Outlines of Universal History from the Creation of the World to the present time. Translated from the German ... by ... M. Behr

Preface

. The plan that has prevailed in the composition of the following work will be best gathered from the words of the author, in his preface to the German edition. " Influenced by the consideration that a Guide to History can only answer its object when it awakens the interest of the scholar, stimulates his desire for information, and excites his zeal for inquiry, I have every where," writes he, " arrayed the historical material in a narrative form, and have endeavoured to give clearness, consistency, and animation to the form itself. My effort has been so to bring together the events of the world's history in their more prominent aspects and decisive moments, that the reader may carry away a clear idea of them, that the important Tacts may exhibit themselves with their causes and consequences, and thus be more strongly impressed upon the imagination, and consequently upon the memory ; and that the course of the narrative may be neither disturbed nor broken by interpolations and remarks which might require a further explanation.

Far from following the usual course of compendiums, text books, and outlines, and heaping up a mass of materials in the smallest possible space, and thus forming a kind of skeleton register of the events of history as a resting point for the memory, I have rather endeavoured to limit my materials, and giving place only to the most important and influential, to arrange those in historical succession." ..." Mere historical events with names and dates are not retained by the memory, neither do they possess any instructive or educative power ; it is only when the historical fact is presented in combination with other objects, so that the VI TRANSLATOR'S

PREFACE.

. imagination and thinking faculty are both employed upon it, that it permanently impresses itself upon the mind of youth." A Text Book of History written on the principles thus sug gested, appeared to the translator to be a desideratum in Eng lish literature, and the great reputation of Weber as an historian seemed a guarantee that a work proceeding from his pen would be superior in point of execution to the bulk of historical com pilations at present in use. It may be essential to add that the hook is written through out in a spirit of orthodox Protestantism, and is .entirely untinctured with the neology and infidelity at this time so prevalent in Germany. "Winchesteb, June 1851. ERRATA. Page 23, line 21, et segq.for Donau read Danube. 364, line 6 from bottom, for April read March. CONTENTS.

FIRST BOOK. HISTOET OF THE ANCIENT WOELD. INTRODUCTION, p. 1-5. I. § 1. The first race of Men, p. 1. II. § 2. The manner of living among the earliest races, p. 2. III. § 3. Forms of government ; distinction of Castes, p. 2. IV. § 4. The religion of the heathen world, p. 3. A. THE EASTEEN EACES, p. 5-24. I. § 5. The Asiatics, p. 5. II. § C. The Chinese, p. 6. III. § 7- The Indians, p. 7 § 8. Their religion, literature, art, p. 8. IV. Babylonians and Assyrians, p. 10. § 9. Nimrod, Semiramis, Salmanasser. § 10. The Chaldeans in Babylon ; Nebuchad nezzar. V. Egyptians, p. 11. § 11. Division of Egypt. § 12. Religion and arts. § 13. History. VI. Phœnicians, p. 14. § 14. Navigation, commerce, discoveries. § 15. History of Tyre and Sidon. VII. The people of Israel, p. 15—20. § 10. The patriarchs. § 17- Exodus. § 18.

Moses as lawgiver. § 19. Division of the pro mised land. § 20. The Judges. .21. Samuel and Saul. § 22. David ; Solo mon; division of the kingdom. § 23. Worship of idols ; the prophets. § 24. The Assyrian and Babylonian captivities. VIII. Medes and Persians, p. 19 — 24. § 25. Zoroaster's religious system. § 26. Astyages and Cyrus. § 27. Crœsus of Lydia. § 28. Death of Cyrus. § 29. Cambyses ; Ammonium. § 30. Darius. § 31. Manners and customs of the Persians. B. HISTOEY OF GEEECE, p. 24—68. I. Geographical Survey, p. 24— 2C. § 32. a. The Greek Continent, p. 24. § 33. b. The Greek Islands, p. 25. II. § 34. The religion of the Greeks, p. 26. I. GREECE BEFORE THE PERSIAN WAR, p. 27—31. I. The time of the Trojan war, p. 27- §35. Pelasgi ; eastern immigration. §36. Hellenic races ; expedition of the Argonauts. § 37- Trojan war. § 38.

Homer j epic poetry. § 39. Immigration of the Dorians ; Codrus. § 40. Colonies. CONTENTS. 2. The period of the wise men and lawgivers, p. 31. a. General view. § 41. Greeks and barbarians. § 42. Amphictyonic council; Delphic oracle; Olympic games. b. Lycurgus the Spartan lawgiver, p. 32. § 43. Laws of Lycurgus. a. Institutions of state. b. Mode of life. § 44. War with the Messenians. c. Solon, the lawgiver of the Athenians, p. 35. § 45. Draco ; laws of Solon. d. The tyrants, p. 36. § 46. Their origin. § 47. Periander of Corinth ; Polycrates of Samos ; Pisistratus of Athens. § 48. The seven wise men ; Pythagoras. § 49. e. Lyric poetry. II. THE FLOURISHING PERIOD OF GREECE, p. 39. 1. The Persian war. § 50. Insurrection of the Greeks of Asia Minor. § 51. Battle of Marathon. § 52. Aristides and Themistocles. § 53.

Thermopylæ. §54. Salamis. § 55. Platæa; Mycfile; Eurymedon. 2. The supremacy of Athens, and the age of Pericles, p. 44. § 56. Pausanias, the traitor. § 57. Deaths of Themis tocles and Aristides. § 58. Cimon; Pericles. 3. The Peloponnesian war (b.c. 431 — 404), p. 46. § 59. Origin of the war. § 60. The war to the peace of Nicias. § 61. Alcibiades; battle of Mantinæa. § 62. Disasters of the Athenians in Sicily. § 63. Death of Alcibiades. § 64. The fall of Athens ; the thirty tyrants. 4. So crates, p. 49. § 65. Sophists ; Socrates ; Plato ; Xenophon. 5. § 66. The retreat of the ten thousand (b.c. 400), p. 50. 6. The time of Agesilaus and Epaminondas. § 67. The Corinthian war and the peace of Antalcidas. § 68. Expedition against Olynthus and siege of Thebes. § 69. The Theban war and the battle of Leuctra. § 70.

Epaminondas in Peloponnesus ; battle of Mantinæa. 7- The most nourishing period of Greece in literature and the arts. § 71. Dramatic poetry; Æschylus; Sophocles; Euripides; Aristophanes. § 72. Prose literature; Plato; Herodotus; Thucydides ; Xenophon. § 73. Rhetoric ; Isocrates ; Demosthenes ; Æschines. § 74. The fine arts of the Greeks. II. THE MACEDONIAN PERIOD, p. 57. 1. Philip of Macedon (b.c. 361—336). § 75. Character of Philip. § 76. The Sacred war. § 77. Battle of Chæronea ; Philip's death. 2. Alexander the Great, p. 59. § 7«- Fall of Thebes. § 79. Battle of Granicus. § 80. Battle of Issus. § 81. Tyre and Alexandria. § 82. Arbela and Gaugemala. § 83. Expedition into Bactria. § 84. March to India. § 85. Last years of Alexander. THE ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD, p. 63. § 86. a. Alexander's successors. *.

Greece's last struggle ; the Achaian league, p. 64. § 87. Athens ; Phocion ; Demosthenes ; Demetrius. § 88. Sparta and the Achaian league. § 89. c. The Ptolemies and the Seleucidæ, p. 05 § 90. d. The Jews under the Maccabees, p. 06. e. State of civilization during the Alexandrian period, p. 67- § 91. Theocritus ; Stoics and Epicureans. C. THE HISTOET OF EOME, p. 69. § 92. The races and institutions of ancient Italy. I. ROME UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF KINGS AND PATRICIANS, p. 70. 1. Rome under the kings (b.c. 753—509). § 93. Rome built. § 94 Rome under Romulus. § 95. Numa Pompilius. § 96. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius ; origin of the plebeians. § 97. Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tulliu* § 98. Tarquinius Superbus. 2. Rome as a republic under the patricians, p 73 a. Horatius Codes ; the tribunes ; Coriolanus. § 99.

Contest between the republi- CONTENTS. IX cans and Porsenna and Tarquin. § 100. Emigration to the sacred hill; Coriolanus. b. The Fabii; Cincinnatus ; the decemvirs, p. 75. § 101. War with theVeians and Æqui. § 102. Agrarian law; Sp. Cassius. § 103. The decemvirs. § 104. Mili tary tribunes and censors. c. Sack of Rome by the Gauls (b.c. 389), and the laws of Licinius Stolo (b.c. 366), p. 77- § 105. Taking of Veii by Camillus. § 106. Brennus in Rome. § 107. M. Manlius and the laws of L. Stolo. II. ROME'S HEROIC PERIOD, p. 79. 1. The time of the war with the Samnites, and the battles with Pyrrhus. § 108. First Samnite war. § 109. War with the Latins. § 110. Second Samnite war; Caudinian passes ; Sentinum. § 111. War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus. 2. The time of the Punic wars, p. 81. a. The first Punic war (b.c. 263-241). § 112.

Carthage; Agathocles ; the Mamertines. § 113. Regulus. § 114. Hamilcar Bar cas; termination of the first Punic war. b. The second Punic war (b.c. 218 — 202), p. 83. § 115. Sicily and Gallia Cisalpina Roman provinces. § 116. Saguntum. § 117- Hannibal's passage over the Alps and through Italy. § 1 18. Fabius Maxi mus and the battle of Cannæ. § 119. Capua ; Syracuse ; Tarentum. § 120. Has drubal's defeat on the Metaurus. § 121. Zama. c. Macedonia conquered ; Corinth and Carthage destroyed, p. 87- § 122. Philip II. and Antiochus III. subdued by the Romans. § 123. Battle of Pydna and destruction of Corinth. § 124. Destruc tion of Carthage in the third Punic war. d. The manners and culture of the Romans, p. 90. § 125. Contest between Conservatism and progress ; Plautus ; Terence ; Cato. III. ROME'S DEGENERACY, p. 91. l.Numantia; Tiberius; Caius Gracchus. § 126.

Rome's government of her provinces; Numantia's insurrection and fall. § 127. Tiberius Gracchus. § 128. Caius Gracchus. 2. The times of Marius and Sylla, p. 93. § 129. The Jugurthine war. § 130. Cimbri and Teutones. § 131. The Social war. § 132. The first Mithridatic war. § 133. The first civil war ; death of Marius. § 134. The Corne lian law and Sylla's death. 3. The times of Cneius Pompey and M. Tullius Cicero, p. 97. § 135. Sertorius. § 136. The Servile war. § 137. War against the pirates. § 138. The second Mithridatic war. § 139. Catiline's conspiracy. 4.^Tho times of Caius Julius Cæsar, p. 99. § 140. The triumvirate. § 141. Cæsar's wars in Gaul. § 142. The second civil war. § 143. Cæsar's victories. § 144. Cæsar's death. 5. The last years of the republic, p. 102. § 145. The second triumvirate ; Cicero's death. § 146.

Philippi. § 147- Actium. IV. THE ROMAN EMPIRE, p. 103. 1. The times of Cæsar Octavianus Augustus, p. 103. § 148. Rome's golden age. § 149. Roman literature. 2. The struggles of the Germans for liberty, p. 105. § 150. Hermann's victory in the Teutoburger forest. § 151. Germanicus. § 152. Tacitus on the manners and institutions of the Germans. 3. The Cæsars of the Augustine race, p. 106. § 153. Tiberius. § 154. Caligula; Claudius. § 455. Nero. § 156. Galba; Otho ; Vitellius. 4. The Flavii and Antonincs, p. 109. § 157. Vespasian. § 158. The destruction of Jerusalem ; destruction of the Jewish state. §159. Britain conquered by Agricola. § 160. Titus. § 161. Domitian; Nerva; Trajan. § 162. Adrian; Plutarch. § 163. Antoninus Pius ; Marcus Aure lius. § 164. Cultivation and morals. 5. Rome under military government, p. 1 12. § 165.

Commodus ; Pertinax ; Septimius Severus. § 166. Caracalla ; Heliogabalus ; Alexander Severus. § 167- Philippus Arabus ; Decius; Gallienus. § 168. Aure lian. § 169. Tacitus; Probus; Carus. § 170. Time of Diocletian. § 171. Con. stantine's victory at the Milvian bridge and sole empire. X CONTENTS. SECOND BOOK. MIGRATION OF NATIONS AND THE MIDDLE AGE. A. MIGRATION OF NATIONS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF MONOTHEISM. I. THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY OVER PAGANISM 1. The Christian Church of the first century. § 172. Persecutions of the Chris tians. 2. Constantine the Great and Julian the Apostate. § 173. Constanline's proceedings in Church and state. § 174. Arianism ; Augustine; the fathers of the Church. § 175. Julian the Apostate. II. THE MIGRATION OF NATIONS, p. 119-127- 1. Theodosius the Great. § 176.

Huns and West Goths. 2. West Goths ; Bur gundians and Vandals, p. 120. § 177. Alaric ; Stilicho ; Radagais. § 178. Alaric in Italy. § 179. The Vandals in Africa. 3. Attila king of the Huns (a.d. 450), p. 122. § 180. Battle with the Huns; Aquileja. 4. § 181. Destruction of the Western Roman empire (a.d. 470), p. 122. 5. § 182. Theodoric the Ostrogoth (a.d. 500), p. 123. 6. Clodion, king of the Franks and the Merovingians, p. 123. § 183. Battle of Ziilpich. § 184. The Merovingians and their Mayor of the palace. 7. § 185. The Anglo-Saxons, p. 124. 8. The Byzantine empire and the Longobards, p. 125. § 180. The court; Justinian. § 187- Subjection of the Vandals and the Ostrogoths. § 188. Alboin. § 189. The Iconoclasts and the Iconoduli. III. MOHAMMED AND THE ARABIANS, p. 127—131. § 190. Arabia. § 191.

Mohammed the prophet. § 192. The Mohammedans in Persia and Egypt. § 193. Ali and the Ommiades. § 194. The Arabs in Spain and France. § 195. The Abbassides in Bagdad. § 196. The battles between Christians and "Mohammedans in Spain. § 197. Arab cultivation and literature. B. THE MIDDLE AGE. I. THE PERIOD OF THE CARLOVINGI, p. 131—135. I. Pepin the Little (a.d. 752— 768) ; Charlemagne (768—814). § 198. Pepin the Little and Bonifacius. § 199. Saxons and Longobards. § 200. War with the Saxons, and defeat at Roncesvalles. § 201. Charlemagne, Roman emperor. § 202. His internal government. 2. Dissolution of the Frank empire, p. 134, 135. § 203. Louis the Debonnaire ; Treaty of Verdun. § 204. Charles the Fat and Arrrulf. § 205. Charles the Simple and Hugh Capet. II. NORMANS AND DANES, p. 135. § 206.

Scandinavia ; Iceland ; Russia. § 207. England ; Alfred ; Canute ; William the Conqueror. § 208. Lower Italy ; Robert Guiscard. III. THE SUPREMACY OF THE GERMANO-ROMAN EMPIRE, p. 137. 1. The House of Saxony (919—1024.) § 209. Henry the Fowler. § 210. Otto the Great. § 211. Otto II. and III. § 212. Henry II.; German cultivation under the Ottos. 2. The House of Franconia, p. 139—142. § 213. Conrad II. and CONTENTS. XI Henry III. § 214. Henry IV. and the Saxons. § 215. Henry IV. and pope Gregory VII. § 216. Henry IV.'s death. § 217. Henry V. and Lothaire of Saxony. IV. THE ASCENDANCY OF THE CHURCH IN THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES, p. 122. 1. The Crusades. § 218. The assembly of the Church at Clermont. § 219. Peter of Amiens and Walter the Penniless. § 220. The first crusade under Godfrey of Bouillon. § 221.

Conquest of Jerusalem. § 222. The second crusade. §223. The third crusade. § 224. The fourth crusade ; the Latin empire in Constantinople. § 225. The fifth crusade ; the emperor Frederick II. § 226. The sixth crusade, under Louis IX. § 227. The consequences of the crusades ; orders of knights. § 228. War against the Albigenses. 2. The Hohenstaufens (a.d. 1138-1154),* p. 151 — 158. § 229. Weiss and Waiblings. § 230. Frederick Barbarossa in Italy ; Arnold of Brescia. § 231. Milan destroyed ; Alexandria founded. §232. Battle of Legnano ; peace of Constance. § 233. Frederick Barbarossa and Henry the Lion. § 234. Henry VI. and Philip of Swabia. § 235. Pope Innocent III. and the emperor Otto IV. § 236. Frederick II. 's contest with the papacy. § 237. Rival emperor in Germany. § 238. Frederick II. 's death. § 239.

Death of Manfred at Beneventum. § 240. Conradine's death ; the Sicilian vespers. 3. General view of the Middle Ages, p. 158. § 241. The feudal system. § 242. Chivalry. § 243. Hierarchy. § 244. Monachism. § 245. Mendicant orders ; Franciscans and Dominicans. § 246. State of the towns. § 247. Literature (1), Scholastics and Mystics. § 248. (2) Science and the writing of history. § 249. (3) Poetry. V. DECAY OF CHIVALRY AND CORRUPTION OF THE CHURCH, p. 106. 1. The Interregnum (a.d. 1250—1273). § 250. Club law; confederations of towns. 2. Origin of the House of Hapsburg and the Helvetic confederation, p. 166 — 169. § 25 1 . Rudolf of Hapsburg. §252. Rudolfs proceedings in the empire. § 253. Adolf of Nassau and Albert of Austria. § 254. The confederation of the Rutli ; William Tell; Morgarten. 3.

Philip the Fair of France and the emperor Louis the Bavarian, p. 169 — 172. § 255. Philip IV. and pope Bonifacius VIII. ; the popes at Avignon. § 256. Dissolution of the order of the Temple. § 257. Henry of Luxemburg. § 258. ' Louis the Bavarian and Frederick the Fair. § 259. Diet at Rense ; Louis' death. 4. The emperors of the House of Luxemburg, p. 172 174. § 260. Charles IV. § 261. Wenceslaus; the German town war. § 262. Rupert of the Palatinate and Sigismund. 5. The division in the Church and the great councils, p. 174. § 263. The division in the Church; Wicliff and Huss. § 264. The council of Constance. § 265. The Hussite war. § 266. The council of Basle. 6. Germany under Frederick III. and Maximilian I., p. 178. § 267. Albert II. and Frederick III. § 268. Maximilian I. ; change in the German constitution. § 269.

End of the middle age. VI. HISTORY OF THE REMAINING EUROPEAN STATES DURING THE MIDDLE AGE, p. 179. 1. France. § 270. a. France under the House of Capet (a.d. 987-1328). b. France under the House of Valois (a.d. 1328—1529), p. 180. § 271. Philip VI. and John the Good ; Crecy and Poictiers. § 272. Charles V. and VI. ; civil war. § 273. Battle of Agincourt. § 274. Maid of Orleans; Louis XI. 2. England, p. 103 186. § 275. Henry Plantagenet and Thoma9 a Becket. § 276. Richard Lion-heart and John Lackland. § 277. Edward I. and the war of liberty in Scotland. § 278. Edward III. ; the House of Lancaster. § 279. The wars of the red and white CONTENTS. rose. 3. Spain, p. 186-189. § 280. State of Spain in the middle age. § .81. Aragon and Castile. § 282. Ferdinand and Isabella; the Inquisition. § 283.

Expulsion of the Moors. § 4. Italy, p. 189-194. a. Upper Italy. §284. Venice. § 285. Genoa. § 286. Milan. § 287- Savoy and Piedmont. b. Middle and Lower Italy, p. 191. § 288. Florence ; Cosmo de Medici. § 289. Lorenzo the Magnificent ; Savanarola ; fine arts. § 290. State of the Church ; Ferrara. § 2J1. Naples and Sicily. 5. The new Burgundian territory, p. 194. § 292. Condition of the kingdom under the first dukes. § 293. Charles the Bold. § 294. The new Burgundian territory after the death of Charles. 6. Scandinavia, p. 195. § 295. Establishment of Christianity in the three Scandinavian kingdoms. § 296. Denmark before the union of Calmar. § 297- Sweden before and after the union of Calmar. 7. Hungary, p. 198. § 298. Stephen the Pious; the Saxons in Transylvania ; the " Golden Privilege." § 299.

Louis the Great and Matthias Corvinus. 8. Poland, p. 199. § 300. State of Poland; Casimir the Great. § 301. The Jagellons ; formation of the power of the nobles. 9. The Russian empire, p. 201. § 302. The imperial House of Ruric; Ivan ; Vasilyevitsch. 10. Moguls and Turks, p. 202 —205. § 303. Zengis-Khan and his sons. § 304. The Osman Turks in Asia Minor. § 305. Bajazet and Timur. § 306. Murad II. ; the Christian army defeated at Warna. § 307. Taking of Constantinople ; greatness and decay of the Osman empire. THIRD BOOK. THE MODERN EPOCH. I. THE FORERUNNERS OF THE MODERN EPOCH, p. 206. 1. The sea passage to the East Indies, and the discovery of America, p. 206. § 308. Invention of the compass ; gunpowder ; printing. § 309. The Portuguese in the East, Indies. § 310. Christopher Columbus. §311.

Balboa; Cortez ; Pizarro. § 312. Consequences of the discovery of America. 2. The revival of the arts and sciences, p. 210. § 313. Italy ; Germany (Reuchlin, Erasmus, Hutten) ; Humanists and Obscurantists. II. THE TIME OF THE REFORMATION, p. 212. 1. The German Reformation, p. 212— 221. a. Dr. Martin Luther. § 314. The sale of indulgences and the ninety-five theses. § 315. Luther. § 316. Cajetan ; Frederick the Wise ; Miltitz. § 317. His disputation at Leipsic ; burning of the pope's bull. § 318. Diet of Worms. § 319. Dr. Carlstadt and the Anabaptists ; Philip Melancthon. § 320. Extension of the Reformation. b. The peasant war, p. 216. § 321. Thomas Munzer. § 322. Subjection of the peasants. c. The Augsburg confession, p. 218. § 323. Activity of Luther and Melancthon ; Diet of Spire. § 324.

Diet of Augsburg. d. Ulric Zwingle, p. 220. § 325. Reformation in Switzerland. § 326. Religious war ; battle of Kappel. 2. Wars of the House of Hapsburg against France, p. 221. § 327- Charles V. and Francis I.; wars respecting Milan. § 328. Battle of Pavia ; taking of Rome; Ladies' Peace of Cambray. § 32!). Campaign against Tunis ; second and third war between Charles and Francis. 3. The war of religion in Germany, p. 225. § 330. The league of Smalcald ; the gospel in Wirtemberg. § 331. The Anabaptists in Munster. § 332. Extension of the Reformation in Saxony, Brandenburg, the Palatinate, &c. § 333. The war of Smalcald; campaign on the Danube. §334. Charles V.'s triumphant expedition into Southern Germany. § 335. Battle near CONTENTS. XIII Miihlberg ; the elector of Saxony and the landgraf of Hesse taken prisoners. § 336.

The Augsburg interim. § 337- Maurice of Saxony ; the treaty of Passau. § 338. The religious war of Augsburg. § 339. Charles V. dies. 4. Progress of the Reformation through Europe, p. 234. a. Lutheranism and Calvinism. § 340. Germany; the Lutheran and Reformed Churches. §341. Switzerland; Calvinism. § 342. Calvinism in France, in the Netherlands, in Scotland. b. Establishment of the Anglican Church, p. 237. § 343. England ; Henry VIII. 's ecclesiastical innova tions. § 344. Henry VIII. and his wives. § 345. Establishment of the Episcopal Church under Edward VI. § 346. The English Church under Maria and Elizabeth. c. The Reformation in the three Scandinavian kingdoms, p. 240. § 347. Scandi navia ; Sweden under Gustavus Vasa. § 348. The Reformation in Denmark. § 349. Sweden under the sons of Gustavus Vasa. § 350.

Poland. d. The Catholic Church, p. 243. § 351. Inquisition ; papacy ; Council of Trent. § 352. Order of Jesuits. 5. The times of Philip II. (a.d. 1550—1598) and Elizabeth (a.d. 1558— 1603), p. 245. § 353. Philip II. : character and mode of government. a. Portugal united with Spain, p. 246. § 354. King Sebastian. b. Struggle for liberty in the Netherlands, p. 247. § 355. Philip's attacks on the privileges of the Netherlanders. § 356. Compromise ; the Gueses ; sacrilege. § 357. Alba in the Netherlands. § 358. Don Juan ; Alexander Farnese ; William of Orange. § 359. The Armada ; termination of the war. § 360. Trade ; government synod of Dort. e. France during the war of religion, p. 251. § 361. Position of parties. § 362. The first three wars of religion. § 363. The Bartholomew night. § 364. Henry III. and the holy league. § 365.

Henry IV. d. Elizabeth and Mary Stuart, p. 256. § 366. Difference in the characters of the two queens ; Knox. § 307- Mary Stuart in Scotland. § 368. Mary Stuart in England. § 369. Rise of England, and death of Elizabeth ; Essex. e. Culture and literature in the century of the Reformation. § 370. 1. Germany ; 2. Italy ; 3. Spain and Portugal ; 4. England, p. 259. III. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, p. 261. 1. The thirty years' war (a.d. 1618 — 1648). a. Bohemia; Palatinate; Lower Germany; Tilly; appearance of Wallenstein. §371. Union and league. §372. The letters patent, and the proceedings in Prague. § 373. Frederick V., and the battle of the White Hill. § 374. Tilly in the Palatinate. § 375. Wallenstein in the north of Germany. § 376. Edict of restitution ; Diet of Regensburg ; Wallenstein's deposition. b. Interference of Sweden ; Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, p. 267. § 377- Gustavus Adolphus in Pomerania ; destruction of Magdeburg. § 378.

Battle of Breitenfield and Leip9ic ; triumphant course of Gustavus Adolphus. § 379. Nuremberg ; Lutzen.' § 380. Alliance of Heilbron / Wallenstein's death. c. Ter mination of the war; peace of Westphalia, p. 270. I § 381. Bernhard of Weimar; Baner. § 382. Torstenson ; Wrangel ; termination of the war. § 383. Peace of Westphalia. / d. Sweden under Christina and Charles X. ; change in the constitution of Denmark, y. 272. § 384. Sweden under Christina. § 385. Charles X., and the change in the constitution of Denmark. 2. The revolution in England, and the ex pulsion of the Stuarts, p. 273. a. The first two Stuarts (James I. 1603—1625, Charles I. 1625—1649). § 386. James's character and principles. § 387- The gunpowder-plot ; nuptial expedition of the prince of Wales ; position in relation to parliament. § 388.

Petition of right ; Stratford ; Laud. § 389. Hampden and the Scottish covenant. § 390. The long parhament; Stratford's fall. § 391. Civil war ; Cromwell's appearance. § 392. Victory of the Independents ; Charles with the Scots. § 393. Death of Charles. b. Oliver Cromwell, p. 280. § 394. Crom well's victories at Dunbar and Worcester. § 395. Cromwell as Lord Protector, the parliament. § 396. Restoration. c. The last two Stuarts (Charles II. 1060 — 1685, and James II. 1685—1688), p. 283. § 397- Government of Cliarles II.; Test CONTENTS. Act ; Habeas Corpus Act ; Whigs and Tories. § 398. Government and fall of James II. § 399. William and Mary; Bill of Rights; union with Scotland. 3. The age of Louis XIV., p. 286. a. Richelieu and Mazarin. § 400. Louis XIII.; government and activity of Richelieu. § 401.

Anne of Austria and Mazarin ; war of the Fronde. *. Government and conquests of Louis XIV., p. 289. § 402. Louis XIV. and his ministers and generals. § 403. The Spanish and Dutch war ; peace of Aix. § 404. Sasbach ; Fehrbellin ; peace of Nimeguen. § 405. Reunions ; Stras burg wrested from the empire. c. Austria's distress and triumph, p. 292. § 406. The Turks before Vienna ; peace of Carlowitz. d. The war of Orleans, p. 293. § 407. Desolation of the Palatinate ; peace of Ryswick. e. Life at the court ; literature ; Church, p. 294. § 408. Industry ; court of Versailles ; art and literature. § 409. Jansenists ; persecution of the Huguenots. IV. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, p. 297- 1. The Spanish war of succession (1702—1714). § 410. Origin of war; position of parties. §411. Hbchstadt ; Prince Eugene and Marlborough. §412.

Ramil lies ; Turin; Spain. § 413. Humiliation of France; Malplaquet. § 414. Change in affairs ; peace of Utrecht. § 415. France ; Orleans ; duke-regent. § 416. Spain; Philip V. ; Ferdinand VI. § 41 7- England under the House of Hanover ; attempts of the Stuarts frustrated. 2. Charles XII. of Sweden and Peter the Great of Russia in the Northern war (1/00 — 1718). § 418. Sweden and Russia under the House of Romanoff. §419. Peter's reforms. §420. Poland under Frederick Augustus the Strong. § 421. Charles XII. in Denmark and Poland ; Stanislaus Lescinski. § 422. Charles XII. in Saxony ; his character. § 423. Peter on the Baltic ; battle of Pultowa. § 424. Charles XII. in Turkey. § 425. Death of Charles XII. § 426. Reformation in Russia. § 427. Alexei ; MenzikofF ; Elizabeth. § 428. The Polish war of succession. 3.

The rise of Prussia, p. 309. § 429. Frederick I. § 430. Frederick William I. § 431. Youth of Frederick II. 4. The times of Frederick II. and Maria Theresa, p. 312. a. The Austrian war of succession (a.d. 1740 — 1748). § 432. Cause of the war; Pragmatic sanction; Charles Albert. § 433. The first Silesian war ; Charles' coronation. § 434. The Hungarians ; difficulties of Bavaria. § 435. Prague ; Dettingen. § 436. The second Silesian war. § 437. Close of the war ; peace of Aix. b. The seven years' war (a. d. 1756 — 1763), p. 315. § 438. Austria's alliance with Russia, France, and Saxony. § 439. Dres den and Pirna. § 440. Prague; Collin ; Rosbach ; Leuthen. § 441. Zorndorf; Hochkirch. § 442. Kunersdorf; Bergen ; Minden. § 443. Leignitz ; Torgau. § 444. Peter III. and Catharine II. of Russia. § 415.

Close of war; peace of Hubertsburg. c. The German empire and the age of Frederick, p. 320. § 446. Condition of the German empire. § 447. Frederick's internal government. § 448. The Bavarian war of succession and the alliance of princes. d. The intellectual popular life in Germany, p. 323. § 449. Poetry. § 450. Religion; historical writing ; philosophy ; education. FOURTH BOOK. THE LATEST PERIOD. A. THE FORERUNNERS OF THE REVOLUTION, p. 326. 1. The literature of illumination. § 151. Character of French literature. § 462. Voltaire ; Montesquieu ; Rousseau.^ § 453. Effects of the literature of illumination • CONTENTS. XV dissolution of the Jesuits' society of illuminati. 2. The American war of independence, p. 329. § 454. Origin of the war ; position of parties in England. § 455. The war to the capitulation of Saratoga ; Washington ; Franklin ; Lafayette. § 456.