Lyon, 1678, 2 vols. 12mo. Guillet de la Guilletiere, Athenes ancienne et modeme. Paris, 1675. An Apocryphal work.— See Quarterly Review, No. 127. Palmerii Græciæ Descriptio, 1673. Wheler, Rev. Sir George, Journey into Greece. London, 1682, folio; with an excellent Map for those times. Coronelli, Description Geographique de la Moree. Venise, 1688. Meletius, Bishop of Arta and Naupactus, 1682. His Geography, first published 1728. Venice, folio. Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, 1718, 2 vols. 8vo. Fourmont, travelled in 1 729. His letters (of very doubtful faith). — Voyage, Mem. de 1' Academie des Inscriptions, t. vii. p. 357.

Guy's Voyage Litteraire de la Grece, 2 vols. 1771. Stuart and Revett, travelled for the Society of Dilettanti, 1751. — The Antiquities of Athens, by Jas. Stuart and Nicholas Revett, Painters and Architects, vol. i. 1762, vol. ii. 1787, vol. iii. 1794, vol. iv. 1816. ■ — , new edition, with many additions, 4 vols. 1825. CHANDLER'sTravels in Greece. Oxf. 1776.— French, with notes, by Barbie du Bocage. Paris, 1806, 3 vols. — Chandler, Revett, and Pars, sent by the Society of Dilettanti, 1764. Inscriptiones Antiquæ. Oion. 1771. Hamilton's Remarks on several parts of Turkey, 1809. The Unedited Antiquities of Attica. By the Society of Dilettanti. London, 1819. Barthelemi, Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grece, 7 vols. 8vo. 1700. b WOEKS ILLUSTRATIVE OF GREEK GEOGRAPHY. X Choiseul-Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque de la Grece, torn. i. sol. 1782, torn. ii. 1809, torn. iii. 1S20.

Sibthorp and Hawkins, travelled in 1785 and 1794. Their Journal in Walpole's Memoirs. Lond. 1820. Fauvel and Faucherot, travelled in Attica, &c. 1780. Their Papers in the Paris Library. Oberlin, Orbis Antiqui Monumentis suis itlustrati primæ lineæ. Argent. 1790. Lord Elgin in Greece, 1797. Elgin Marbles transported to England, 1812. Memorandum on the Earl of Elgin's Pursuits in Greece, 1815. Lusieri's Plans, Drawn for Lord Elgin, 1800, and following years. Now in the British Museum. Dr. E. D. Clarke's Travels, 1810—24, 6 vols. 4to. Dod well's Classical and Topographical Tour, 2 vols.4to. London, 1819. Sir W. Gell's Ithaca, 4to. Argolis, 1814, 4to. Itinerary of the Morea, 1817. ■ Itinerary of Greece, 1819. Colonel Leake's Researches in Greece, 1814. Topography of Athens, 1821. Translated into German by Reinacker, with notes by Muller.

Halle, 1829. ■ disputed Positions in the Topography of Athens, 1835. . Outlines of Greek Revolution, 1826. Wilkins' Atheniensia, 1816. Pougueville, Voyage dans la Grece. Paris, 1820. Barbie du Bocage, Carte de la Moree, 1814. Chateaubriand, Itineraire de Paris a Jerusalem. Paris, 1812. Hobhouse, -Tourney through Albania, &c. Lond. 1813, 4to. Holland's Travels in the Ionian Isles, Thessaly, Macedonia, &c. Lond. 1815 ; 2d. edit. 2 vols. 8vo. 1819. Walpole's Memoirs relating to European and Asiatic Turkey, containing Papers by the Earl of Aberdeen, Dr. Sibthorp, Mr. Hawkins, Col. Leake, Col. Squire, Mr. Cockerell, Mr. Wilkins, Mr. Raikes. Stanhope, Topography of Platæa, 1817. Olympia, 1824. Forbin, Voyage dans le Levant. Paris, 1819. Turner, Tour in the Levant, 1820. Gaultier, Positions Geographiques, in the "Connaissances de Temps," 1821, 1822, 1823.

Mannert, Geographie der Griechen, 1822. Mt/LLER, K. O., Geschichte Hellenischer Stamme und Stadte, 1820—1824. Orchomenus, with Map of Bœotia. The Dorians, with Maps of Northern Greece and the Peloponnesus. Geographical Appendices to both works. Æginetica, 1817. ■ Articles on Athens and Attica, in Ersch and Griiber's Encyclopadie, Translated by Lockhart. Brief nach Athen, 1833. Hughes's (T. S.) Travels in Sicily, Albania, and Greece; 2 vols. 4to. 1830; 2d edit. 2 vols. Svo. Waddington's Visit to Greece, 1825. Kendrick, Ionian Islands, 1822. Goodisson, Ionian Islands, 1822. St. Vincent, lies Ioniennes, avec un nouvel atlas, 1822. Bronsted, Voyages et Recherches dans la Grece, 1826. Kruse's Hellas, 1825—1827, 2 vols.; contains Attica, Megaris, Bœotia, Phocis, Doris, Locris, Ætolia, Acarnania.

Wachsmuth, Hellenische Alterthumskunde, 4 vols. Halle, 1826. Sketch of Greek Geography, vol. i. pp. 1 — 20. Cramer's Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Greece, 3 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1828. Colonel Leake on the Demi of Attica, in Transactions of Royal Society of Literature, 1829. Travels in the Morea, 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1830. Travels in Northern Greece, 4 vols. 8 vo. 183.5. The Author of the following pages cannot mention these works of Col. Leake without expressing his obligations to them. Gordon's History of the Greek Revolution, 1832. Thierscit, F., Etat Actuel de la Grece, 2 vols. Svo. Leips. 1833. Dodwell's Pelasgic Remains in Greece and Italy, sol. 1834. Purdkr's Sailing Directory. London, 1834. Charts ofthe Coast of Greece, published by the Admiralty, sold at No. 53, Fleet Street, London.

Von Maurer, Das Griechische Volk, 2 vols. Heidelberg, 1835. Thirlwall's Greece; Geographical Outline, pp. 1—34 of vol. i. 1835. Pittakys' Ancienne Athenes, 8vo. Athenes, 1835. Voyage de la Commission Scientifique de Moree. Paris, 1836. Wordsworth's Athens and Attica, with Maps, &c. 2nd Edit. 1837. Forchhammer, P. G., Hellenika. Berlin, 1837. Ross, L. Das Pentelicon bei Athen und seine Marmorbriiche : Kunstblatt, 1837, Nos. ii.— iv. Other numbers contain papers on subjects connected with Greek topography and antiquities. Finlay's Remarks on the Topography of the Oropia and Diacria. Athens, 1838. on the Battle of Marathon and position of Aphidnæ, &c. in Transactions of Royal Society of Literature, vol. iii. Leake, Col., Peloponnesiaca, Supplement to Travels in the Morea. Murray, Handbook for Malta, Ionian Islands, and the East.

Rangabe, A. R., Antiquites Helleniques. Athenes, 1842. Bowen, G. F., M.A. , President ofthe Ionian University; "Ithaca." 1850. Descriptive Catalogue of Sketches of Greek Scenery. By W. Linton, Esq. R.A. For Private Circulation. 1847. Sketches in Greece and Turkey. 1833. r DEATH OF SOCRATES. TABLE OF CONTENTS. HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF GREEK ART.

State of the Arts in the time of Pausanias — Plan of developing the Subject — Importance of Dates and of Coins in ascertaining the different Eras of Art — Monumental Remains — Ancient Practice of hoarding Money — Tombs the Depositories of Works of Art — Early Vases — Primitive Origin of the Greeks — Cyclopean Architecture — Ancient Pottery and Vases — Early Bronze Figures — Painted Vases — Sciagraphy — Silhouettes — Objects of Early "Worship — Representation of Form by Outline — Ancient Coins — Assyrian Head — Terra-cotta Figure found at Samos — Origin of Modelling — Early Workers in Bronze — Ancient Knowledge of Mechanics — Early Figures in Metal — Artists of mythical Antiquity — State of the Arts in the Homeric Age — Working of Gold — Cyclopean Architecture of Mycenæ and Cadyanda — Gate of the Lions — Sculptures of Thebes, Nineveh, Egypt, and Asia Minor — Art of Casting in Metals — The Early Communications of Greece with Egypt — First Introduction of Coinage — Art of Tempering Metals — Origin of the Ionic and Doric Orders — Ancient Inscriptions — Early Adoption of the Arch — Structure of Temples, and the peculiar Characteristics of the Doric and Ionic — Early Painted Vases — Sciagraphs — Greek Art under Pisistratus — Fountain of Callirrho'i — Earliest Use of Marble in Architecture — First Erection of Temples at Athens — Draperies of Greek Sculpture — Acroliths — Dedication of Statues — Vase Painting — Portrait Statues — Invention of Foreshortening — Early History of Bas-reliefs — Centaurs — State of Greek Art from the Battle of Marathon — Public Games conducive to the Arts — Coins of Athens — A Greek Warrior — Names of Artists engraved on Sculptures — Ancient Modes of representing Hair — State of the Arts from the Defeat of the Persians- Marbles of Ægina— Sculptured Heads— Vase Painting — Rebuilding of Athens— Temple and Sculptures of the Theseum — Progress of Painting and Sculpture — Onatas — Important Changes in Vase Painting — Polygnotus — Subjects painted by him — Architects of the Parthenon — Pericles, and his glorious Works at Athens — Commencement of the Parthenon — Temples and Sculptures at Athens — The Erectheum — Sculptures of the Parthenon — Battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ — Section of the Parthenon — Drapery of Phidias— State of Art from the Death of Pericles— Polycletus, Myron, TABLE OF CONTENTS. and Alcamenes — The Phigaleian Marbles — Coinage of Athens— Greek Statuary— Celebrate Statues of Venus— Corinthian Order— Niobe— The Temple of Apollo Sosianus— Pediment of the Temple of Minerva at Ægina— State of Art from the Accession of Alexander— Art has reached it Culminating Point— Statues and Coins of Philip and Alexander— Temple of Lysierates, and its Sculptures— Style of Drapery— Roman Period of Greek Art— Time of Hadrian— The Laocoon, Achilles at Scyros, Dirce tied to the Bull, and various subjects of Greco-Roman Art— The Age of J Pa°-es 1 87 Constantine, and the Degradation of Ancient Art ....-•• GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF

GREECE.

Bronze Tablet of Aristagoras— Heeatæus— Sketch of the Geography of Continental Greece— First Station, Zygo, the ancient Lacmos, on Mount Pindus ; Panoramic View thence ; its Peculiarities ; the Five Rivers which take their rise there— Virgil— Milton— Communication by these Rivers to every Part of Greece— The Aous : Apollonia ; Corinthian Colonies ; Augustus ; his Connexion with Apollonia ; Actium— The Gulf of Ambracia— The Araothos— Northern Frontier of Free Greece— Haliacmon— Macedonia— Berrhœa— Thessalonica — St. Paul — Peneus— Olympus— Ossa —Tempe— Mountain Boundaries to the Basin of Thessaly : Cambunian Hills ; Pindus ; Othrys— The History of Thessaly the Result of its Geography— Level Surface of the Soil ; Fertility— Centaurs ; Cavalry ; Thessaly the Theatre of Wars — Pharsalia, Scotussæ, Cynoscephalæ — Achelous ; why the Synonym for Water ; its Course — Second Station, on Mount Tymphrestus, at Beluchi— Divergence of Mountains from this Point, as of Hirers from Zygo — Othrys to the Sea, Œta to the South-east, and the Agræan Hills to the West of the Pindus— The Pindus Chain continued in Parnassus, Helicon, Cithæron, Parnes, Brilessus, Pentelicus, Hymettus, Laureium, Sunium ; thence to the Cyclades, and to the Asiatic Coast— The various Roads to Attica : 1, by Œnoe ; 2, by Phyle; 3, by Decelea; 4, by Rhamnus— Last Station: Hymettus— View from Hymettus— Milton — Limit of Course of Mountains — Temple of Sunium — Lucian's Contemplantes — Geographical Sketch of the Peloponnesus— Station at Zakkouka on Mount Lycæus— Panoramic View — Mount Lycæus, Erymanthus, Cyllene, Mænalus, Parnon, — Mount Taygetus — Plain of Elis — Olympia — Physical Form and Characteristics of the Peloponnesus— Arcadia : surrounded by a mural Circle of Mountains ; Radii from this Circle to the Coast form the other Provinces of the Peloponnesus — Peloponnesus an Amphitheatre, of which Arcadia is the Arena, its Mountain circle the Podium, the other Provinces the Cunei, their Mountain Divisions the Viæ, the Vale of the Alpheus the Vomitorium, Sky of Greece the Velarium — Political Results of Natural Causes — National Antipathies — ■ Messenia and Laconia — No Centralization — Achæan League : its Origin ; how far it was successful — Causes of its Dissolution — Rome united Greece — -No general Coinage — Coins of different Provinces of the Peloponnesus — Restlessness of its Inhabitants — The Arts of Peace and Commerce little Cultivated — Pleasing Contrast offered by the Province of Elis — Armistice — Olympic Games — Mythological Traditions produced by Character of Soil — Emissaries — Switzerland, Italy, Bœotia, Arcadia — Stymphalus — Worship of Hercules — Natural Origin of Greek Mythology — founded not on Laws but Powers — Origin of Greek Music ; why derived from Arcadia ; its influence on the Arcadian Character — Cynætha — The Pastoral Ideas of Virgil derived not so much from Italy as from Arcadia — Migratory and mercenary Character of Arcadians ; how produced — Sparta, how far

unwalled ; Lycurgus ; its Mountains were its Walls — Laconia the Stadium of the Peloponnesus — Picturesque Scenery of the Vale of the Eurotas — Scenes on Taygetus — Pallantium the Cradle of Rome — Antoninus Pius — Pheidippides and Pan, before the Battle of Marathon — View from the Citadel of Argos — Argolis : Erasinus, Lerna — Argos Amphilochicum a Colony from Argolis ; National Connexions and Sympathies, shown in an Identity of Names . .

Pages 89 130 ATTICA.

Socrates and Alcibiades — Extent of Attica — Influence of Attica on Language, Literature, Arts and Religion — Causes of this Influence— Form and Site of Attica— Benefits incidentally arisino* from its Defects — Barrenness — Rocks, Mountains — their Productions — Consequences of these Defects Limits of Attica — Chains of Parnes and Ægaleos on West, of Pentelicus and Hymettus on East the Long Walls of the Country— Order of our Observations— Salamis : Site— Battle— View seen by Xerxes from his Silver-footed Throne on Mount Ægaleos — Digression to Eleusis Mystic Procession to Eleusis— Sacred Way thither ; its present and former State— Sacred Ways of Rome and Athens contrasted — Characteristic of those two Cities respectively — Approach to Eleusis Temple of Eleusis— Description of the Eleusinian Mysteries— Return to Ægaleos— Phyle ; its present and former Condition — View seen by Thrasybulus from the Fortress Walls of Phyle— Campaign of Thrasybulus against the Thirty Tyrants— View of Acharnæ— The Acharnians of Aristophanes- Return to Mount Pames— Parnes the Barrier of Attica and Bœotia— Comparative View of Attica and Bœotia, physically and intellectually—" The Clouds" of Aristophanes— View of the Athenian Plain and Lycabettus— Decelea— Alcibiades— Agis— Decelea a Spartan Camp in Attica— "The Birds " of Aristophanes — Contrast between Decelea and Aphidnæ — Theseus — History of Attica to the Age of Theseus — Cecrops — Strife of Minerva and Neptune — Explanation — Areopagus ; Origin of — Meaning of Attic Traditions — Cranaus and Pedias the Parents of Atthis — Deucalion's Flood Amphictyon — Ericthonius — States of Society represented by them — Visits of Cereus and Bacchus to Attica — Theseus — Pisistratus : his Homeric Apotheosis of Theseus — Theseus a Personification (made by themselves, with an Historic Basis) of the Athenian People— Ariadne — Life and Death of Theseus — Temple of Theseus — His Civil Polity — Panathenaic Festival — Theseus and Pirithous : Meaning of their Friendship — Theseus and Hercules : their Rivalry ; how an expression of National Feeling — Why Theseus and his Son Hippolytus are made to pass their Youth at Trœzen — Bœotia represented by Hercules ; Attica by Theseus — Illustration of this — View on the Route from Aphidnæ to Rhamnus — Two Temples at Rhamnus — Sacred Inclosure containing them — Description of the Temples — Architectural Terms applied to Ancient Temples — Plans — Larger Temple — Both the Temples were dedicated to Nemesis — Scenery of Rhamnus — Religion of Sacred Inclosures — Rhamnus to Marathon — Plain and Harbour of Marathon — Battle — The Battle illustrated by local Considerations — The different Advantages enjoyed by the Athenians at Marathon — Fresco Painting of the Battle — Tumulus at Marathon — Trophy of Miltiades — Different Treatment of the Battles of Marathon and Salamis — Why no Pictorial or Sculptural Record of Salamis as well as of Marathon — Poetical Compensation — Walk up Mount Pentelicus — View of

Marble Quarries — Character of the Marble — Reflections on the Quarries — Contrast of Rome and Athens in their respective Materials for Sculpture — Scenery of Cephissia — Villa of Herodes Atticus — Plato's Farm — Diogenes — Preservation of Ancient Names : Cephissia, Marousi, Heracle — Lycabettus — Hymettus — Produce of Hymettus compared with that of Pentelicus — Grottoes of the Nymphs and Graces on Hymettus — Plato in this Cave — Port Raphte' — Thoricus. — Triangle formed by Thoricus, Anaphlystus, and Sunium — Mines of Laureum — History of Mines — Peculiar Properties of Athenian Coinage — Temple at Sunium Pages 131 — 185 ÆGINA.

Island of Ægina — Its Maritime Greatness attributable to its Harbours — Ruins of an Ancient Temple — Ancient Inscription — Ancient Tumulus — Site of Panhellenium — Volcanic Appearances of Ægina — Mount Fendu — Mountain of Oros — Legend of Æacus, king of Ægina — Temple at Panhellenium — Remains of Antiquity on the Panhellenium Mount — Doric Inscriptions — Interior of the Island Pages 187—193 ATHENS.

Requisites for a Describer of Athens — Suggestions from a Sight of its Ruins — Contrast of the Spirit which produced its Buildings with their Material Elements — Permanence and Extension of the former — Advantages of the Modern over the Ancient Spectator of Athens — Map of Athens drawn by Demades for Philip — Physical Sketch of the Site of Athens — Its Harbours — Its Limits — Idea of Athens as it existed in Ancient Times on the Day of the Celebration of the Panattienaic Festival — The Course of that Procession followed — Ascent to the Acropolis — Propylæa described — Restoration of— Temple of Victory — Its Frieze — Doors of the Propylæa thrown open — First Sight of the Interior of Acropolis — The Acropolis was the Temple, the Fortress, the Museum, and the Treasury of Athens — Statues — Colossal Bronze Statue of Minerva Promachus — The Parthenon — Its Frieze, Metopes, and Pediments — Shields on the Eastern Front — Its Architectural Mouldings painted — The Opisthodomus — The Eastern Division of the Temple — Panathenaic Frieze, Idea of— Erectheum — Its Two Divisions — The Eastern consecrated to Minerva Polias ; the Western to Pandrosus — Archi tectural Description of —History — The Four principal Sacred Objects contained in it — Subterranean Passage to the Grotto of Aglaurus — Use of the Aglaureum — Grotto of Pan — Temple of the Winds — Different Uses of the Temple — Districts of Athens North of the AcropoUs — Diomeia — Cynosarges, Colyttus, Melite — Temple of Theseus — History and Ornaments of — Religious and Political Objects of the Temple — The Pnyx or Parliament of Athens — Its Site, Size, and Features — Idea of an Athenian Assembly — Picture of an Orator addressing an Assembly in the Pnyx — Objects before his eyes — Influence of the Local Peculiarities of the Pnyx on Athenian Eloquence — Description of the Areopagus — The Areopagus, why associated with the Temple of the Furies — The Agora, as it existed in Ancient Times — Its Principal Objects — View of the Agora from the Western Side of the AcropoUs — Real Character of the Agora — Its Influences — Theatre — Its Site and Natural Scenery — Consequent Advantages enjoyed by the Athenian Dramatist and Spectator — Street of Tripods — Its Object — Odeum of Pericles — Temple of Jupiter Olympius — Choragic Monument of Lysierates — The Ilissus, Lyceum, Stadium, Callirrhoe — Mountains of Attica — Not mentioned by Athenian Tragedians —Attic Tragedy silent about Attica — Italian Notices of Attica — Policy of Themistocles to isolate Athens — The Piræus — His Designs prosecuted by Cimon and Pericles — Third Long Wall of Athens Pages 191—229 PHOCIS, LOCRIS, AND BŒOTIA, River Spercheius — Lamia, Demosthenes, Lamian Wars — Trachis — Hercules and Deianeira — Trachiniæ of Sophocles — Trachinian Province and History of Hercules : his Apotheosis on Mount Œta — Pilgrimage thither — Leonidas at Thermopylæ — Influence of Hercules on the Spartans at Thermopylæ — Defence of the Pass at different Periods — Alterations

in the Coast — Thermopylæ survives only in Herodotus — Amphictyonic Council House — at Anthele — Why ? — Reflections on this — Epicnemidian Locrians — Ajax Oileus — Talanta, Puntzomadi ; Names whence derived — Third Station, on Mount Parnassus — Panoramic Views — Doris ; Elatea, Abae, Daulis ; their early History — The Triple Way — Œdipus — Ancient Roads and Carriages — Delphi : Site ; Buildings — Ion of Euripides — Theatre, Temple, Oracle, Omphalus, Stadium — CastaUa — Crissa — Cirrha ; Milton — Corycian Cave — Fourth Station : Helicon — Aganippe, Hippocrene — The Grove of the Muses — HeUcon and Cithæron . compared — Names of Objects on HeUcon (Libethra, Pimplea, Pierides) ; Why of Macedonian Origin — Lebadea : Stream, Ravine, Sources — Oracular Cave of Trophonius — Lake Copais — Chæronea, Battle of — Treasury of Minyas — Lebadea to Thebes : Coronea, Alalcomenæ, Curahus, Tilphossa, Haliartus — Thebes : Dirce, Ismenus — Road from Thebes to Platæa — Platæa and Thebes — BœoTIA — Homer's Catalogue — Comparison of Maritime Force of Attica and Bœotia — Station at Orchomenus — Course and Vale of the Cephissus — Plain of Orchomenus, or Northern Basin of Bœotia — Two important Cities on its Margin, at equal Distances from each other — Lebadea — Technical Arrangements and Phraseology of Astronomy and Geography compared — Basin of Orchomenus the natural Theatre of Bœotia — Chæronea, Plain and Battle of — Coronea, Battle of — Haliartus, Battle of — Mountain Circle of Bœotia — Commencement at Aulis — Mounts Mesapius, Ptoum, Aeontium, HeUcon, Cithæron, Parnes — Thespiæ, Oropus, DeUum — Helicon and Cithæron — Legend of — Their natural Scenery compared — Grove of the Muses on HeUcon — City of Thespiæ — Character of the Thespians — Road from Bœotia by Thespiæ to the Corinthian Gulf — Zethus and Amphion — Legends of Mount Cithæron — Erinnyes, Pentheus, Œdipus, Sphragitian Nymphs — Platæa — Campaign of Mardonius — Force of Mardonius — Topography of the Battle of Platæa — Three successive positions of the Greek Forces — Narrative of the Battle — Imminent Danger of Pausanias ; his Presence of Mind — Death of Mardonius — Various Moral and Political Results from the Physical Properties of Bœotia — CUmate of Bœotia ; how produced — Exertions of Nature to remedy tho Evil — Emissaries of the Copaic Lake — History of— Influence of the Copaic Lake on Bœotia — The Auletic Reed — Minstrelsy of Bœotia — Description of the City of Orchomenus — Its History — Basin of Thebes — Topography and Climate of Thebes — Theban Character affected by Climate of Bœotia Pages 230 — 275 THESSALY.

XERXES at the Mouth of the Peneus — Frontiers of Thessaly — Basin of Thessaly — Its Rivers — Character of Thessalian Legends — Egress of the Sea through Tempe — Marriage of Peleus and Thetis — Signification of — Views of the Sea from the Mountains of Thessaly — Their Influence on Thessalian Mythology — Ceyx and Halcyone — Jason and the Argonauts — Centaurs and Lapithæ ; what they represent — Illustration of the Natural Properties of Thessaly from its Coins — Meaning of the Name of Thessaly — Aboriginal Tribes of Thessaly — Commencement of our Survey from Janina in Epirus — Pass over Mount Pindus — Roads and Bridges of Ali Pasha — Ascent to Mezzovo — Khans — Etymology of Mezzovo — Present State — Ceremonies — Ascent to Zygo — "View of the Monasteries of Meteora — Ascent to one of them — Church and Library — Æginium — Ancient Inscription — Aid of Inscriptions to .Topography — Campaign of Julius Cæsar — Tricca — Ancient Thessalian Cities in the Vale of Peneus — Their Ruins — Larissa — Present State — Scenes there — Influence of the Soil on the Thessalian Character — Ancient Inscriptions — Turkish Cemetery — Vale of Tempe — Military Character of Tempe — Scenery of Tempe — Sources of its Beauty — Pompey and Pharsalia — Road from Tempe to Pharsalia — Present Aspect of Pharsalia — Battle of Pharsalia — Contrasts between the Accounts of Julius Cæsar and Lucan — Cynoscephalæ — Pheræ — Alcestis — Road from Pheræ to Volo — View on Approach to Volo — Mount Pelion — City of Demetrias — Iolcus, Anaurus, Cave of Cheiron on Mount Pelion — Heroic School of Greece — Botanical Fertility of Mount Pelion — Consequence of it in Ancient and Modem Times Pages 276 — 306 EPIRUS, ACARNANIA, AND ÆTOLIA.