Popular History of Egypt. ... (The Egyptian War.) Illustrated, etc

Chapter I

Origin and Etymology of the Name. High Antiquity of Early Egyptian History. Its Obscurity. Only Authorities on which any Reliance can be placed. Geography of the Country. The Valley of the Nile. The Western or Libyan Desert. The Eastern Country towards the Red Sea. The Delta. Climate. Winds. The Simoon .... 81

Chapter II

Whence and How was the Country peopled? Description of the Original Inhabitants. The Nomes, Thebes, Abydos, Memphis, Heliopolis. The Provinces in the Delta. The Shesu-Hor -. 93

Chapter III

Egyptian Chronology. The Day. The Months of the Egyptian Calender. The Seasons. The Year. The Vague Year. The Fixed Year. Introduction of Alexandrian Year. The Want of an Era. Historical Chronology. System of M. Mariette and Prof. Lepsius 99 r

Chapter IV. Tiik Mkmphite Period

The two Thinite Dynasties. Menes. Teta. Uenephes. Hesepti. Semempses. Butau. Kakeu. Binothris. Sent. Nephercheres. Table of the Thinite Dynasties. First three Memphite Dynasties. Necherophes. Tosorthros. The Pyramids. Senoferu. Cheops. Chafra. Mencheres. Ases-Ka-f. Table of the First Three Memphite Dynasties 103 History of Egypt. I TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE

Chapter V

Egyptian Literature. Keeper of the Book House. Book of the Dead. Astronomical Literature. The Epagomenae. The Egyptian Leap Year. Mathematical Literature. Medical Literature. Cause of Death. List of Diseases. List of Remedies. Incantation against Headache. "Instructions of Ptahhotep." Extracts from Ancient Egyptian Literature. Hymn to the Nile, etc. . 1-"

Chapter VI

Elephantine Dynasty. Abydos, the Capital. Pepi I. and Una, his Prime Minister. The Herusha Subjugated. Commencement of a Military System in Egypt. First War Dispatches. Una allowed to wear his Sandals in the Presence of the King. Merenra. Una appointed Governor of Upper Egypt. Image of the King cut in Rocks of Assouan. Docks and Timber Yards established for Ship-building Purposes. Menthesupis. Nitocris, "The Rosy Cheeked." Legends connected with her. Seventh Memphite Dynasty. The two Heracleopolite Dynasties ...135 CHAPTER Vn. The Meaning of "Hieroglyphic." Origin of the Art of Writing, Iconography, Ideography, and Phonography. Pyramids covered with Hieroglyphics. Clemens of Alexandria. Diodorus. Apulius. Porphyry. Choeremon. De Guiques thinks he can detect an Alphabet. Rosetta Stone. Bankers' Obelisk.

Reading of the Name Cleopatra. Champollion. The Determinatives. Ideographs Depicted. Determinatives Depicted. Ornamental Character of the Hieroglyphics. Polychromatic. Demotic Character. Hieroglyphic Alphabet. Objective Character of Egyptians. Skilful Hierogrammatists. What is the Use of Deciphering the Hieroglyphics? The Mode in which Papyrus is Made. Ink with which Papyri are written. The Turin, Ebers', Harris' and Clot-Bey Papyri . . . 142 CHAPTER Vin. FIRST THEBAN PERIOD. Transition from Memphite to Theban Supremacy. Entef I. Mentuhotep. Mentuhotep III. Entef IV. Ameni. Pyramid of Entef I. The Twelfth Dynasty. Amenemhat. Instructions for King Usurtesen. Story of Saneha. The Pharoahs make their Successors Co- Regents. The Boundaries of the Country Defined. Refugees coming into Egypt. Copper and Turquoise Mines at Sinai.

The Sati or Shasu. Troubles in Ethiopia. Usurtesen II. Fortresses at Semneh. Founding of Heruckakerah. Height of Nile marked. Formation of the Lake Moeris. Pyramids in . the Lake. Crocodilopolis built. The Labyrinth. Tombs in Beni -Hassan. Hereditary Aristocracy. Pictures on Tombs give an Idea of the Mode of Carrying on Handicrafts. Description of Modes of Living of various Tradesmen. State of Architecture and Sculpture TABLE OP CONTENTS. III PAGE

CHAPTER IX.

Egyptians a Pious People. Origin of the Deity. His Attributes. Three Persons in One God. Power of Reproduction. Pictorial Representations. Osiris. Nepti. Isis. Sebeck. Sachet. Phtah. Ammon Ra. Anapu. Hor. The Sphinxes. Each Nomos had its own Deity. Creation of the Material World. The Evil Powers. The Sun as Chief Deity. His Daily Course. The Parent of Mankind. Four Classes of Mankind. The Golden Age of the Divine Dynasties. Man Consists of Mind, Soul, Spirit and Body. Conflict between Mind and Body. Death. Judgment of the Dead. Fate of the Unjust Soul. Fate of the Just Soul. Catholic Love and Gentleness. Sacred Animals. Their Worship Expensive. Bull Apis. Serapeum discovered by Mr. Mariette 188

CHAPTER X.

Death of Amenemhat III. Thirteenth Dynasty. Sebekhotep I. Succession continued through Female Line. Colossal Statue of Mermeshu. Territorial Possessions maintained and even Extended. Rise of Nile Observed and Recorded. Many Large Works earned out. Style of Art Inferior. Supremacy passed away from Thebes to the Delta. Xo'is made the Capital. Fourteenth or Xoi'te Dynasty. Table of Eleventh to Fourteenth Dynasty ' 201

CHAPTER XI.

Erroneous Description of the Country and Natives given by Greek and Roman Historians. Monarchical System. The Succession strictly Hereditary. The King subject to the Laws. Head -Dress of Royality. Lock of Hair, Badge of Minority. Education of Ruler. Daily Life of a King. Loyalty of the Nation. Customs at Boyal Funerals. The Devil's Advocate. The Four Castes of the People. The Priestly Caste. Priestesses. Judges. Courts and Mode of Procedure. Divine Origin of the Laws. Falsehood looked upon as Disgraceful. Perjury punished with Death 204

CHAPTER XII. THE SHEPHERD KINGS

Manetho's Account of the Arrival of the Hyksos. Salatis, the First King, fortifies Avaris. Garrison placed there. Asseth rules over all Egypt. Origin of the Name Hyksos. Original Simple Mode of Living exchanged for Pomp. Description of the Hyksos. Immigration sets in. Tradition of the Arrival of Joseph and his Brethren. Religious Differences lead to a Rebellion. Native Prince assumes Title of King. War of Independence commences. Hyksos driven to Avaris. Aahmes I. Takes Avaris. Shepherds driven into Syria. Table of Fifteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties 215 CHAPTER Xni. Punishments Legally inflicted upon Criminals. Murder punished with Death. Eye-Witnesses who do not Interfere to Prevent Crime Liable to Punishment. Infanticide Reckoned i" PAGR as a Crime. Parricide punished with Death by Torture.

Deterrent Object of Punish ment. Minor Punishments. The Bastinado. Mode of Carrying out Death Sentence. Transportation. Theft and Burglary. Albanian Robber's Gratitude. On Debt and Usury. Legal Documents and Marriage Contracts. Egyptian Women. Poligamy. Slaves in Harems. Parents and Children. Respect shewn to Age 222

CHAPTER XIV. SECOND THEBAN PERIOD.

The Eighteenth Dynasty. Aahmes I. Ethiopia becomes a Province of Egypt. Amenhotep I. Change in Manner of Living. Greater Wealth. Foreign Wars and Frequent Victories. Megiddo and Kadesh. Instability of Empire. Queen Hatshepu. First War Navy on the Red Sea. Thothmes HI. Rebellion breaks out. Syrian and Mesopotamian Chiefs Resubdued. Amenhotep II. Thothmes IV. Monuments Repaired. Temple of Thebes Enlarged. Musical Statue. Amenhotep TV. Marries Foreign Wife. Introduces New Religion. Ai Tutanchamen. Ra-Saaka-Chepu. Har-em-heb. Table of Eighteenth Dynasty , , . 230

CHAPTER XV.

Military Class. Rank next to Priesthood. Soldiers not liable to Imprisonment for Debt. Not allowed to Live in Towns. Mechanical Occupations Forbidden. Mercenaries employed to garrison Towns. Weapons. Bow. Arrows. Cavalry commanded by Royalty. Armour. Shields. Standards. Trumpet and Drum used for giving Signals. Sling. Sword. Daggers. Battle Axes, etc. Chariots. Harness. Siege Operations. Battering- Ram. Testudo. Moveable Towers. Scaling Ladder 242

CHAPTER XVI.

Death of Hor-em-heb. Rameses I. founds Nineteenth Dynasty. Setee I. Fifty Years Peace. Alliance concluded with Hittite King, Rameses n. recognised as Ruler. His Conquests. Invasion by Inhabitants of Asia Minor Defeated. His Deeds much Exaggerated. Confederacy Formed but Defeated by Rameses. Hittite King sues for Peace. The Hittites again Rebel. Both Nations Exhausted. Treaty with Great Prince of Kheta, sculptured on the Walls of Karnak. Rameses Marries Daughter of Hittite King. Rameses H., Great Builder. Resided in the Eastern District of the Delta. Poets who lived at this Time 250

CHAPTER XVII.

Mode of Preparing for War. King Usually Commanded in Person. Mode of Assembling Army. Mode of Attack. Quarter Given. Captives not Tortured. Mode of Counting Slain. Soldiers on Guard carried no Shields. Form of Camp. Fortresses. Triumphal Processions. Private persons did not carry Arms. Egyptians not a Military Nation. Priests liable to Conscription. Naval Affairs. War Galleys. Model of War Galley Found. Nomenclature of Navy. Construction, Rigging and General Furniture. Transports and Smaller Boats. General Remarks V PAGE

CHAPTER XVIII.

Children of Rameses. Menephtha. Invasion of Egypt by Sea. Defeat of Invaders. Stele of Meru. Ammon - Masses. Siphtah. Setee II. State of Disintegration commences. Arisu. The Exodus of the Children of Israel. Moses. Bible Narative. Egyptian Account. Set-Nekht. Rameses III. Invasion by Sea and by Land. Confederates Defeated. Libyans Finally put down. Empire partially Restored. Plot against Life of Rameses III. Medinet Aboo Built. "Peace at any Price." The other Ramessides. Internal Disturbances. Ascendency of Priesthood. Her-Har. Piankhi. Table of Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties 265

CHAPTER XIX.

Egyptian Military successes not Solely owing to Incapacity of Enemies. Shardana, Armour, Distinguishing Crests, Personal Appearance. Takkaru, Weapons, Chariots. Rebu, Appearance, Costume. Punt. Shari, Dress. Ruten, Appearance, Dress. Tyrseni. Mashuasha. Kufa, Weapons, Dress. Bridges Used. Kheta, Weapons. Armour. Tribes of Lebanon. Negro Nations. Ethiopians, Weapons, Dress, Ornaments 278

CHAPTER XX.

Twenty - First Dynasty. Tanis the Capital. Ethiopia declares its Independence. Alliances formed with Kings of Judah. Foreign Element gains Predominance. The Shemites. Sais. The Matiu and Mashuasha. Rulers chosen by Aliens. Shishak I. Osorkon marries into Tanite Dynasty and Founds Twenty - Second Dynasty. Jeroboam flees into Egypt. Jerusalem Conquered. Treasures of Solomon's Temple and Palace carried off. Chronology Commences. Thebes becomes a Museum. Takelot I. Osorkon II. Shishak II. Takelot II. Shishak IH. Pimai. Shishak IV. Egypt becomes an Aggregate of Principalities. Petsebast founder of Twenty-Third Dynasty. Reunites Egypt under one Ruler. Country again Disunited. Saites Attempt to recover Supremacy. Table of Twenty-First, Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasty 283

CHAPTER XXI.

Houses. Streets. Brick-Making. Building Materials. Construction of Houses and Mansions. Granaries and Corn Mills. Gardens. Tanks. Irrigation. Trees. Vineyards. The Vintage and Wine-Making. Drunkenness. Timber and Fancy Goods. Fruit and Flowers. Cereals. Other Crops. Farm Stock. The Chase. Fishing 291

CHAPTER XXII. SAITE PERIOD.

Tafnekht Founds Twenty-Fourth Dynasty. Proceeds to conquer Minor Princes. Who call upon Ethiopia for Aid. Piankhi Meiamum Proceeds to Attack Tafnekht. Recovers Ancient Dominions. Memphis Taken. Osorkon acknowledges Egyptian Ruler. Piankhi Reunites Egypt under one Sceptre. Kashta. Bokenranf tries to re-establish the Dynasty. Defeated by Shabak and Burnt Alive as a Rebel. Shabak assumes Government VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE of the whole Country. Queen Ameniritis Ruler at Thebes. Abolition of Capital Pu nishment. Hosea sends Presents to Shabak. Fall of Samaria. Egypt and Syria face to face. Table of Twenty-Fourth Dynasty 302 CHAPTER XXIH. Architecture. Moving large Stones. Sculpture and -Painting. Fictile Ware. Glass Manufactures. Textile Manufactures. Spinning and Weaving. Ropes and Cordage.

Fishing Nets. Papyri. Leather Manufactures. Shoemakers and their Tools. Carpenters. Cabinet Makers and their Tools. Furniture. The Egyptian Toilet. Kohl. Mirrors. Chariot Makers. Coopers. Stick Makers. Metal - Workers. Gold. Silver. Copper. Till. Bronze. Brass. Iron. Steel 312

CHAPTER XXIV.

The Assyrians Defeat Shabak. Stephenates restores the Saite Dynasty, founding the Twenty- Fifth. Egypt becomes an Appanage to Assyria. Sennacherib besieges Hezekiah. Assyrian Host miraculously Destroyed. Shabatok proclaimed King. Tahraka invades Egypt. Shabatok Killed. Esarhaddon conquers Tahraka. Nechepsos Dies. Egypt divided into Twenty Principalities. Names and Districts of the Petty Rulers. Neku I., chief of them. Tahraka again tries to recover Throne of Egypt. Assur-bani-pal defeats him. Another Rebellion breaks out. Neku sent in Chains to Niniveh. Restored to his former Position. Killed by Urdamen. Assyria conquers Ethiopia. Pakuru Chief of Petty Rulers. Ethiopians again conquer Egypt. Psametik I. Son of Neku founds Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. Table of Twenty-Fifth Dynasty 329

CHAPTER XXV.

The History of Music, Egyptian Musical Instruments. Character of Egyptian Music. The Drum, Cymbals, Sistrum, Tambourine, Flutes, Pipes, Lyres, Harp, Guitar. Private Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Their Love of Display. An Egyptian Interior. A Banquet. Cookery. Arrival of the Guests. Manners and Customs on Festive Occasions. A Girl of the Period 2000 b. c. Description of Jewellery 337

CHAPTER XXVI.

Psametik I. banished to the Marshes. He overthrows the Eleven Dynasts and assumes the sole Rule. Establishment of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. State of the Country. Art. Literature. Introduction of Demotic Handwriting. Architecture. Religion. Diplomacy. Psametik fortifies the Frontiers. Foreigners encouraged to Immigrate. Rupture between Egyptians and Foreigners. 24,000 Soldiers mutiny and march to Ethiopia. Death of Psametik. Neku n, attempts to connect Mediterranean and Red Sea. The Continent of Africa circumnavigated. Jehoiakim set on Throne of Judah. Battle of Carchemish. Egyptians defeated by Assyrians. Death of Neku n. Psametik II. Uhabra. Assyrians besiege Jerusalem. Deterioration of the Egyptian Army. Military Revolt. Amasis proclaimed King. Amasis defeats Uhabra who is killed. Wives PAGE of Amasis.

Connection formed between Egypt and Greece. Policrates' Ring. Cam byses seeks a Quarrel with Egypt. Death of Amasis. City of Sais. Battle of Pe lusium. Treachery of Phanes. Egyptians Defeated. Cambyses takes Memphis. De grades the King and Nobles. The Rest of Egypt surrenders. Body of Amasis burnt. Death of Psaraatik III. Ariandes a Persian, created Governor of Egypt. Table of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty 358

CHAPTER XXVII.

Amusements and Games. Definition of Man. Dice in Berlin Museum. Knuckle - Bones. Mera. Odd and Even. Draughts. Chess. Games with Hoops. Knife -Board. Kallabismos. Gymnastic Exercises. Hippodrome near Thebes. Women's Exercises. Lifting Weights. Single Stick. Wrestling. Sham Water Fights. Bull Fights. Archery. Games of Ball. Dancing. Oriental and Western Views on Dancing. Solo Dancers. The Pirouette. Feats of Agility. Beckmann on Jugglers. Socrates on Women Gymnasts. Thimble-Rig. Snake Charmers. Miracle Workers 374

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Twenty-Seventh, Persian Dynasty. Cambyses attempts to conciliate the Egyptians. Expedition to the Great Oasis. Ethiopian Empire. Cambyses fails to conquer it. He kills the Apis and insults the Gods. Returns to Susa. Wounded by Accident. Dies at Ecbatana. Darius conciliates Egyptians. Signet Ring of Darius. Coinage introduced into Egypt. Ethiopia pays Tribute to Persia. Xerxes proceeds to attack Egypt. Conquers Khabash. Appoints Archoemenes Satrap. Artaxerxes puts down Revolt of Inarus. Greeks driven out of Egypt. Xerxes H Sogdianus. Darius H. Amyrteus founds Twenty-Eighth, Saite Dynasty. Visit of Herodotus to Egypt. Nephrites founds Twenty-Ninth Mendesian Dynasty. Achoris. Psamuth. Nephrites H. Nekht- Har-Heb founds Thirtieth, Mendesian Dynasty. Persians attack Egypt. Divided Councils result in Defeat.

Persians retreat. Tachos. Agesilaus King of Sparta assists Egypt. Rebellion on account of fresh Taxes. Nectaneho proclaimed King. Death of Tachos. Revolt in Mendes. Ochos ascends Throne of Persia. Defeat and Flight of Nectanebo. The last of the Pharaohs. Table of Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Eight, Twenty- Ninth and Thirtieth Dynasties 394

CHAPTER XXIX.

The Pyramids. The Purpose of their Construction. Origin of Name. Mode of Building. Manner of Finishing. Oldest Pyramid. Group at Memphis. Great Pyramid. Built by Cheops or Chefu. Description of Great Pyramid. Pyramid of Chafra. Pyramid of Mencheres. Pyramid of Nitocris. The Sphinx. Mark Twain's description of the Sphinx. Pyramids of Aboo-Ruwegsh, Reegah, Aboo-Sir, Sakkarah. The Mastabet Faraoon. Pyramid of Mencheres. Pyramids of Dashour, Lisht, Medinet-el-Fayoum, Thebes, Beg-el-Rauie, Mount Barkal. The Serapeum or Burial Place of the Apis TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Epilogue 422 Chronological Table of the Dynasties

CHAPTER XXX.

The Second Persian Invasion. Ochus. Arses. Darius Codomanus. Egypt conquered by the Greeks. Alexander the Great marches on Egypt. Conciliates the People. Organises the Government. Plans the City of Alexandria. Lighthouse built. Death of Alexander. Ptolemy I. made Governor of Egypt. Brings Body of Alexander to Egypt. Conflict between Ptolemy and Antigonus. Ptolemy declares his Independence. Antigonus and Demetrius attack Egypt, but are defeated. Ptolemy assists Rhodians and acquires Cognomen of "Soter." Introduces Coinage. His Wives. Abdicates in favour of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Death of Ptolemy Soter. Installation of Ptolemy n. Description of Museum at Alexandria. Septuagint Translation of Hebrew Bible. Manethos History of Egypt. Massacre of the two Brothers of Ptolemy II. and 4000 Gauls. War with Antiochus.

Alliance formed with Rome. Roman Embassy sent to Egypt. Wives of Ptolemy II. Topaz Statue of Arsinoe. Naval and Military forces of Ptolemy II. Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus 426

CHAPTER XXXI.

Ptolemy Euergetes. Invades Syria. Recaptures Booty carried off by Cambyses. The Constellation of "Coma Berenice." Seleucus Defeated. Ethiopia Conquered. Inscription at Adule. Jewish Tribute Delayed. Cleomenes takes Refuge in Egypt. Euergetes' position to Religion. His Buildings at Thebes. He encourages Literature. Lycophron. Conon, Callimachus. Aristophanes. Eratosthenes. Apollonius of Perga. Apollonius of Rhodes. The Condition of Literature. Death of Euergetes. Ptolemy Philopator. Murders His Mother and Brother. Death of Cleomenes. War with Antiochus. Battle of Raphia. Persecution of the Jews. Murder of Arsinoe. Tlepolemus appointed Signet- Bearer. Vicious Life of Ptolemy Philopator. His Death 440

CHAPTER XXXII.

Ptolemy Epiphanes. Rebellion against the Ministers. Aid of Rome invoked. Mutiny in the Army. The King declared of Age. Rosetta Stone. Second Rebellion. Foreign Provinces Lost. Preparation for War. King Murdered. His Family. Ptolemy Philometor. Queen-Mother governs as Regent. She dies and King becomes of Age. Antiochus Epiphanes attacks Egypt. Euergetes H. Declares himself King. The Brothers join in resisting Antiochus. Who again attacks Egypt. Rome interferes. Philometor Placed upon Throne. Euergetes given Cyrene. He Complains. Is given Cyprus. Philometor refuses to obey Rome. Defeats his Brother and forgives him. Wars in Syria. Philometor's Death. The Jews build a Temple at On. Dispute with the Samaritans. "Rest of the Book of Esther." Length of Philometor's Reign and his Family 4.5O PAGE

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Ptolemy Eupator succeeds his Father. Civil War in Alexandria. Treaty Between Cleopatra II. and Euergetes II. Marriage of Euergetes II. Murder of Eupator. Coronation of Euergetes II. Birth of a Son. Divorce of Cleopatra H Marriage of Euergetes with Cleopatra Cocce. Visit of Scipio Africanus to Egypt. .Flight of Euergetes II. to Cyprus. Cleopatra H. proclaimed Queen. Murder of Memphites. The Egyptians march forth to attack Euergetes II. Marsyas defeated. Cleopatra applies to Demetrius for Assistance. Revolt in Syria. Cleopatra allowed to return to Egypt. Euergetes II. as Author. Second Book of Maccabees. Book of Ecclesiasticus. Parchment Invented. Death of Euergetes II 463

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Cleopatra Cocce. Selects Ptolemy Alexander I., as her Co-Ruler. Rebellion in Alexandria. Ptolemy Soter II. 6urnamed Lathyrus. Marries Selene. Alexander sent to Cyprus. Fate of Daughters of Euergetes II. Lathyrus aids the Samaritans. Expelled from Alexandria. Alexander Recalled. Storming of Asochis on Sabbath Day. Alexander quits Alexandria secretly. Returns. Murders his Mother. Expelled from Egypt. Lathyrus Recalled. Death of Alexander I. Upper Egypt Rebels. Thebes Destroyed. Apion dies at Cyrene. Bequeaths his Kingdom to Rome. Lathyrus refuses to help Rome against Mithridates. Death of Lathyrus. Cleopatra Berenice. Alexander II., made King of Egypt by Roman Dictator. Marries Berenice. Murders Her. Killed in a Revolt. Will of Alexander II. End of Legitimate Line of the Lagidae . . . . 471

CHAPTER XXXV.

Ptolemy Auletes. His Vicious and Effeminate Character. Applies to Rome for Recognition and Protection. Is driven out of Egypt. Cato takes Possession of Cyprus. Cleopatra V. and Berenice placed upon the Throne of Egypt. Embassy to Rome. Roman Intrigues and Egyptian Bribes. Seleucus marries Berenice. Gabinius assists Auletes and Restores him. Berenice put to Death, Death of Auletes. Children of Auletes. Cleopatra and Ptolemy, her Brother. Pompey's Death. Caesar arrives in Alexandria. Meeting of Cleopatra and Caesar. The Library Burnt. Ptolemy Drowned. Caesarion Born. Cleopatra visits Rome. Ptolemy the Younger murdered. Cleopatra's Earrings. Antony murders Arsinoe. New Library from Pergamus. The Battle of Actium. Cleopatra kills herself. Octavianus Master of Egypt. Caesarion Killed. End of the Lagidae Family. Family Table of the Ptolemies 477 Remarks 502 Genealogical Table of the Ptolemies or Lagidae 504

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Augustus Caesar. His New Laws. Position of the Ruler to the Religion. Founding of Nicopolis. Cornelius Gallus. His Ambition and Recall. Aelius Gallus invades Arabia unsuccessfully. The Troglodytae Invade Egypt. Queen Candace. Tiberius. The History of Egypt. X TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE v Caesarion. History of Cleopatra's Needle. Its Removal to England. Inscriptions on it. The Jewish Population in Alexandria. The Therapeutae. Coinage is stopped. Caligula. Civil War between Jews and Greeks. Flaccus Recalled. Thilo sent to Rome. Claudius. Forced Labour Prohibited. Discovery of Route to India. Trade Winds. Lake Moeris Destroyed. Nero. Christianity Introduced. Epistle to the Hebrews. Alexandria becomes Depopulated °Oo

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Galba. Otho. Vitellius. Vespasian. The Healing power of the Emperor. Overthrow of Jerusalem. Temple at On closed. Vespasian Nicknamed. Titus. Domitian. Egyptian Superstitions forbidden in Rome. Nerva. Poll-Tax Remitted. Trajan. Corn sent from Rome to Egypt. Arabia Conquered. Canal from Memphis to Red Sea. Jews rebel and lose their Privileges Hadrian. Death of Antinous. Second Visit of Hadrian. Inscriptions on Musical Statue. Antonius Pius. Ptolemy the Astronomer. Marcus Aurelius. Rebellion of Cassius. Commodus. Pertinax. The Writers. Juvenal. Plutarch. Athenaeus. Lucian. Celsus. Appian. State of ancient Religion. Magic. Chemistry. Medical Art. Agriculture 517

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Pescennius Niger. Septimus Severus. Caracalla. Massacre of Alexandrians. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus. Maximin and Maximus. Gordianus. Philipp. Decius. Gallus. A Plague breaks out. Valerian. Gallienus. Aemiliauus. Claudius. Quintillus. Zenobia conquers Egypt. Aurelian. Severina. Tacitus. Probus. Diocletian. The Great Rebellion. Alexandria taken by Storm. Pompey's Pillar. Persecution of the Christians. Galerius. Maximinus. Licinius. Constantine favours Christian Religion. Arian Heresy. Council of Nicea. Athanasius Patriarch of Alexandria. Constantinus. Bishop Gregory. Decay of the Roman Empire 530

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Julian. Valens. Death of Athanasius. Monks required to serve in the army. Arab Attack. Petra Lost. Theodosius, Forbids Pagan Worship. Library of Serapeum destroyed. Arian Persecution. Arcadius. Relics used for healing Diseases. Depopulated condition of the country. Theodosius II. Jews driven out of Alexandria. Murder of Hypatia. Marcian. Council of Chalcedon. Nubians overrun Egypt. Leo. Patriarch of Alexandria murdered. Leo II. Murdered by his own Father. Zeno. Rebellion of Basilicus. Henoticon issued. Anastasius. Persians invade Egypt. Attack on Alexandria. Lighthouse Repaired ggg

CHAPTER XL.

Justin. Baptismal Service in Early Church. Justinian. Massacre of the Christians. New Law. Trade with Britain. Earthquake in Egypt. Men of Learning driven from Alexandria. Justin II. Tiberius. Mauricius. Phocas. Heraclius. Persians conquer PAGE Egypt. Arab Soldiers. Literature. The Bible. Different MSS. Writers. Triphiodorus Hesychius. Coluthus. Illuminated MSS. Dioscorides. Theophylactus Simocatta. Olympiodorus 545 Summary 553 List of Roman Emperors and Prefects who governed the Province of Egypt 560

CHAPTER XLI.

Arab conquest of the Country. Persia Subjugated. Amr el-Asee. Invades Egypt. John Mukowkis. Fortress of Babylon besieged. Taken by Stratagem. Island of Rhoda. Conditions of Peace. War again Proclaimed. Mukowkis turns Traitor. Alexandria besieged. Death of Heraclius. Alexandria taken by Storm. Moslem Losses. Amr retires to Babylon. Amr's Description of Alexandria. Destruction of Library. Amr Dismissed. Abd-Allah appointed Viceroy. Refused admission to the City. Hegira Era. Mohammad. Egyptians besiege Palace. Death of Othman. Plunder of Medina. Muawiyeh proclaimed Caliph. Death of Mohammad. Amr appointed a second time Viceroy of Egypt. Death of Amr 561

CHAPTER XLII.

The Ommiade Caliphate. Maslama. Disposition of inhabitants of Alexandria. Towers introduced as part of Mosques. Jazid. Said Ben Jazid. Resigns. The Plague. Coinage. Abd-Allah. His cruel Government. Curra. Abd-el-Malik. Oppression of the Copts. Handhala. Mutiny among the Troops. Egyptian Heraldry 570

CHAPTER XLIII.

Abbaside Caliphate. El-Saffah. El-Askar made the Capital. Administration of Justice. Musa Ben Caab. Jazid. Invades Abyssinia. Musa Ben Oleii. Aboo Chali Security of Property ensured by Severity. Musa Ben Musab. Ali Ben Suleiman. Musa Ben Isa. Christian Churches rebuilt. Obeidallah Ben el-Mahdi. Invasion by the Spaniards. El-Sarij. Obeidallah Ben El-Sarij. Abdallah. El-Fustat taken. Andalusians driven out. Isa Ben Jazid. Turkish Troops restore Order. Copts reduced to Obedience. The Origin of Koran. Anabasa. Invasion by Greeks. Invasion by Bagas. Mabommed Ben Abdallah. Marches through the Desert. King of the Soudan. Soudan Con quered. Peace Concluded. Last Arabian Viceroy. Jasid Ben Allah Muzahim. Fall of the Abbaside Dynasty 575

CHAPTER XLIV.

Dynasty of Benee Tooloon. Ahmed Ben Tooloon. Building of el-Catae. Revenues of Egypt. Mosque of Tooloon. Tribute withheld from Bagdad. Siege of Barkah. Antioch taken by Storm. Rebellion of el-Abbas. Ahmed declares his Independence. Greek Invasion. Death of Ibn Tooloon. Family and Household. Chumaraweih's first Battle. Expedition into Syria. Reconciliation with Caliph. El-Muatedid. Quicksilver Bed. Tame Lion. Death of Chumaraweih. Geish Abul-Askir. Murders his Uncle. The ii* PAGE His Character and Companions. Chief Officials Rebel. Death of Geish. Haroon. Sheiban. Capture of capital by Mohammed. End of Benee Tooloon Dynasty ... 586

CHAPTER XLV.

Mohammad Ben Sulieman. Capture of Ramleh by Rebels. Chalangee captures el-Fustat. Chalangee is Betrayed. His Capture and Death. Takin el-Gazeri. Fatimite Dynasty. Obeidallah. Chabashah attacks Alexandria. Defeat of Chabashah. Takin Recalled. Zekee El-Roomee. Suspicious persons banished. Obeidallah again invades Egypt. Takin Viceroy for the fourth Time. Mohammad Ben Takin. Ibn Taghag refuses to acknowledge him. Dynasty of el-Ikhsheed. Ibn Raik. Ikhsheed visits the Caliph. Death of Ikhsheed. Abul Casim Ungur. Cafoor, Prime Minister. Seif ed-Dowlah. Fire in el-Fustat. Abul Hassan Alee. Famine Imminent. Cafoor Viceroy. His Death. Guahar invades Egypt. Capture of el-Fustat. The new City of el-Kahireh. End of Ikhsheedee Dynasty < -59*5

CHAPTER XLVI.

El-Moizz comes into Egypt. An Account of Cairo. Character of el-Moizz. Hassan the Carmathian. Invades Egypt. Besieges Capital. Defeated. Administration of Justice. Death of el-Moizz. El-Azeez Succeeds. Gauhar. El-Eftekeen. Siege of Damascus. Defeat of Gauhar. Death of el-Azeez. El-Hakim. Claims Divinity. The Caabah. "Procession of Litters." Hakim's Cruelty. New Method of Preventing a Famine. Oppression of Women. Invasion by Hisham. Seydet el-Maluk conspires with Ibn-Dawas. Assassination of Hakim. El-Dhahir. Decline of the Fatimite Caliphate. El-Mustanser. Bessasiree. Captures Bagdad. Defeated by el-Gemalee. Great Famine. Price of Provisions. Account of Cannabalism. Plague. Nasir ed-Doulah. Invades Egypt. Takes Cairo. Death of el-Gemalee and of el-Mustanser. El-Mostalee. Jerusalem captured by Crusaders.

Fall of the Fatimite Caliphate 608 CHAPTER XLVn. Origin of Crusades. Peter the Hermit. First Crusade. Jerusalem Captured. Shawir. Noureddin. Saladin. Invades Egypt. Death of Shawir. Saladin appointed Vizier. Death of Noureddin. Saladin throws off his Allegiance. Invades Palestine. Defeated. European Ships in Red Sea. Saladin extends his Conquests. Marches against the Crusaders. Christians Defeated. Siege of Tiberias. Jerusalem invested and taken. Defeat of Saladin's Fleet. Siege of Acre. Defeat of Saladin. Battle of Arsoor. Treaty of Peace. Richard I. returns to England. Death of Saladin. His Character. Architectural Improvements. Origin of Mamelukes. Pay of Troops. Dress . . . . 618 CHAPTER XLVin. Othman. Saphedin. Jean de Brienne Defeated. El-Kamil. Siege of Damietta. Treaty with Crusaders.

Fredrick n. and el-Kamil join Forces and take Damascus. Death of el-Kamil. El-Adil. Negmoodeen. Battle of Gaza. Louis LX. of France lands in PAGE 634 639 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Egypt. Damietta Taken. Death of Negmoodeen. Sheger-ed-Dur. Louis taken Prisoner. Ransoms hiaiself. Eybek. His Death. Death of Sheger-ed-Dur. El-Malih el-Mansoor Nourreddin Alee. He is Deposed. Kuzt. Dhaher, or Beybars. Defeats the Christians and Tartars. His Cruelty. Important Works. El-Saeed. Kaloan. Circassian Mamelukes 629

CHAPTER XLIX.

Kaloan. Pedigree and Personal Description. War with Spain. El-Ashraf Khaleel. Crusaders leave Egypt. Mohammed el-Nasir. Attacks the Tartars. Defeats them. Persecutions of the Jews and Christians. Hassan. His Mosque. Death of Hassan. Rebellion of Circassian Mamelukes. Barkook. Tamerlane. Character of Barkook. His Death. Farag makes peace with Tamerlane and becomes his Vassal. Death of Tamerlane. Caliph el-Mustain. Death of Farag. El-Mahmoodee. El-Ashraf. His Death .

CHAPTER L.

El-Ashraf Ka'it Bey. Ka'it Bey captures a Turkish Caravan. War is declared with the Porte. El-Ezbekee. Defeats Turks. Peace Restored. Death of Ka'it Bey. Kansoo el-Churee elected Sultan. War declared against Egypt by Selim T. Defeat of Egyptians. Kansoo's Death. Tooman Bey. Selim's Letter. El-Ganbardee resists Turkish Advance. El-Ganbardee deserts to Enemy. Cairo taken by Storm. Death of Tooman Bey. Massacre of 30,000 Mamelukes. Review of the two Mameluke Dynasties . .

CHAPTER LI.

Division of Egypt into 24 Provinces. Sheikh el-Belled. Constitution of the Republic. Condition of Egypt under the Mameluke rule. Ibrahim. His Rule. Ali Bey. Refuses to pay Tribute. Egypt declared Independent. Capture of Mecca. Mohammad Aboo Dhahab takes Gaza. Turks Defeated. Siege of Damascus. Treachery of Mohammad. Siege Raised. Dhahir defeats Turks. Ali marches on Cairo. Defeated by Murad. Wounded and taken Prisoner. Death of Ali 645

CHAPTER LII.

Mohammad Aboo Dhahab. Makes War with Syria. Captures Gaza, Joppa, and Acre. Death of Mohammad. Retreat of the Egyptian Army. Ibrahim and Murad. They divide the Government. Rebellion of the Beys. Expedition sent against Beys. Ibrahim and Murad quarrel. Peace Restored. Porte Interferes. Hassan Capitan. Defeat of the Mamelukes. Capture of Cairo. Hassan recalled to Constantinople. Ismail appointed Governor. Plague breaks out. Death of Ismail. Ibrahim and Murad seize the Government. Description and Character of Ibrahim and Murad 651

CHAPTER LIII.

French Expedition to Egypt. Leibnitz' Proposal to Louis XIV. Napoleon objects to the Expedition. French notions of the value of Egypt. Napoleon and the Directory. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE French Expedition sails. Capture of Malta. Arrival in Egypt. Capture of Alexandria. Advance against Mamelukes. The Battle of the Pyramids. Cairo Taken. Naval Engagement at Aboukir Bay. Napoleon calls a Council at Cairo. French Army divided into three Portions. Napoleon pursues Ibrahim. Riot in Cairo. Napoleon Returns. Massacre in the Grand Mosque. The Porte declares War with France. England and Turkey combine against France. Capture of Jaffa by Napoleon. Massacre of Prisoners. Napoleon's Excuse. Siege of Acre. Siege Raised. French Retreat into Egypt. General Desaix' Success against Murad. Land Battle at Aboukir. Defeat of Turks. End of Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign ' 656

CHAPTER LIV.

Napoleon quits Egypt. Reasons for so doing. Kleber appointed his Successor. Murad Bey is surprised, defeated and pursued. Defeat of the Turks. Proposals of Peace. Convention of el-Arisch. Terms of Peace not ratified by England. Letter from Lord Keith to Kleber and from Sir Sydney Smith to Lord Keith. Preparations for War. Success of the French. Murad makes overtures of peace to the French. Assassination of Kleber. General Menou. His Character. Turkish Vacillation. Arrival of English under Sir Ralph Abercrombie. Battle of Alexandria, Death of Abercrombie. Hutchinson assumes Command. Cutting of the Embankment. Lake Mareotis Flooded. Position of the French Army 667

CHAPTER LV.

Troops ordered from India. Battle of Rahmanieh. Siege of Cairo. Description of the Fortifications. Capitulation of Cairo. The French proceed to Rosetta and Embark. Siege of Alexandria. Disagreement amongst the French Officers. Council held and Capitulation decided upon. Doings of the Indian Contingent. Sir David Baird takes Command. Arrival in the Red Sea. March across the Desert. Arrival in Keneh. Cairo Reached. Indian Contingent leaves Egypt. Capitulation of Alexandria. Final Departure of the French gyg

CHAPTER LVI.

The Porte determines to exterminate the Beys. Treachery of the Turkish Admiral. Indignation of the English. Mohammad Kusruf. His Defeat by the Mamelukes. Origin of Mehemet Ali. His First Step. His Doings in Egypt. Pay in Arrears. Military Riots. Kusruf's Flight. Tahir Pasha. His Death. Capture of Kusruf. Gezairli killed by Mamelukes. Mehemet Ali proclaimed Governor. Massacre of Mamelukes. Mehemet as Viceroy. Bardisee and el-Elfee. Their Deaths. Second English Expedition to Egypt. Defeat of English at Rosetta. Mehemet Ali and Beys combine against English. British Troops leave Egypt kqj