Preadamites; or a demonstration of the existence of men before Adam, etc

Front matter

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ PREADAMITES; OR A DEMONSTRATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF MEN BEFORE ADA)! TOGETHER WITH A STUDY OF THEIR CONDITION, ANTIQUITY, RACIAL AFFINITIES, AND PROGRESSIVE DISPERSION OVER THE EARTH. WITH CHARTS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS By ALEXANDER WINCTIELL, LL.D., PROFESSOR OP GEOLOGY AND PALÆONTOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICIIIGAN AUTHOR OF "SKETCHES OF CREATION." "THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLU- TION," "THE RECONCILIATION OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION." "A GEOLOGICAL CHART," ETC. CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. LONDON; TRCBNEK & CO. 1880. COPYRIGHT, 1880, By S. C. GEIGGS AND COMPANY. DONOHUE A- HENNEBERRY, BINDERS, CHICAGO.

Preface

. I have attempted, in thepresent work, to discuss, with out prejudice, the evidences bearing on the question of Preadamites. Having no interest, at the outset of niv study of the subject, to reach either an affirmative or a negative conclusion, I am conscious of the exercise of a judicial candor in every branch of the argu ment. It is true that since the public announcement ot' the results of inv earlier study, some provocations may have arisen moving me to defend the positions assumed : but I can state, unreservedly, that the positions were assumed without the incitement of a provo cation. I hope, therefore, to have contributed some tiling to the enlargement of that body of imperishable truth which the popular mind, in spite of the fetters of tradition, is learning to approve and accept.

The central idea of the work is human preadam itism ; all other views presented arc subsidiary or col lateral. The thesis implies that the characterization of Adam in the document which has given us the name, is such that the name cannot be applied to the first progenitor of the human kind, and that all the collateral statements cither involve or permit the deri vation of Adam from an older race. But the defense of the thesi> does not rest, as it once did. on the Hi

PREFACE.

. purely linguistic interpretation of the Bible. We have now the facts of race-histories, and the discovered laws of animal life, past and present, to summon to the sanction and support of the conclusion. I have not contented myself with the employment of the di rect argument, but have attempted to show that the old hypothesis of the descent of the Black races from Hani is equally^ unscriptural and unscientific. Finally, assuming the thesis proved, I have endeavored to gratify the natural and intelligent curiosity which ex presses itself in the questions : Who, then, were the first men? Where did they appear, and how long since ? How have the races come into existence, and what has been the method of their dispersion over the earth '. These questions necessarily lead us to the very borders of the field of recognized facts, and even into the domain of speculation; but I hope I have in most cases presented views which coordinate the facts in a rational conception, if I have not enunciated conclusions which will stand the test of future investigation.

I hope, also, that on some of these themes I have presented groupings of the facts and tentative generalizations which will interest the strict ly scientific inquirer. In any event, I desire the reader to consider that the defense of the main thesis is not involved in any of the hazard of the speculative sug gestions brought forward in the sequel. It is proper, also, to direct the reader's attention to what I have not affirmed, however conjecturally ; and I feel the need of this the more because I have

PREFACE.

. V not happened to meet with a single criticism adverse to my conclusion, as heretofore announced, which did not err in its representation of my views. I will not moralize on the circumstance that opinions which we disapprove must be so generally forced into the com pany of other opinions which are sure to provoke general abhorrence. In the present case, for instance, I have not assumed a position hostile to the Bible ; it would have been irrational to do so, since it is the assertion of the Bible which determines what we are to understand by Adam Had the Bible affirmed ex plicitly that Adam had no progenitor, I should sim ply have declared the facts of the genesiacal history inconsistent with the affirmation, as the facts of science would also be. I have even devoted a chapter to the proof that preadamitisin is neither inconsist ent with the Bible nor with the orthodoxy of ap proved divines.

More particularly, I have not disputed the divine creation of Adam, even in maintaining that he had a human father and mother. I have not impaired the unity of mankind, but have removed the incredibility of that doctrine as grounded in the descent of Negroes and Australians from Xoah and Adam. I have not affirmed — even like M'Causland and other ecclesiastical poly gen is ts — that mankind, one in moral nature, are not one in origin ; since I hold that the blood of the first human stock Hows in the veins of every living human being. I have not ex cluded the Preadamites and their descendants from the benefits of the " plan of redemption," since I VI P RE FACE. maintain that all mankind are equally the subjects of redemption. I have not degraded Adam below the level on which the Bible places him, since I do not recognize him as the starting-point of humanity.

Fi nally, I have not pictured man as risen from the or ganic grade of a brute, since I wished only to show that he was in existence before the "first man" of the Hebrews. These disavowals are explicit, but I am prepared to hear one critic after another proclaiming that such views are the logical consequences of the positions assumed ; that somehow, in his way of thinking, they all go together ; that in short, I need some watchful and judicious monitor to inform me what I do be lieve. In entering upon this work I entertained the con ception of a volume which should be unimpeachably popular, but I soon felt the propriety of accompany ing the argument with some array of scientific support and authoritative opinion. To have omitted such sanctions would have opened the door to flippant de nials of the truth of my statements, and the necessity would still have arisen to show what ground I have for affirming as I do.

The style of the book, never theless, remains strictly popular, while the references made will be found of interest to all who desire to consider the question of preadamitism upon its merits. I am indebted to several persons for the original ethnic portraits with which the pages of the work are enriched. Among them, I take pleasure in mention-

PREFACE.

. VII ing Prof. M. W. Harrington, late of the Imperial Uni versity at Peking ; Prof. J. B. Steere, who has recently returned from a four years' journey around the world ; Dr. E. Bessels, of the Polaris Expedition ; Rev. S. E. Bishop, of Honolulu; Miss Luella An drews, late of Honolulu; Mr. D. Sewell, of Sonora, California, and Mr. W. IT. Jackson. Photographer of the United States (Geological and Geographical Sur vey of the Territories, under the direction of Dr. F. V. Ilayden. I cannot refrain from adding the acknowledgment of great obligation to the publishers for their gener ous and enlightened conception of the proper illustration and mechanical execution of the work. THE AUTHOR. Ann Arbor, Michigan, April 13, 1SS0. ANALYTICAL CONSPECTUS. CHAP. I The Data of the Discussion. Some Traditional Beliefs derived from the Bible . .

I What the Bible contains touching Primitive Men. Biblical Language ....... n Dispersion of the Noachites. The Hamites and their Dispersion in The Semites and their Dispersion ... iv The Japhetites and their Dispersion . . . v What Peoples are Biblically Accounted for Conspectus of the Types of Mankind . . vi The Biblical Ethnography too limited . . vn II The Affirmative Argument. Time at our disposal for Racial Differentiation. A Glance at Hebrew Chronology .... vm Elements of Egyptian Chronology ix Recognized Time since the Flood Insufficient Prenoachite Races ...... x Recognized Time since Adam Insufficient. Amount of Racial Distinctions XI Biblical Antiquity of Race Distinctions . xn Non-biblical Antiquity of Race Distinctions xm Preadamic Races ...... xiv III The Negative Argument. The Black Races not descended from Hani.

The Hamitic Origin of Negroes considered xv Racial Rank of Negro opposed to Hamitic origin. Negro Inferiority ...... xvi Degeneration of Races Unknown . . . xvu X ANALYTICAL CONSPECTUS. CHAP. IV Pendants to the Discussion. Theological Consequences of Preadarnitisrn . . . xvm Genetic Relations of the' Races. Genealogy of the Black Races ..... xix Genealogy of the Brown Races xx Genealogjof the White Race ..... xxi Progressive Dispersion of Mankind. Cradle of Humanity and Dispersion of the Black Races' xxn Dispersion of Asiatic Mongoloids .... xxm Dispersion of American Mongoloids . . . xxiv Dispersion of Dravidians and Mediterraneans . . xxv Condition of Primitive Man ...... xxvi Antiquity of Man ........ xxvn Epoch of the First Man. Epoch of the Stone Folk of Europe. The Patriarchal Periods ...... xxvm Preadamitisrn in Literature ...... CONTENTS.

Chapter I

Some Traditional Beliefs. Some biblically-based beliefs touching primitive humanity — These mostly accessible to scientific evidence, p. 2 — Conccivabililv of valid metaphysical evidence, p. 3 — Recent origin of sciences bear ing on above beliefs, p. 4 — Increasing light afforded by the expand ing sciences, p. 4 — Our inquiry is how God acted, not how hiwas able to act, p. 5.

Chapter II

Biblical Language. What must be shown if Adam is assumed to be the first human being, p. 7 — Fallibility of the English Bible, p. 8 — Various readings in the Hebrew texts, p. 8 — The Bible, however, substantially uncor rupted, p. 9 — The proper names in the tenth of Genesis not personal, but tribal and geographical, p. 10 — Six reasons lor this conclusion, pp. 11-15.

Chapter III

The Hamites and their Dispersion. The word KhuM, p. 10— Affiliations of Cush, p. 17 —Affiliations of Mizraim, p. 20 — Affiliations of Phut and Canaan, p. 21 — Histor ical dispersion of Hamites, p. 23 — Tin- Pelasgians in Greece, p. 24 — The Etruscans in Italy, p. 25 — Hamites in the North of Africa, p. 26 — In the East of Africa, p. 27 — The Guam-lies, p. 28 — Exten sion of the meaning of .Ethiopia, p. 28.

Chapter IV

The Semites and their Dispersion. The word Shelf, p. 30 — Affiliations of Elam, p. 30— Affiliations of Asshur, p. 31 — Affiliations of Arphaxad, p. 81 — Affiliations 5l Lud and Aram — p. 34 — Historical dispersion of Semites, p. 35. CONTENTS.

Chapter V

The Japhetites and their Dispersion The word IaPheTt, p. 38 — Affiliations of Gomer, p. 38 — Affilia ations of Magog, p. 39 — Affiliations of Javan, p. 40 — Affiliations of Tubal, Meshech and Tints, p. 42 — Historical dispersion of Japhet ites, p. 43 — The Asiatic Aryans, p. 43 — The Mediterranean stream of Aryans, p. 44 — The Northern stream of Aryans, p. 45 — The Scythic branch of this stream, p. 47 — Summary of Aryan movements in Europe, p. 48 — Explanation of "Chart of Dispersions," p. 50.

Chapter VI

Principal Types op Mankind. Tabular Conspectus, p. 52 — The White Race, p. 53 — The Dra vidians, p. 54 — The Mongoloids, Malay Family, p. 57 — The Malayo- Chinese, Chinese and Japanese Families, p. 60 — The Altaic Family, p. 62 — The Behring's Family, p. 64 — The American Family, p. 66 — The Negroes, p. 68 — The Fundi and Fulbe, p. 70 — The Hottentots and Bushmen, p. 71 — The Australians, p. 73 — The Papuans, p. 74 — Table of population, p. 76 — Influence of hybridism, p. 77 — Racial blendings often incomplete, p. 80 — The extirpation of races, p. 80 — Miscigenesis as a political expedient in the United States, p. 81 — Hy bridism results in deterioration, p. 83 — Testimonies of Von Tschudi. Seemann, Kneeland, Norris, Smith and Knox, p. 83 — Antagonizing tendencies toward unification and differentiation of races, p. 85 — Question of the value of human distinctions, p. 86.

Chapter VII

Limited Scope of Biblical Ethnography. Re'sume' of genesiacal dispersion, p. 88 — Its limited extent presents great difficulties to the popular belief, p. 89 — The genesiacal dispersion not intended to cover all peoples then existing, p. 90 — Have we discovered the utmost limits of the genesiacal chart ? p. 90 The primitive Ethiopia did not spread over the interior of Africa, p. 91 — The word is Greek, not Hebrew, p. 91 — The use of the word Cush implies an Asiatic country, p. 91 — Examination of cases supposed to refer to an African Cush, p. 91 — The import of KSh as a name of Egypt, p. 95.

Chapter VIII

A Glance at Hebrew Chronology. Time required by the theory that Adam was the first man and a CONTENTS. XIII white man, p. 98 — Epoch of Creation according to various authori ties, p. 99 — From Adam to the Deluge, p. 101 — From the Deluge to Christ, p. 102 — Ages of the Patriarchs, p. 103 — Uncertainty of He brew chronology, p. 104 — Opinions of orthodox authorities, p. 106.

Chapter IX

Elements of Egyptian Chronology. Egyptian antiquity inconvenient to traditional beliefs, p. 109 — Hence a distinction into long and short chronologers, p. 109 — Sources of Egyptian chronology, p. 110 — Manetho, and the question of con secutiveness in the dynasties, p. 110 — Tablets, papyri, genealogical lists and stelae, p. 112 — Various determinations of the "Era of Menes," p. 114 — Dynastic parallelisms of various authorities, p. 114 — Table of Egyptian Dynasties Parallelized, p. 116 — Table of dates of the "Era of Menes," p. 117 — Lepsius as a representative of moderate views, p. 117 — Geological age of the Nilotic delta, p. 118 — Its bearing on the first settlement of the delta, p. 119 — Indications of pro longed national existence before Menes, p. 120 — Time required tor the development of settled monarchies, p. 121 — Bearing of the " Sot hie Period " on Egyptian chronology, p. 123 — Characteristics Ol the first four dynasties, p. 124 — Of the fifth, sixth and twelfth, p. 126 — Of the dynasties of the Shepherd Kings, p. 126— Of the dynasties of the New Empire, p. 136 — Egyptian miscigeneeis, p. 127 — Table of most ancient epochs, p. 128 — Primitive chronology of the Chinese, p. 129 — Mythological chronologies, p. 129, note.

Chapter X

Prenoachite Races. Genesis silent in regard to Prenoachites not of the line of Adam, p. 132 — But it contains some significant implications, p. 188 — Events happening before Abraham, p. 133 — What is implied in the existence of great cities soon after the Flood, p. 135 — The descendants of Cain in existence astir the Flood, p. 136 — Non-biblical evi dence, ]>. 137 — Traces of Turanian antediluvians, p. 137 — Citations from F. Lenormant, p. 140 — Remnants of Mongoloid aborigines, p. 143 — Indications of Dravidian antediluvians, p. 144 — Prenoachite populations in Egypt and in Europe, p. 145 — Statements from ancient writers, p. 145 — Mongoloid character of prenoachite Euro peans, p. 147 — The Basques as a remnant of them, p. 149 — Pre historic skulls of Europe also Mongoloid, p. 151 — Modern facts confirmatory of this conclusion, p. 153 — The Deluge, consequently, of local extent, p. 154. CONTENTS.

Chapter XI

Race Distinctions. Wide isolation of the Black races from the White, p. 156 — I. Adam a white man, p. 158 — Legends of a black Adam, p. 158 — Race characters of the biblical Adam, p. 159 — Examination of the text, p. 159 — II. Nature and amount of racial distinctions, p. 161 — 1. Anatomical comparisons : Cranial capacities, p. 162 — Cephalic index, p. 165 — Auricular radii, p. 168 — Projections, p. 169 — Prog nathism, p. 170 — Sundry anatomical characters, p. 171 — 2. Phys iological comparisons: Growth and strength, p. 175 • — Indolence of Negro temperament, p. 175 — Inferior sensibility' to medicinal agents, p. 177 — Feebleness of the Mulatto, p. 178 — Insusceptibility of the Negro to certain classes of diseases, p. 180 — 3. Psychic comparisons : Mental sluggishness of Negroes, p. 181 — Testimony of a teacher, p. 183 — Correlation of race to environment, p. 184 — This correlation is far from exact, p. 185.

Chapter XII

Biblical Antiquity of Race Distinctions. Biblical statements supposed to imply Preadamites, p. 188 — Reasons why so supposed, p. 189 — Cain's wife, p. 190 — The city of Enoch, p. 193— Wives of Irad and Lamech, p. 193 — The "sons of God " were sons of Preadamites, p. 194.

Chapter XIII

Non-biblical Antiquity of Race Distinctions. Egyptian and Assyro-Chaldæan monuments explicit, p. 197 — The four races known to the Egyptians, p. 198 — Indications from the pharaonic portraits, p. 200 — Representations of foreign personages, p. 201 — Representations of the Mediterranean race, p. 201 — Representations of typical Egyptians, p. 203 — Portraits of Negroes, 205 — Mention of Negroes in the Twelfth Dynasty, p. 207 — Negroes pictured in the Eleventh Dynasty, p. 208— Negro auxiliaries in the Sixth Dynasty, p. 208 — Summary of the facts, p. 209.

Chapter XIV

Preadamite Races. Table of first-known advents of human types, p. 211 —Table of intervals from Adam and the Deluge to first-known advents of C O N T E N T S . XV human types, p. 212 — Comparison of these dates with the "orthodox" chronology, p. 213 — The early Negro type especially con sidered, p. 214 — The subject considered from the stand-point of a local Deluge, p. 215 — The persistence of the Negro similar to that of other organic types, p. 216 — All types, however, subject to secular variation, p. 217 — Negro transformations real, but not confined to 2000 years, p. 217 — Intervals to first-known advents of human types on the basis of the Lepsian chronology-, p. 218 — Absurd results of comparisons of these dates yvith the orthodox chronology, p. 219 — The other Black races, preadamic as yvell as the Negroes, p. 221.

Chapter XV

Hamitic Origin of Negroes Considered. Ostensible ground for the opinion undiscovered, p. 222 — Sup posed grounds: 1. The genealogical lists in Genesis not complete, p. 223 — 2. The curse pronounced by Noah, p. 225 — 3. The significance of the word KhiiM, p. 226 — 4. Early racial changes were perhaps more rapid than later ones, p. 227 — Reply to this argument, p. 230 — The palæontological evidences against pristine plasticity of natures, p. 232 — Apparently sudden advents into existence probablj illusory, p. 234 — African varieties prove hybridism, not transition •from Adam, p. 236 — Linguistic diversification no proof of plasticity of organism, p. 240 — The proof of Preadamitisrn essentially biblical, p. 242

Chapter XVI

Negro Inferiority. The inferiority of the Negro not caused by oppression, p. 244 — Cephalic indications of Negro inferiority: cranial capacity, cephalic index, non-closure of sutures, prognathism, p. 245 — Other points ot inferior structure, p. 247 — Cerebral inferiority, p. 249 — Intellectual character ot the American Negro, p. 251 — The African Negro in his physical aspect, p. 253 — Deficiency of results during the Negro's lie existence, p. 256 — The physical conditions of the continent not bad, p. 258 — Useful plants and animals abundant, p. 259 — These the natives have failed to utilize, except to a limited exlent, p. 260 — America and its aborigines in contrast with Africa, p 262 — Aids offered by contact with Asiatic civilization,]! 263 — The civilizable Maories contrasted with the Negroes, p. 264 — Summation of the evidences, p. 265 — The conclusion entirely free from prejudice, p. 266 — Similar inferiority of the other Black races, p. 266. CONTENTS.

Chapter XVII

Do Races Degenerate? I. Progress the law of organic life. 1. Implied in the derivative origin of species, p. 269 — 2. Implied equally in the fiat theory of specific origins, p. 270 — 3. Implied in the edueability of intelligence, p. 272 — 4. The law and the fact of progress revealed in organic history, p. 273 — 5. The law and the fact of progress revealed in human history, p. 273 — II. Deteriorations are partial and abnormal. Structural deterioration discriminated from cultural, p. 274 — The inferiority of the Negro is structural, p. 275 — Cultural deterioration defined, p. 276 — Cases of deterioration are generally cultural. Ex amples, p. 277 — Remarks on a case cited by Dr. Whedon, p. 277 — But even cultural degradation never becomes race-wide, p. 281 — Re'sum^, 282.

Chapter XVIII

Theological Consequences of Preadamitism. The conclusion both scientific and scriptural, p. 283 — 1. A discovery of ethnic facts has no relation to the nature of moral plans, p. 284 — 2-3. The Negro recognized as subject of salvation, p. 284 — 4. Preadamitism does not mean plurality of origins or of species, p. 284 — 5. Adam created by derivation, p. 285 — 6. A plan retro active from Christ to Adam may have reached further back, p. 285 — Whedon on the harmony of Preadamitism with " the scheme of redemption," p. 286 — Dr. M'Causland on the same, p. 288 — Bishop Marvin on the extra-mundane efficacy of the " plan of salvation," p. 289 — Chalmers, Miller, Brewster and others, 291 — Conceptions of Genesis coordinated with the doctrine of Preadamitism, p. 293.

Chapter XIX

Genealogy of the Black Races. The genetic relationship of races generally admitted, p. 297 — Interest of remnants of tribes and races, p. 298 — Fundamental bases of racial classification, p. 298 — Classification based on skin and hair, p. 299 — Haeckel's classification, p. 299— A table of affiliated classification of types of mankind, p. 302 — The Australians as sumed as the lowest race, p. 307 — The two tufted-haired races, p. 307 — Curious resemblances of Hottentots aud Papuans, p. 308 — Not, however, to be taken as evidence of close affinity, p. 309 — Tran sition from Hottentots to Negroes, p. 310 — The Papuans, p. 310. CONTENTS. XVII

Chapter XX

Genealogy of the BRoyvN Races. An apparent transition between Mongoloids and Papuans, p. 311 — A more obvious transition between Dravida and Australians, p. 312 — Suggested affinity between Mongoloids and Hottentots, p. 313 — Dia gram of suggested affinities between the Black and the Brown races, p. 314 — Affinity between Dravida and Mongoloids, p. 314 — A diagram of more probable affinities between the Australian and Brown races, p. 315 — The Malay Mongoloids nearest the Black races, p. 815 — Intermediate position of the Indo-Chinese, p. 317 — The Japanese, Coreans and Tunguses closely related, p. 318 — Aboriginal Ameri cans. The divergent Eskimo, p. 320 — Transition to Asiatics, p. 320 — Affinity between Namollo and Chinese and Japanese, 322 — Ale-uts and Japanese, p. 323 — Linguistics as accessory in ethnology, p. 324 — The related Tlinkets and their allies, p. 326 — The affiliation extends to the Selish and Sahaptin Families, p. 328 — The Californian tribes mutually related, and allied also to the other Pacific coast Indians, p. 328 — Facility of linguistic changes among west coast Indians, p. 329 — All the west coast Indians closely related and Mongo loid, p. 330 — Belong also in one great group with the civilized Indians, p. 333 — Even the Patagonians related to Eskimo, p. 337 — The mound-builders belonged to the Bame type, p. 339 — The Hunting Indians.

Tinneh Family, p. 342 — The Algonkin, Iroquois, Sioux and other Families, p. 342 — Ethnic relations ot' the Hunting Indians and the Polynesians, p. 343 — Difficulties met, 344.

Chapter XXI

Genealogy of the White Race. The Brown races probably prcadaniic, p. 34fi — Approximation of the Adamic race to the Mongoloid Turks, p. 347 — More closely approximated to the Dravida, p. 348 — Citation of authorities, p. 348 — Genealogical tree of types of mankind, p. 352 — Preadam itism not dependent on any genealogical scheme, p. 351.

Chapter XXII

The Cradle of Humanity ami the Dispersion ok the Black Races. Indications of a primitive point of divergence of humanity, p. 354 — Method of ascertaining the location of this point, p. 355 — Bearing of the geographical distribution of Primates, p. 357 — A lost CONTENTS. continental area in the Indian Ocean, p. 359 — The conclusion an. ticipated on more general grounds, p. 359 — The distribution of palms points to a similar conclusion, p. 360 — Lemuria the probable cradle of humanity, p. 361 — Further reference to obliterated land areas, p 360 — Tne primitive eastward and westward stems, p. 363 — The Australian stem, p. 364 — Former extent of the Australian type, p. 364— Derivation of the Tasruanians and Papuans, p. 365 — Hy pothesis that the Papuans preceded the Australians, p. 366 — Ramifi cations of the African stem, p. 366 — Advent of Hottentots, p. 367 — Grounds for delineation of African movements, 367.

Chapter XXIII

Dispersion of Asiatic Mongoloids. Earliest ramifications of the Mongoloid type, p. 369 — Dispersion of the Malays, p. 369 — Malayo-Chinese origin, p. 371 — Prechinese and Chinese movements, p. 371 — All the Turkish tribes, on the con trary, have moved southwestward, p. 372 — The Mongols, also, have always swarmed from the northeast, p. 374 — The Tunguses of north ern origin, p. 374 — Routes pursued by ethnic movements in Asia, p. 375 — There must have been a primitive northeastyvard current, p. 375 — The radiant point of Asiatic migrations, p. 376 — The Miaotse, the Coreans and Japanese, p. 376 — Max Midler's linguistic theory of Asiatic movements, p. 376 — Movements of Ural-Altaics, p. 377 — Origin of the European troglodytes and their wanderings, p. 377 —Plato's account of Atlantis, p. 379 — Corroboration from Theopompos, Timagenes and Marcel lus, p. 380 — Modern soundings reveal the stump of Atlantis, p. 381 — The populations of Atlantis, p. 382.

Chapter XXIV

Dispersion of American Mongoloids. Ethnic relations of American indigenes, p. 383 — Opinions con cerning the origin of Americans, p. 384 — Opinions concerning the origin of American civilizations, p. 386 — Affinities of Sedentes as a datum for conclusions touching migrations, p. 388 — General movements of Eskimo, p 388 — Movements of occidental tribes, p. 390— Movements of Mexican peoples — The Toltecatlac Family. p. 391— The Nahuatlac Family, p. 392— Movements extended into central America, p. 393— Into the Isthmus and thence to Peru, p. 394 — Indications in Chili and Patagonia, p. 395 — Conclusion, p. 396 — Hostility between- Sedentes and Vagantes, p. 396 — Practica bility of routes by Behring's Straits and sea, p. 398 — Polynesian CONTENTS. XIX route to America, p. 400 — Asiatic origin of Sedentes, p. 404 — Poly nesian origin of Vagantes, p. 405.

Chapter XXV

Dispersion of the Dravidians and Mediterraneans. Dispersion of Dravidians, p. 407 — Point of divergence of the Adamites, p. 408 — The dispersion of the Adamites blende itself with the dispersion of the Noachites, already traced, p. 408 — As sumptions of a non-Asiatic origin for Mediterraneans, p. 409 — Czar notski, Lelewel, Schulz, Omalius d'Halloy, Benfey, Fligier and Poesche, p. 410.

Chapter XXVI

Condition of Primitive Man. Man's educability, p. 412 — Man's advancement from lowest racial condition, but not necessarily from a brutal condition, p. 412 — The European Troglodytes did not exemplify primitive humanity, p. 413 — Their physical characteristics, p. 413 — Their social and intellectual characteristics, p. 414 — Their cesthetic characteristics, p. 41l> — Their religious indications, p. 417 — The low grade of prehistoric man in Europe was cultural, not structural, p. 417 — These men probably quite inferior to the primitive Adamites, p. 418.

Chapter XXVII

Antiquity of Man. Three different aspects assumed by the discussion, p. 419 — I. The Epoch of the First Man undiscoverablc, p. 419 — II. Epoch of the Stone Folk. Its assumed remoteness, p. 420 — This assumption erroneous, p. 420 — Grounds ot the opinion of she high antiquity of the Stone Folk. 1. Preglacial remains of other animals mistaken for human. Scratched bones of Saint Prest, p. 422 — Scratched bones of extinct mammals in the marls of Leognan, p. 422 — Sup posed Miocene markings at Puanc-6 and Thenay, p. 423—2. Human remains erroneously supposed preglacial. Human bones at Le Puy en-Velay, p. 423 — Flints in the river drifts of the Somme, p. 424 — Human bones at Colic del Vento, p. 425 — Human pelvis at Natchez, p. 425 — Man lived in Europe during the decline of the continental glacier, p. 426 — Probable Pliocene remains of man in California, p. 426 — Relation of mankind to events of the Glacial period, p. 429 — Men crowded northward on the retreat of the continental glacier, CONTENTS.

XX p. 430 — Grounds of supposed high remoteness of Glacial period. I. Astronomical Hypotheses, p. 431 — 11. Contemporaneousness of man with animals now extinct, p. 432 — Extinctions known to have taken place in modern times, p. 433 — Many species plainly aproach ing extinction, p. 434 — Other extinctions apparently recent, p. 435 — III. Magnitude of geological changes since man's advent. First impressions, p. 436 — But great events have taken place in times geologically recent, p. 437 — Some lessons from Alpine glaciers, p. 437 — Glacier-relics in the United States, p. 439 — Sundry recent but great geological events, p. 439 — Attempts to reach a numerical expression for man's antiquity in Europe, p. 441 — Historical deductions accordant with the final result from archæology, p.. 442.