The Colony of Victoria: its history, commerce and gold mining; its social and political institutions down to the end of 1863. With remarks ... upon the other Australian Colonies

Preface

. An Australian colony exhibits much of the change of scene as well as the speed of course of an express train. As one looks back after each successive stage of the way, the fresh stand-point ever shows the collective retrospect in some new aspect. Accordingly, although I have now four times over written the history of Victoria, I have always composed a fresh work, without any reference whatever to preceding volumes, and without even once opening their pages. The new colonial developments, the varied new or enlarged j:>ersonal experiences and views, aU alike demand an independent work. And such is the case with the present volume. It is a good deal larger, and greatly more diversified in contents than any of its predecessors ; but that is only the very least that the sub ject might demand.

I have been indebted, however, to several preceding works of others upon the colony for refreshing my memory as to various subjects and dates. In particular, I have to notice Mr. G. T. Lloyd's " Thirty-three VI

PREFACE.

. Years in Tasmania and Victoria" (London, 1862); Mr. Thomas M'Combie' s " History of Victoria " (Mel bourne, 1859) ; and above all that charming store of early facts, so well assorted, and so carefully collected, by Mr. James Bonwick, in his "Port Phillip" (Mel bourne, 1856). These and some other works, including, of course, the invaluable statistics of Mr. Archer, the Registrar- General, have helped me in various ways. But throughout the greater part of what I have recorded, I have ever drawn upon my own personal recollections — the scenes that passed before my eyes in and about that Melbourne which, from its village condition since I first set foot in it, has now risen to such importance in the world. I take the opportunity of thanking several gentle men—Mr. Childers, M.P. ; Mr. George Rolfe, late of the Victoria Legislature ; and Mr. J. G. Knight, Honorary Secretary of the Victoria Emigrants' Assist ance Society of London — for useful information they have supplied to me, as well as for some amount of trouble their good offices may have cost them.

It is not easy, in the abyss of the records of half a hundred colonies at the Colonial Office, nor indeed in any other accessible quarter in this country, to find, at the moment required, just the particulars one wants, relating to a single member of the multitude. Victoria, the greatest of our colonies, is still amongst a number

PREFACE.

. VII of others of lesser note, that have not as yet deemed it worth their while to possess any kind of official representation in London. Such a representation, comprising a place of free resort and reference, with its suitable collection of the colony's pubhc documents, apart from its advantages in promoting the general objects of the colonists, is a most desirable institution for all who seek for prompt and accurate information about Victoria ; and, above all, it is especially convenient for those who undertake the colony's history. WILLIAM WESTGARTH. 16, Brunswick Gardens, London, W., 1st March, 1864. CONTENTS. — ♦ — PAGE Value of his purchase ... ... 32 The Association he acted for ... 32 Purchase not legal ... ... 33 Annulled by Government... ... 33 Results in a small compensation... 35 Fawkner's party follow Batman ... 36 Van Diemen's Land in 1835 ... 38 Mr. J. Aitkin 38 Fawkner's party at Port Phillip 16th August 39 Occupy site of Melbourne ... 40 First cultivation there ... ... 40 Disagreements between Batman and Fawkner ... ... ... 41 Mr. J. H. Wedge 41 Batman removes to Melbourne ... 42

CHAPTER IV.

"William Buckley, an Episode of Atjstealian Histoey, 1803 — 1835. Buckley thirty-two years with natives ... ... ... ... 43 Morrill's like case in Queensland ... 44 Buckley a convict, 1803 41 Absconds with two others ... 45 Journey round Port Phillip ... 45 Buckley left alone. . . ... ... 46 Long solitude ... ... ... 46 Found by natives ... ... ... 47 Native customs ... ... ... 48 A native wife ... ... ... 48 Casual white visitors ... ... 49 Hears of Batman's party ... ... 50 Sets out to meet them ... ... 50 Surprise of the colonists ... ... 51 Buckley useful with the natives ... hi Troubles of his new life ... ... 52 Receives his pardon ... ... ... 53 Counts Batman's land purchase a hoax ... ... ... ... 54 Outrages between natives and colonists ... ... ... ... 55 Buckley settles at Hobart Town ... 56 His appearance and death, 1S56... 56

CHAPTER V.

Austealia Felix, 1836. Mitchell's expedition, 1836 58 Object of the journey ... ... 59 Reaches the Darling ... ... 59 The Loddon 60 Scenery of Australia Felix 60

Chapter I

A Personal Retrospect, 1840—1863. PAOE Colony of Victoria ... ... 1 Wonderful rise ... ... 1 Squatting and gold mining ... 2 Author's Fourth History 3 Personal retrospect, 1840 ... ... 3 1847 4 1853 ... 5 1857 7 The present work, 1863-4 7 Plan of the work ... ... ... 8 Later changes and improvement of colony ... ... ... ... 10

Chapter II

Aboriginal Victoria, 1770—1835. Victoria defined ... ... ... 12 Date of origin ... ... ... 13 Australia discovered, 1601 ... ... 13 Port Phillip discovered, 1802 ... 14 Flinders at Port Phillip 15 Convict colony at Port Phillip, 1803 ... 16 Abandoned, 1804 17 Question of convict colonies ... 17 Hume and Hovell's expedition to Port Phillip, 1824 19 Object of the journey ... ... 20 Departure, 17th October 21 Rivera discovered ; the Hume, the Ovens, the Hov ell ... ... 22 Mount Disappointment ... ... 22 Mount Wentworth 23 Reach Port Phillip 23 Return to Sydney 23 Temporary settlement at Western Port, 1826 24

Chapter III

Colonizing of Poet Phillip — Batman and Fawkneb, 1835. Batman and Fawkner colonize Port Phillip, 1835 26 Preceded by Henty at Portland, 1834 27 Want of authenticated records ... 28 Batman's projects, 1827—1835 ... 29 Enters Port Phillip 29th May, 1835 29 Buys the country from natives ... 30 Settles on Indented Head ... CONTENTS X PAGE Rateable values and incomes ... 94 Rent-roll of Melbourne 94 Mayor and corporation ... ... 95 Equal civil rights 96 Cities and bishops ... ... ... 97 Local Government staff ... ... 98 Separation from NewSouth Wales ... 99 The separation contest ... ... 100 Rev. Dr. Lang 101 Scheme to aid the cause ... ... 102 Success ... ... ... ... 103 The " Separation Session" ... ... 104 Colony of Victoria, 1st July, 1851 . . . 105 Ceremonies and rejoicings ... 105

CHAPTER VIII.

The Separation op Port Phillip from New South Wales — The Separation Question Generally — Portland and the Riteeine, 1851 — 1863. Secession tendencies... ... ... 107 Instances ... ... •■■ ■•• 107 Causes ... ... ■•• ■•■ 108 In municipalities ... ... 108 In colonies ... ... ... 109 Australia aud New Zealand compared 109 Case of Port Phillip 110 Queensland ... ... ... HO Local government beneficial ... HI Case of Portland 112 Portland colony, as projected ... 113 Case of the Riverine... ... ... 114 Imperial interests as to secessions ... 116

CHAPTER IX.

The Colony of Victoria to the thus of Self-govebnment, 1851 — 1855. Political features ... ... ..*, 118 Constitution 119 Elections and politics ... ... 120 First legislature ; the Budget ... 121 Increased revenues and expenses 122 Australian eras ... ... ... 122 Discovery of gold in New South Wales 122 Effects 123 "Act. of gold" 124 Effect in Victoria ... ... ... 125 Gold discovered in Victoria. .. ... 125 Ballarat ; Mount Alexander . . . 126 Bendigo ... ... ... .. 126 Cost of transport ; railways... ... 127 Rush to the gold-fields 128 Changes of prices ... ... ... 128 Influx of people ... ... ... 129 Various nationalities... ... ... 130 Chinese ... ... ... ... 131 Inflow of convicts ... ... ... 132 Social difficulties 132 Transportation question ... ... 133 PAGE A surprise at Portland Bay... ... 60 Mr. Thomas Henty ... 61 Henty's claims overlooked ... 61 Mount William ; the Grampian range ... ... ... ■•• 6*2 Mitchell's return ... 63 Natives met with ... ... ... 63 Military names bestowed ... ... 64 Mount Macedon, Mount Alexander 64 Name of Australia Felix ... ... 64 Superseded by Victoria ... ... 65

CHAPTER VI.

The Poet Phillip Settlement, 1835 — 1843. Port Phillip part of New South Wales 66 New South Wales : how subdivided since ... ... ... ■•- 67 First Census of Port Phillip ... 67 First live stock imported ... ... 68 Mr. James Simpson ... ... ... 68 Port Phillip surveyed ... ... 69 Rocks in the entrance ... ... 69 Sand-banks inside ... ... ... 70 Governor Bourke's visit, 1837 ... 70 Prices of land allotments ... ... 71 Towns, counties, districts ... ... 71 Fawkner's useful career ... ... 72 Earliest newspaper ... ... 72 A rival sheet ... ... ... 73 Mr. La Trobe, Superintendent, 1839 74 His qualifications ... ... ... 74 Area of jurisdiction ... ... 76 River Yarra Yarra ... ... ... 76 Origin of name ... ... ... 76 First discovery ... ... ... 77 Remarks on site of Melbourne ... 78 Disadvantages ... ... ... 78 Improvements ... ... ... 80 Site too hilly 80 Better sites ... ... ... 81 First plan defective ... ... 81 Remedies : Open spaces ... ... 82 No indigenous features left ... 83

CHAPTER VII.

The Poet Phillip District, oe Southern District of New South Wales, 1843—1851. Port Phillip district established ... 85 Representative and municipal institutions ... ... ... ... 86 Boundaries not satisfactory ... ... 86 Tasmania ... ... ... ... 87 Governor's visit: "bad times" ... 88 Municipal system ... ... ... 89 State of Melbourne 91 Government aid ... ... ... 92 Rectangular streets ... ... 92 Public loans ... ... ... CONTENTS XI PAGE Anti-transportation league ... 133 Convicts' Prevention Act .. . ... 134 Refused at home, but re-enacted ... ... ... 135 Squatting question ... ... ... 136 " Orders in council " ... ... 137 Disputed interpretation ... 138 Opportunities lost... ... ... 139 Home solution of the " orders" 140 Crown rights to the gold ... ... 142 Imperial concession of the gold ... 143 Great rise in price of land and wages, etc. ... ... ... 144 Public-houses ... ... ... 145 No licences at first to gold-fields... 145 Public-house monopoly and profits 146 Ruinous reaction ... ... 147 Discontent on gold-fields ... ... 148 Causes ... ... 148 Ballarat outbreak ... ... ... 149 Commission of inquiry ... ... 150 Report 150 Gold-fields re-constituted ... 151 Trial of rig-Jers ... ... ... 152 Restored order ... ... ... 153 Era of self-government ... ... 153

CHAPTER X.

Self-government conceded ... ... 155 Colonies suggest constitutions ... 156 After alterations ... ... ... 157 Reasons of the change ... ... 157 Colonial parthss ... ... ... 159 Conditions of each colony... ... 159 Effects of self-government ... 160 Events in Victoria ... ... ... 161 Sir C. Hotham's course ... ... 161 Events in New South Wales ... 162 The new features ... ... ... 163 Favourable results... ... ... 163 Later governors of Victoria ... 164 Sir C. Hotham 164 GeneralMacarthur acting governor 165 Sir Henry Barkly 166 Sir Charles Darling ... ... 167 Political occurrences... ... ... 167 Transition ministry ... ... 167 Mr. Nicholson's Ballot Act ... 168 Death of Sir C. Hotham 169 Parliament of new constitution ... 169 First change of ministry ... ... 170 Second change ... ... ... 170 Third change 171 Retrospect of work done ... ... 171 The ballot in operation ... ... 171 Reform agitation ... ... ... 172 The Reform programme ... ... 173 Its progress ... ... ... 173 PAGE Democratic principles ... ... 174 Mr. Heales ... ... ... 174 His proposed measures ... ... 175 The lands ... ... ... 175 "Protection" 175 Payment of members, etc. ... 175 Measures mostly suitable ... 176 Payment of members question 176 Mr. O'Shanassy's ministry ... ... 177 Conservative course ... ... 177 The lands question ... 178 The land law of 1862 178 Area and quality of colony's soil 180 Defects of the law of 1862 ... 180 Intense feelingon the lands question 180 Land Convention of 1856-7 ... 181 Mr. O'Shanassy's ministry resigns ... 181 The cause ... ... ... ... 182 Mr. McCulloch .- his ministry ... 182 Their measures ... ... ... 183 Review of general events ... ... 184 Outbreak against Chinese in Victoria 185 Like outbreak in New South Wales 186 Riot at Melbourne on lands question 188 Imperial distinctions to colonists... 189 History to end of 1863 190 Governor's salary question ... 190 Fluctuations in official salaries ... 19 L Present salaries of chief officers ... 191 Mr. McCulloch ; measures present and proposed ... ... ... 192 Lands proceeds andimmigration... 193 Lands proceeds and public debt... 194 Postscript to Chapter X. Transportation to West Australia.

Revived opposition to transportation 194 West Australia, and Report of H. M. Commission ... ... ... 195 Victoria's appeal ... ... ... 196 Injurious effects to Victoria ... 196 New South Wales 197 South Australia ... 197 Counter statements of West Australia 198 Experience of convicts in Victoria 199 Eesults in Victoria and New South Wales 199 Full cost of system 201 Both sides of the convict question ... 201 The system as an Imperial question 202 Fallacies as to convict labour ... 203 Cost of system inadequate to results 203 Sending criminals to a distance ... 204 French penal colony of New Caledonia 205 Total exemption of Australia promised ... ... CONTENTS. XII PAGE Chiefly with Britain 240 Principal imports 240 exports ... ... 241 Wool 241 Gold 241 Hides 241 Tallow 241 Tin 242 Silver 242 Shipping ... ... ... ••■ 242 Chiefly British 243 Exports per head ... ... ... 243 Compared with home 244 Tea and sugar consumption ... 244 Tobacco consumption ... ... 245 Public Revenue.

Revenue of Victoria .. . ... ... 246 Of other colonies ... ... ... 246 Chief sources of Victoria revenue 246 Customs' revenue ... ... ... 247 Tariff principles 248 ■ ofVictoria 249 Lands' revenue ... ... ... 249 Public works' revenue ... ... 249 Comparative taxation ... ... 250 Public Debt. * Victorian Stocks 251 Debt of Victoria 252 other colonies ... ... 253 New Zealand debt ... ... ... 253 Total debts 254 Hanking. Scale of banking 254 Scale in Victoria ... ... •■• 254 Note issues 254 Australian Mint. Mint at Sydney, 1855 255 Cause for it ... ... ... 255 Melbourne competes for mint ... 256 Gold Act of South Australia ... 257 Its effects 257 Expenses of mint ... ... ... 258 Coin not Imperial ... ... ... 259 Until 1863 ... 259 Victoria at first excludes Sydney coin 260 Second effort for a mint ... ... 260 Legal tender range of Sydney coin . . . 261 Act to make it Imperial ... ... 261

CHAPTER XIII.

Squatting, and the Wool Business. Squatting now restricted ... ... 263 Entire area and holding of Victoria 264 Land Act of 1862 264 State and prospects of squatting ... 265 The gold " prospector " 266 The squatters and the gold-fields 266 Squattage boundaries ... .. 267 Squatting and farming ... ... 268 Benefits of the colony's progress to squatting 268

CHAPTER XI.

The Population, Colonial and Aboeiginal page Foreign element small ... ... 207 British population ... ... ... 207 Gold-fields' population ... ... 208 Increase of population 209 Inequality of sexes ... ... ... 210 Vital statistics ... ... ... 211 Climate ; mean temperature ... 212 Home aspects reproduced ... ... 212 Ruder colonial traits ... ... 213 Religion of the people ; Australia ... 214 Religion and Census ; Victoria ... 215 The Chinese. Form a marked social feature ... 215 Chinese incidents and characteristics 216 Names of business firms ... 217 Manners aud morals ... ... 218 Smuggling ... ... ... 218 Addicted to suicide ... ... 219 Restrictions on their coming . . . 219 in Victoria 220 in South Australia ... 221 increased in Victoria ... 221 Chinese complain ... ... 221 Pon-sa's speech ... ... ... 222 Partial repeal in Victoria ... 222 Imposed in New South Wales... 222 Reflections on the question ... ... 223 Chamber of Commerce oppose restrictions ... ... ... ... 224 The Aboriginal Natives.

Inferior to New Zealanders ... ... 224 A New Zealand warrior ... ... 225 Present native population ... ... 226 Great diminution ... ... ... 226 More intelligent in North Australia 227 But more dangerous ... ... 228 Civilizing efforts mostly in vain . . . 228 The Government 229 Private efforts 229 The Moravians 229 Proposed mission to Cooper's Creek 230 Plans for benefit of natives ... ... 231 Probable early extinction ... ... 231 Disappearance of tribes ... 232 Tasmanian race all but extinct... 233

CHAPTER XII. COHMEECE AND FINANCE.

Commercial supremacy of Victoria 235 Commerce. British exports to Australia ... 236 imports from Australia ... 237 exports to Victoria ... ... 237 imports from Victoria ... 238 Australian commerce ... ... 238 Commerce of Victoria ... ... CONTENTS XIII PAGE Small freight charge for wool ... 269 The cause 269 Inexhaustible homo market ... 270 Reduced extent of sheep farms ... 270 Grasses improved by squatting ... 271 Impenetrable scrub made available 272 Scale of squatting outside Victoria 272 The Riverine district 272 One of its stations, Menindie ... 273 Squatting in Queensland ... ... 273 Instance of results ... ... 274 Victoria less favourable now ... 274 Number of sheep ... ... ... 275 In Australia 275 Quantity of wool ... 276 In New South Wales 276 In Victoria, etc 277 The Home Wool Trade.

Increase of Australian wool ... 277 Rivalry of other colonies ... ... 278 The wool sales 278 Their growing magnitude ... 279 The wool trade ... 280 Sources of supply .. . ... ... 281 Alpaca wool ... ... ... 281 Estimated home'ehp of wool . . . 282 Number of sheep ... ... 282 And in France and United States 282 Australian sheep still few in comparison ... ... ... ... 283

CHAPTER XIV.

Agbicultuee and Wine Geowtng. Agrieidture dwarfed by squatting 284 Retarded by gold-mining ... 285 Success in South Australia ... ... 285 And now in Victoria ... ... 286 Recent progress ... ... ... 287 Area under crop, etc. ... ... 287 And in South Australia 288 Colonial farming ... ... ... 288 Cereal crops ... . . ... 289 Comparisons — Scotland, Ireland, France 290 Yield per acre — South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, etc. 290 Climate suitable 291 Australian wheats at Great Exhibition 291 Prize to Victorian wheat ... ... 291 Victorian oatmeal .. . ... ... 292 Tobacco ... 293 Farming reputed unremunerative ... 293 Subject examined ... ... ... 293 Past and present case 294 Farming less pretending than squatting 294 Vine-growing and Wine-making. ' Australian vines and wine ... ... 295 Victoria— South Australia ... 296 German colonists and the vine . . . 207 TAGE Colonial wine trade ... ... ... 297 Imported wine duty a protection ... 298 Case of France 299

CHAPTER XV.

The Science op the Gold Question. Increased information on gold ... 301 General law of gold ... ... ... 301 Australia apparently an exception 302 Not really such 302 Australia's general analogies ... 303 Marsupial peculiarities ... ... 304 Analogies of the gold question ... 305 Age and thickness of the drifts ... 306 The Miocene age 306 Silurian age ... ... ... 307 Conditions of gold 307 Eruptive action ... ... ... 308 Meridional direction ... ... 308 Quartz the great matrix ... ... 308 Best conditions for gold ... ... 308 The gold, whence derived ... ... 308 Origin of quartz ... ... ... 309 Quartz and granite eras different 309 Upheaval of reefs ... ... ... 310 The smaller " veins " 310 Other minerals (than gold) in quartz 311 "Mundic" 311 New South Wales' official inquiry ... 312 Adelong, Bendigo, Tarrengower 312 Basaltic beds' in drifts ... ... 313 The "Lead" aud the "Gutter" ... 31 i Whence the basaltic beds ... ... 315 Who discovered the gold ... ... 315 Hargreaves ... ... ... 315 Clarke, Strzelecki 316 Murchison... ... ... ... 317 Phillips' case ... ... ... 317 Practical results due to Hargreaves 318 Claims of science overlooked ... 319

CHAPTER XVI.

austealian gold mining, and the Gold Expoet. Attractions and hardships of gold mining ... ... ... ... 320 Poor average results ... ... ... 321 Miners' love of independence ... 321 Early prejudices ... ... ... 322 " Individual mining " ... ... 322 Later mining developments ... ... 323 Capital and machinery ... ... 323 Two kinds of mining ... ... 324 Alluvial mining earliest and most followed 325 Puddling machines ... ■■• 326 Puddling by wholesale... ... 32V Bendigo waterworks ... ... 327 Deep sinking ... ... ... 328 Ballarat 328 Lowest drift richest ... ... CONTENTS XIV PAGE Passes the Darling ... ... 352 Lake Alexandrina and the sea 353 Reascends the Murray ... 353 Cadell from South Australia, 1853 ... 354 River navigation improved ... ... 354 Regular trade on the Murray ... 351 And the Darling ... ... ... 354 Chiefly with Victoria 355 Intercourse with Australia.

" The voyage," now and formerly ... 355 Rivalry on " the Australian line" ... 356 Black Ball Company ... ... 356 Liverpool and the Australian trade 357 Quick despatch ... ... ... 357 The " Marco Polo," the " James Baines" ... ... ... ... 357 What more in the future? ... ... 358 Is the " Great Eastern" for Australia? 358 Steam Postal Service. Progress demanded here ... ... 359 A contentious subject ... ... 360 Suez and Panama ... ... ... 361 Suez or Panama ... ... ... 362 Panama a costly route 362 Undertaken by New Zealand ... 363 New South Wales position ... 363 The family group ... ... ... 364 The Defence of Colonies. A progress in this question ... ... 364 Imperial proposal, 1863 ... ... 365 Imperial outlay in colonial defence 366 Australia's small part ... ... 366 New Zealand's war costs ... ... 367 Victoria's past contribution ... 367 Colonies self defences ... ... 368 Canada 368 Victoria ... ... ... ... 368 A war steamer ... ... ... 368 New Zealand war steamer ... 369 Further defences of Victoria ... 3ti9 Proposed military force ... ... 370

CHAPTER XVIII.

Peogeess — Paet II. The subject 371 Introduction of the Camel and Alpaca. The camel and the natives ... ... 372 Camels imported by Victoria Government 372 The camel on duty ... ... ... 373 The alpaca and its prospects ... 373 First flock for Victoria 374 Mr. Ledger's flock at Sydney ... 375 Victoria and New South Wales suit the alpaca ... ... ... 375 Further importations ... ... 376 Efforts to introduce the Salmon. First abortive efforts ... ... ... 376 Colonial Governments co-operate ... 377 Fourth trial ... ... ... ... 373 PAGE Instances of results ... ... 329 Hunting for the " Lead " ... 329 The Lead in a township ... 330 Quartz mining in Bendigo ... 331 The Comet Company ... ... 331 Small average results ... ... 332 Quartz averages ... ... ... 332 Vast auriferous area ... ... ... 333 Estimate of its gold ... ... 333 Poor realities ... ... ... 331 Decrease of Victoria gold ... 334 miners' also ... ... 334 Counter attractions of New Zealand 335 New Zealand gold supply ... 335 New South Wales decrease ... ... 335 Gold trade nearly all with Britain ... 336 Purity of the gold ... ... ... 336 Silver alloy in New South Wales gold 336 Purity of Ballarat gold 337 Nut/gets.

Victoria's many nuggets ... ... 338 Mr. Birkmyre's list 338 Great Russian nugget ... ... 339 Far exceeded in Victoria ... ... 339 First Victoria nuggets ... ... 339 The " Sarah Sands " 34-0 The " Blanche Barkly " 340 The "Welcome" 341 New South Wales nuggets ... 341 "The cwt. of gold " ... ... 341 The World's Gold Supply. Explanation of table 342 Old sources of supply ... ... 342 Causes oferror ... ... ... 342 The Victoria data 343 The New South Wales data ... 344 World's supply of silver ... ... 344 Comparative table ... ... ... 345

CHAPTER XVII.

Peogeess. — Paet I. Subject peculiarly colonial ... ... 346 Subjects: 1. Exploration of Australia 346 2. Interior navigation ... 347 3. Maritime intercourse 347 4. Postal service... ... 347 5. Military defences ... 347 6. Camel and alpaca . . . 347 7. The salmon 348 8. Acclimatization ... 348 9. Statistical congress ... 349 10. Great Exhibition ... 349 Exploration of Interior. Recent success ... ... ... 349 Victoria's share ... ... ... 349 Navigation of the Murray and its Tributaries. Greatest Australian river system ... 350 The Murray discovered, 1824 ... 351 Sturt descends it, 1830 CONTENTS XV PAGE Mr. Youl's method and precautions 378 Tasmania or New Zealand suitable. . . 379 Victoria too warm ... ... ... 380 Acclimatization. Unsuitable name ... ... ... 381 Mr. Wilson's successful efforts . . . 382 Acclimatization in Victoria ... 382 Expected results 383 The International Statistical Congress of 1860.

Our Empire at the Congress ... 384 Colonial delegates, where placed . . . 384 The business .. . ... ... ... 384 Joint report of Australian delegates ... ... ... ... 385 Arrangement and contents ... 385 Colonial legislation peculiarities . . . 386 Utility of the Congress 387 Australia's statistical methods ... 388 Great International Exhibition of 1862. Colonies, contributions ... ... 388 Victoria's gold pyramid ... ... 389 Advance since previous exhibition . . . 389 Australia on each occasion ... ... 389 Victoria's later pre-eminence ... 390 Preliminary exertions in Victoria, 1861 391 Mr. Knight, agent 391 Sir R. Barry, President 391 Victoria's varied contributions . . . 392 New Zealand Exhibition, 1865 ... 393

CHAPTER XIX.

G OVEBNMENT AND LEGISLATION.

Activity under self-government . . . 394 The self-government, what is it ? ... 395 Change it causes ... ... ... 396 Colonies inherit British code ... 396 Unsuitable in part... ... ... 397 Entail law 397 Primogeniture and inheritance ... 398 British laws and colonial circumstances ... ... ... ... 399 A mixed heritage... ... ... 400 Discriminating efforts of colonists 400 Difficulties 401 Character of legislation ... ... 401 Customs' dues ... ... ... 401 Colonial peculiarities : public lands 402 Immigration ... ... ... 402 Home defects : land conveyancing 403 Ton-ens' Act, South Australia ... 403 The English and Australian measure 404 Features of Torrens' Act ... ... 405 Government raihvays, Victoria ... 405 New South Wales 406 Civil Service Act 407 Mortgage of live stock, etc. ... 407 Chinese Restriction Law ... ... 408 Convicts' Prevention Act 409 PAGE Canada: Habeas Corpus Act ... 410 Cape Colony, Anglican Bishop and Clergy 411 Question of " Protection" ... ... 411 An infirmity of democracy ... 412 Tried, but rejected in Victoria ... 412 Tariff presci iptions ... ... 413 Protection and the food question 413 The common-sense view ... ... 413 The waste of protection ., ... 414 Early fostering sometimes beneficial ... ... ... ... 415 Alleged want of employment ... 415 Employment and remuneration different ... ... ... ... 416 Extremes of a principle ... ... 417 Chief colonial divergences ... ... 418 Religion and State aid 418 The Church Act 418 The system 419 Abolished in some colonies ... 419 South Australia ... ... 419 Queensland, New South Wales 419 Lingers in Victoria ... ... 420 Education 420 The rival systems ... ... ... 420 National system adopted ... ... 420 Political divergences... ... ... 421 The democratic platform ... ... 421 Intercolonial relations ... ... 422 United action wanted ... ... 423 Tariff varieties and changes ... 423 Restrictions on Chinese ... ... 424 Interior boundaries ... ... 425 Secessions in colonies ... ... 425 Federal Congress, 1863 426 Inadequately constituted ... 426 Abortiveresults... ... ... 426

CHAPTER XX.

Religion with Reference to the State, and Education with Reference to the State and to Religion. Their position in Victoria ... ... 427 State Aid to Religion ... ... 428 Religion and the State, Origin of the Aid 428 New South Wales' Act, 1836 ... 429 Predisposing causes ... ... 430 Voluntaryism of religion ... ... 430 Some reject the aid... ... ... 431 Religious equalities ... ... ... 431 Religious bodies and the State ... 432 Church of England in the colony ... 433 Crown and free colonies ... ... 433 India a Crown colony ... ... 433 New South Wales also, in 1836 ... 434 Political grades of colonies ... 434 Attempted colonial legislation for Church of England CONTENTS XVI PAGE Attempted Imperial legislation ... 435 Position in Victoria by Colonial Act 436 Colonial Bishop's rank ... ... 437 Roman Catholic Bishops ... ... 437 Colonial episcopate, income and resources ... ... ... ... 437 Education, the State, and Religion.

Two systems until 1862 439 A national system ... ... ... 439 Its advantages ... ... ... 440 The Act of 1862 ... 410 Denominational opposition ... 441 Trial of strength ... ... ... 441 New system at work ... ... 441 The rival systems before 1862 ... 442 National education in Tasmania ... 442 Limited extent of education ... ... 443 In New South Wales and Victoria 443 Example of Canada ... ... 443 Melbourne University. Unsectarian foundation ... ... 444 Professorships, etc. ... ... ... 444 Increasing success .. ... ... 445 A personal retrospect ... ... 445