The History of Spain, from the earliest ages ... to ... 1814, etc

Front matter

THE HISTORY OF SPAIN, FROM THE EARLIEST AGES OF WHICH WE HAVE ANY AUTHENTIC RECORDS, TO THE RETURN OF FERDINAND VII. in 1814; accompanied with CHRONOLOGICAL & GENEALOGICAL TABLES, OF THE VISIGOTH & SPANISH PRINCES & CALIPHS, AND a LIST OF CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS, AT THE END OF EACH REIGN : ALSO THE POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF EUROPE, AS SETTLED AT THE TREATY OF PARIS; aSiitb Notes. BY FRANCES THURTLE, AUTHOR OF ASHFORD RECTORY ; A HISTORY OF FRANCE; rOPCLAR VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, &C. LONDON : PRINTED FOR G. & W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE, LUDGATE-STREET ; AND N. HAILES, MUSEUM, PICCADILLY. 1820. Printesl by P.. Gilbert, St. John's Square, London. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter I

B. c. The invasion and subjugation of Spain by the Celtæ, the Phœnicians and migratory tribes of other nations, from the earliest periods, till B. C. 329 57 The Celtæ invade Spain: the precise period of their invasion cannot be ascertained, but it must have been at no great distance of time About after the dispersion of the nations at Babylon 58 870 The Phœnicians nnder Pygmalion invade Spain 59 574 Nebuchadnezzar conquers great part of Spain 60 491 The Carthaginians make permanent settlements under Sappho. 61 330 A colony of Greeks from Marseilles settle at Empurias . .._.-... 62 339 Dreadful storms and earthquakes in Spain

Chapter II

The Carthaginians under Hamilcar become masters of Spain, from B. C. 339, to B. C. 221. V B. C. PAGE 237 Hamilcar arrives in Spain 63 Hannibal swears eternal enmity against the Romans 228 The death of Hamilcar puts a temporary stop to the warlike intentions of the Carthaginians. . 64 Hannibal arrives in Spain — The Romans having made an alliance with the Empurians, and some other nations, send an embassy to Spain, to fix the boundaries of their possessions .--.... . --. . ... 65 221 Death of Asdrubal . . . .

Chapter III

The Carthaginians contend for the sovereignty of Spain, from B. C. 221, to B. C. 162. ....... . . 66 221 Hannibal raised to the government of Spain, upon the death of Asdrubal ._ -.-.-.. 218 Saguntum besieged ; the city burnt by the inhabitants 67 Second punic war begins -...-, — 215 Gneus Scipio appears in Spain ........ 68 212 Death of the two Scipios, at IRorcis, or Lorquin, in Murcia 69 207 Publius Scipio, the younger, compels the Carthaginians to quit Spain ..—».-. .... 70 196 Spain becomes a Roman province. Scipio returns to Rome, and is honoured with a triumph 71

Chapter IV

The conquest of Numantia, by the Romans, and other events, bringing down the history, from B.C. 196, to B.C. 119 :.....,.... Variatus contends for his country's freedom . . 72 131 Is defeated, and slain by one of his own soldiers Pompey appointed to the government of Spain 112 a3 VI CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE C PACE 112 He besieges Numantia 73 Numantia taken 75

Chapter V

The Cimbri invade Spain — the wars between Marius, and Sylla, contribute to the elevation of Q. Sertorius to the government of Spain, from B. C. 112, to B. C. 61 76 Q. Sertorius establishes his authority in Spain 77 76 Mithridates, king of Pontus, sends a friendly embassy to him .... 78 Sertorius' success is various, but he is at length killed by a man called Anthony 79 61 Pompey returns to Rome f.'ttj,'.

Chapter VI

Spain under the government of Julius Cæsar and Augustus Cæsar, from B.C. 61 to B.C. 25. 80 61 Julius Cæsar makes his first appearance in Spain, in the humble situation of Quæstor, or paymaster , 60 Pompey's forces defeated by Cæsar _... ... 46 Cæsar returns to Rome, and after some time again re-appears in Spain, and completely subdues Pompey's party, in the plains of Munda gi 44 He falls by assassination „ . .„.._. Z 25 Augustus Cæsar succeeds him, and subdues the Cantabrians „_.. 82 Many colonies planted in Spain at this period . .

Chapter VII

a, d. Spain, during the time of the Roman emperors, from 25 B. C. to A. D. 538 _' 83 268 The Franks invade Spain ..*... A. 0. PAGB The Roman provinces invaded by the Goths . . 84 410 Rome taken by Alari, king of the Goths Adolphus, his brother and successor, makes an alliance with the Romans, and crosses the Pyrenees to oppose the Alari, Suevi, and Vandals, who were settled in Spain .......... 86 416 Shortly after which Adolphus was assassinated 437 The Vandals and Suevi disagree, and Genseric, king of the Vandals, having defeated the latter, passed over into Africa, and there founded the Vandelic empire v. 87 484 Eric, king of the Visigoths, establishes the independent Gothic kingdom, and fixes his capital at Bourdeaux .- 507 The Franks, under Clovis, attack the Goths, at Vouille, and defeat them 88 531 Theudes elected king, upon the death of Alaric 548 Belisarius takes Ceuta from the Vandals

Chapter VIII

Spain is governed by a succession of Gothic princes, from A. D. 567 to A. D. 712 89 667 Luiva elected king of the Goths, his brother Leogivild is associated with him in the government ., -.....-. . . . The latter defeats the Suevi 90 672 Accession of Wamba 91 His general Paul heads the insurgents he was sent to subdue. Wamba defeats him, and returns in triumph to Toledo 680 Wamba is deposed by the ambitious Erviga . . 92 Erviga, after a short reign of seven years, resigns his crown to Egiza, the near kinsman ofWamba » 98 Egiza revised the laws of his kingdom, and united the whole kingdom under one form of jurisdiction A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE A. O. PAGE 680 He persecutes the Jews, who invite the Saracens to Spain ; they are defeated 94 701 Egiza dies 95 Accession of Witiza ; his cruelty causes a rebellion .— x. 707 In which he is deposed, and Roderick elected king in his stead 712 Roderick's popularity on his elevation to the throne

Chapter IX

The origin and progress of the Mahommedan faith and conquests, from A. D. 573 to A. D. 714 ... y. 578 Birth of Mahomet _„.. ... . _. . 622 His flight to Medina 98 629 He returns to Mecca in triumph 655 His death 709 Conquests of the Saracens in Asia, and the north of Africa ...... ... __.. 99 Roderick's misconduct ; treachery of count Julian, who betrays Spain to the Moors 100 710 The first landing of the Moors in Spain 714 Death of Roderick 101

Chapter X

Further conquests of the Arabs in Spain, from A. D. 713, to A.D. 721 i. 102 Tarik captures Toledo, Murcia, Leon, and Medina Celi, in which he finds the celebrated table of emerald 103 Tarik is imprisoned by Musa They both repair to Damascus 104 721 Aftdalaziz, son of Musa, is appointed viceroy, and slain Fate of all those concerned in the invasion of Spain I

Book III

From the Conquest of Spain by the Saracens, till the Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella, from A. D. 716 to A.D. 1 478. a. D. PAGE

Chapter I

Foundation of the kingdom of Asturias by Pelagius ; and permanent establishment of the Moors, from A. D. 716 to A. D 851 ... , 106 716 Pelagius founds the kingdom of Asturias — Politic conduct of the Arabians 107 Their defeat, by Charles Martel 108 735 Death of Pelagius 109 He is succeeded by his son Favila — 737 Dissensions between the Ommiades and the Abassides in the east ; their influence extends to Spain 110 Alphonso I. extends the kingdom of Asturias . . — 757 Abdoulrachman establishes an independent caliphat in Spain — 765 Froila succeeds his father Ill He murders his brother, and is himself assassinated . . .„_„ — 768 Accession of Aurelio 1 112 774 He is succeeded by Silo, an Arabian — 783 Mauregate usurps the throne . 113 787 Abdoulrachman, the first Spanish Caliph, dies. . — 788 Bermudo, surnamed the Deacon, succeeds Mauregate 114 791 Bermudo resigns in favour of Alphonso, the son of Froila , — Alphonso II. his success against the Moors, and public acts of munificence 115 822 Death of the Caliph Hassem II — 845 Alphonso II. resigns the crown to Ramiro, the son of Bermudo 116 a5 X CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE ,i D. PAGE 845 Ramiro defeats Abdoulrachman II. near Simancas .-.-...... 116 Death of Almanzor, the Moorish general 117 850 Ramiro beats back the Normans who invade the north of Spain — 851 Ramiro dies —

Chapter II

Wars between the Moors and Christians continue ; union of the kingdoms of Leon and Castile ; and division of the Spanish caliphat, from A. D. 851, to A. D. 1038 118 851 Orthoguo I. ascends the throne upon the death of Ramiro — He defeats the Normans, and gains several very splendid victories over the Moors ...... .... — 862 His death. -.. 119 Accession of Alphonso III — He is obliged to take refuge in the mountains of Castile ... 120 886 The Christians extend their conquests as far as Merida , — 866 Death of Mohammed " — And of his son Almanzor — 889 Accession of Abdouallah ; his death . . .—. ..... . . — Garcias, son of Alphonso III. rebels 121 91 0 Alphonso resigns the crown to him — 911 Death of Alphonso III. surnamed the Great .. . — 913 Garcias dies ... 122 He is succeeded by Orthogno II. 123 The stloois attack Navarre — Orthogno murders the earls of Castile 124 923 His death _ _ Froila II. ascends the throne. ... .. „ — 924 Dies, after a short but cruel reign 12& Alphonso IV. eldest son of Orthogno II. is *• V. PAGE elected king, but resigns to his brother Ramiro II 125 Revolts and is defeated — 934 Ramiro defeats the Moors in a great battle near Simancas .-.. ............. 120 952 Ramiro dies .... — Orthogno III. his son, ascends the throne.

He divorces his queen, the daughter of Ferdinand Gonzales, earl of Castile, who erects the standard of revolt, but returns to his duty,. 127 967 Orthogno dies ; and is succeeded by his brother Sancho I 128 He is compelled to flee to Cordova by the earl of Castile .-. — Is restored, and by his clemency secures the affections of his people, and gains those of the disaffected 129 067 Is poisoned by a traitor, whom he had forgiven. — Death of the Caliph Abdoulrachman III — Accession of Ramiro III 130 He defeats the N ormans — 985 Dies, and is succeeded by Bermudo II 131 The Moors ravage Leon — 998 The king of Navarre and the earl of Castile assist Bermudo, and the Moors are, in their turn, defeated .. — 999 Bermudo dies 132 Alphonso his son rebuilds Leon ..- — 1026 Is killed by an arrow before Piseo — His son Bermudo III. though a minor, is elected king™ 133 The king of Navarre invades Castile 134 1037 Death of Bermudo, the last male heir descended from Pelagius — Division of the Caliphat — a CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE XII

Chapter III

A. D. PAGE Accession of Ferdinand king of Castile and Leon ; division of the kingdom at his death the cause of fresh troubles, from A. D. 1037, to A. D. 1217 .'. , 135 1037 Ferdinand defeats his brother Garcias — 1065 Dies 136 Sancho inherits Castile 1 37 Alphonso VI. is proclaimed king of Leon .... — Dissensions between the two brothers — 1072 Sancho is slain — Siege of Toledo — Heroic exploits of the Cid Campeador 138 1078 Reduction of Toledo — Marriages of the king's daughters 139 Death of Sancho, only son of Alphonso ......... 140 1109 Alphonso VI. dies . — Succession of Urraca; her deposition and accession of her son Alphonso VII 142 1147 Oraja, Coria, and Almeria, submit to his arms 143 Brotherly affection of Sancho, king of Castile, and Ferdinand II. of Leon 145 1 158 His death — Alphonso VIII 146 Revolutions in the north of Africa 147 Famous battle near Tolosa, in which the Moors were defeated — The Moorish kingdom in Spain again sub-divided 148 1214 Death of Alphonso VIII. 149 Succession of Henry I. under the guardianship of his mother Berengeria 15st 1217 He is killed by a tile which fell on him , , . . — ,

Chapter IV. A- D, Page

The re-union of Leon and Castile by Ferdinand III. to the accession of Sancho IV. from A. D. 1217 to A. D. 1284 151 1217 Ferdinand III. succeeds Henry I — Marries Beatrix, daughter of the emperor Philip — 1230 Succeeds to the kingdom of Leon also — Marches towards Cordova, death of Abenbut, monarch of that kingdom 153 The city capitulates — Moorish power gradually circumscribed 154 Slight sketch of the benefits conferred on Spain by the Moors — Valencia besieged 155 It surrenders, having obtained an honourable capitulation — Ferdinand besieges Jaen 156 Its gallant defence — 1243 The Moorish monarch takes refuge in the Christian camp — Siege of Seville 157 1248 It capitulates — 1252 Death of Ferdinand III. ... 158 Alphonso X. succeeds as king of Leon and Castile 159 He lays claim to the Imperial crown — His son Sancho rebels, but returns to his duty 1284 Alphonso dies 160

Chapter V

Accession of Sancho IV. — success of the Christians against the Moors — death of .41phonso XL from A. D. 1280, to A. D. 1350 162 Disagreement between Sancho and his brother Don Juan CHRONOLOGICAL T. BLE XIV A. D. PACE Death of don Lopez de Haro 163 Sancho's cruelty after the surrender of Badajos — Fidelity of don Alvaro de Gusman at the siege of Tarifa 164 1295 Death of Sancho ....... ,. — Ferdinand IV. succeeds his father under the guardianship of his mother donna Maria 166 Don Juan is proclaimed king of Leon ......... — Alphonso de la Cerda assumes the title of king of Castile . — Critical situation of donna Maria ; her policy . . 167 1310 Ferdinand subdues his enemies, and captures Gibraltar . , — 1312 Birth of Alphonso XI — 1313 His accession 168 Death of his mother, queen Constance — 1319 Death of don Juan and don Pedro, who were slain in an engagement with the Moors .... 169 1322 Death of donna Maria — Alphonso takes the government into his own hands —.„. 170 He suppresses a rebellion in Castile — Great preparations of Abu Hassan, king of Morocco, to engage the Christians 171 Alphonso solicits the aid of the kings of Arragon and Portugal 172 1340 Presumptuous conduct of the Moors, and consequent defeat in the neighbourhood of Tarifa Pecuniary difficulties of Alphonso 173 1344 The siege and capture of Algeziras V3^>0 Alphonso dies before Gibraltar 175

Chapter VI

From the accession of Peter the Cruel to the death of John I. from A. D. 1350, to A. D. 1390 [ ]77 A. D PAGE Accession of Peter the Cruel 177 Great advantages of Peter upon his accession. . 178 Death of donna Leonora di Gusman — Peter marries Blanche, daughter of the duke of Bourbon — Forsakes her, and donna Maria de Padilla resumes her former ascendency over him 179 Blanche imprisoned and divorced — He marries donna Joanna de Castro — He betrays the king of Grenada, and causes him to be assassinated — 1355 War declared with Arragon — Rebellion of his subjects, headed by Henry, count of Trastamare . 180 Who is assisted by the king of France ; and du Gueselin leads a large army to his assistance — Peter takes refuge at the court of Edward the Black Prince 181 1368 Peter's success and ingratitude — Henry again appears in Castile 182 Peter decoyed into the power of his brother; who kills him 183 Accession of Henry II. count of Trastamare . 185 1379 His death — His son John succeeds him — He lays claim to the crown of Portugal 186 And John of Gaunt asserts his right to that of Castile — 1388 Marriage of Catharine, daughter of the duke of 187 Lancaster, with Henry, first prince of Asturias 1390 Death of John —

Chapter VII

gFrom the accession of Henry III. to that of Ferdinand and Isabella, from A. D. 1390, to A. D. 1478 - CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE A. D. PAGE Henry III. proclaimed king upon the death of his father 188 His efforts to assuage the miseries of his people 189 The nobles.rebel . — 1400 Death of Henry — Wise and noble conduct of Ferdinand, brother of the late monarch, during the minority of his nephew, John H 191 His success against the Moors _._.M-. — 1410 He succeeds to the united crowns of Arragon, Navarre, and the Balearic islands 192 John's unpopular conduct ] 93 He is imprisoned by his nobles, and escapes . . — 1445 Outrageous conduct of don Alvaro de Luna . . 194 1453 His death1 — 1454 Death of John . .^.. _ 195 System of warfare pursued by Henry IV. against the Moors 197 Disaffection of the Cas til i an nobles 198 1464 Alphonso, brother of Henry, proclaimed king by them ; he dies — Pretensions of Isabella, the king's sister, to the throne of Castile. She marries Ferdinand, king of Sicily, and heir apparent to the kingdom of Arragon 199 1478 Death of Henry IV ...

Book IV

From the Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella, to that of the House of Bourbon, in the Person of Philip duke of Anjou, Grandson of Louis XIV. from A.D. 1478, to A. D. 1701.

Chapter I

A. D. PAGE Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, to the death of the latter, from A.D. 1478, to A, D. 1504. A. O. PAGE 1478 Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella 201 War of Grenada 202 1492 Surrender of Grenada, the capital of the Moorish kingdom 206 Alliances of the family of Ferdinand and Isabella 207 1494 Ferdinand assists Ferdinand, king of Naples, and compels Charles VIII. of France to return to France 1498 The Moors banished from Spain 208 Death of the prince of Asturias 209 1502 The archduke Philip and Joanna proclaimed heirs to the crown of Arragon and Castile . . . 1504 Death of Isabella Her character « 210

Chapter III

Unfortunate insanity of Joanna — death of her husband the archduke Philip — and the appointment of Ferdinand to the regency — death of Ferdinand, from A. D. 1504, to A. D. 1516 216 Ferdinand assumes the regency of Castile upon the death of Isabella — Philip disputes his pretensions — Ferdinand marries Gerniaine de Foix 217 The archduke Philip arrives in Spain, and is received with the most flattering marks of distinction . 218 Ferdinand and Philip hold a conference — Philip's cruel conduct to his queen 219 His death — Decided symptons of derangement appear in Joanna 220 Her grief for the death of her husband — 1502 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE A. D. PAGE 1506 Ferdinand again appointed Regent, by the exertions of Cardinal Ximenes 221 1508 Great success against the Moors in Africa 1509 Dejection of Ferdinand on the death of his infant son 1516 Death of Ferdinand „ 222 Ximenes nominated to the regency of Castile. . Death of Gonsalvo, of Cordova Character of Ferdinand 223

Chapter IV

Accession of Charles I. — vigorous administration of Cardinal Ximenes — arrival of Charles in Spain — is elected emperor — troubles in Spain — the subjugation of the Commons, from A. D. 1516, to A.D. 1522 225 1516 Accession of Charles I. afterwards emperor, as Charles V — His education — Character and conduct of Ximenes 226 His popularity — He subdues the nobles 228 Envy of the Flemish courtiers .— — 1517 Charles arrives in Spain 230 His ungrateful conduct to Ximenes 232 Death of the latter — 1518 Opposition shewn by the Spaniards towards Charles ....... 233 He becomes a candidate for the German empire 235 1519 The diet assembled ; and Charles elected . ... 236 His joy upon the occasion 237 Disorders in Spain , ,. Charles irritates, instead of conciliating, his subjects 238 1520 He embarks for Germany , 240 Is crowned emperor, 23rd of October — The commons, under the conduct of don Juan His education A. D PAGE de Padilla, take arms for a redress of grievances 241 Alarm of Adrian — He is at first successful — Cruel and ill-judged proceedings of Fonesca, at Segovia — The cities of Spain form themselves into a confederacy, and style themselves the Holy Junta ItfL Joanna recovers her reason for a short time . . . 243 The Conde de Haro opposes the rebels, and secures the person of the queen _. ►. 245 Defeat of Padilla ; and his death , 246 Heroic conduct of his wife — Charles arrives in Spain 247 His clemency — 1522

Chapter V

Affairs of Germany during the troubles in Spain — the wars between Charles V. and Francis 1. — captivity of the French monarch — and of the Pope — Charles visits Spain — proposes a general excise — which the nobles resist — they are expelled from the Cortez — resignation of Charles— his death— from A. D. 1520, to A. D. 1558 248 1520 Retrospect of the affairs of Germany Disagreement betweeii Charles and Francis 249 Solyman the Magnificent captures Rhodes .... 251 1523 Venetians join Charles Bourbon revolts from France 252 Distress of the imperial generals Francis invades Italy 1525 Battle of Pavia, 24th February 253 Charles's hyprocrisy upon this occasion 254 Sensation produced by the captivity of Francis CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE XX A. D. PAGE 1525 Ungenerous conduct of Charles towards his noble prisoner ._. 255 Francis goes to Spain — 1526 Treaty of Madrid signed, 24th January 256 Francis arrives in France 257 His evasion 258 Charles marries Isabella of Portugal — Holy league formed between the Venetians, the Pope, and Francis —. . „ . . — 1527 Imperial troops march towards Rome 259 Capture and pillage of the city ...._... — Death of Bourbon — 1528 Charles affects much sorrow at the success of his arms 260 Francis challenges Charles to single combat. . . — 1529 Treaty of Cambray - 261 1530 Charles visits Italy ; his conciliatory conduct . . — 1531 Goes to Germany — 1 532 Returns to Spain — Defeats the corsair Barbarossa — 1533 Peru discovered by Pizarro 262 1537 A truce between Charles and Francis 263 1538 Treaty of Nice, 18th of June — The emperor arrives in Spain ; summons the Cortez — The nobles refuse to acceed to a general excise 264 They are excluded from the Cortez — 1539 The citizens of Ghent revolt 265 Charles passes through France, on his way to the Netherlands — His duplicity towards Francis — 1551 Charles's unfortunate expedition to Africa .... 266 1554 Treaty between Charles and Francis r. 267 Death of Francis 268 Marriage of Philip, prince of Asturias, with Mary of England 269 1555 Success of the protestants in Germany. . . . .. ,, — A. D. PAGE 1555 Charles V. resigns the sovereignty of the Netherlands, 25th of Octoher 270 1556 And of Spain, 26th of January 272 Treaty of peace between Philip II. and Henry II 274 Charles resigns the imperial diadem, 27th of August He embarks for Spain i 275 His pursuits and amusements in his retirement 1558 His death, 21st of September . 277

Chapter VI

Wars of Philip II. with Francis and the Pope — the Flemings take up arms in defence of their civil and religious liberties — persecution of the Moors — battle of Lepanto— defeat of the Spanish armada — rebellion of the Catalans — their subjugation — death of Philip, from A. D. 1557, to A. D. 1598 279 Political contests of Philip II. with the Pope, and Henry II. of France — 1559 Treaty of peace between the contending parties, 23rd of April 281 Philip embarks for Spain 282 Unfortunate expedition to Tripoli — The Turks make an unsuccessful attack on Malta 284 Philip resolves on extirpating the Protestant religion 285 Revolt in the Netherlands — 1568 Tyranny of the duke of Alva 286 1571 Success of the protestants 288 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 24th of August — Cruel conduct of Philip towards the Moors, A.D. 1570.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE A. D. PAGE 1572 Celebrated battle of Lepanto, 5th of October, 1571 : 291 1574 Gallant defence of Leyden 292 1578 Death of don John of Austria ....- 293 1579 Union of Utrecht, 15th of January — 1581 Portugal united to Spain — 1584 Assassination of the prince of Orange 294 Philip resolves on the conquest of England .... — 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 295 1591 Death of the duke of Parma _. 298 Philip's violent proceedings against don Antonio de Perez — 1596 The English pillage Cadiz, 1st of July 300 Destruction of the Spanish armament destined to act against Ireland -.„ 301 Philip resolves to confer the sovereignty of the Netherlands upon his daughter Isabella, and her husband, the archduke Albert — i 598 Treaty of Vervins, 1 3th of September — Death and character of Philip II 302

Chapter VII

Accession of Philip III. — war in the Netherlands—oppressive administration of the duke of Lerma — expulsion of the Moors — the Valteline siezed by the duke of Lerma — death of Philip, from A. D. 1589, to A. D. 1621 305 1598 Accession of Philip III — 1599 He marries Margaret, daughter of the archduke Charles 306 Impolitic administration of the Duke of Lerma 307 1604 Peace between England and Spain, 18th of August 308 1609 Philip, and the archduke, conclude a treaty with the States of Holland 309 1611 Expulsion of the Moors from Africa Alliance with France 3 A" D' PAGE 1611 Disgrace of the duke of Lerma 3*13 Fate of don Roderigo Calderoni 314 1620 The duke of Feria, governor of Milan, sieges the Valteline Rebellion in Naples 315 1621 Death of Philip III. 31st of March — His character 316

Chapter VIII

Olivarez pursues a ruinous system of warfare — Marriage of the prince of Wales and the Infanta broken off— revolt of the Catalans followed by that.of Portugal — great losses of the Spaniards — death of Philip III. — from A. D. 1621, to A. D. 1665 317 1621 Philip IV. succeeds his father at the age of sixteen — Power and influence of Olivarez 318 Fall of Breda; death of prince Maurice — Charles, prince of Wales, arrives in Spain .... 319 His flattering reception — Outrageous conduct of Buckingham — Philip's fair and honourable proceedings, during the whole of this unfortunate transaction. . . . 320 1628 Disasters of Spain 321 1 640 Celebrated siege of Barcelona -»- Portugal revolts 322 Olivarez affects to be jocose upon the occasion 323 His disgrace and death ■ — > Success of the Dutch in the Netherlands 324 1647 Insurrection at Naples 325 The United Provinces declared independent. . . — Gallant conduct of the prince de Conde ....... 326 1655 J amaica captured by tlie English 327 1659 Peace between France and Spain, 7th of November 328 1665 Death of Philip, 17th of September CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Chapter IX. A

D. PAGE Weak administration of Mary Ann of Austria — independence of Portugal acknowledged — Arrest of the queen mother — Charles declares war against Louis XIV. — candidates for the Spanish succession — Charles II. names Philip duke of Anjou heir to all his dominions — death of the Spanish monarch — from A. D. 1665, to A. D. 1701 331 1665 Weak administration of Mary Ann of Austria, and her confessor, father Nitard — 1668 Independence of Portugal acknowledged 332 Dismissal of father Nitard. 333 Elevation of Ferdinand de Valenzuela — Pitiable situation of Spain at this period 334 675 War between France and Spain — Rapid success of Louis in the Netherlands .... — 1676 Charles II. declared of age — 1677 Charles makes his escape from Madrid, and Hies to don John of Austria 335 Imprisonment of the queen mother — 1679 Treaty of Nimeguen — Death of don John of Austria 336 Marriage of Charles II. with Louisa of Orleans ■ — Insulting conduct of Louis XIV — War declared against him by Spain — 1685 Spain compelled to sign a truce for twenty years The Alliance of Spain with England and Holland against France 337 1697 Treaty of Ryswick Indisposition of Charles II , — 1699 Intrigues for the Spanish succession 338 1700 Charles makes a will, declaring the duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. as his successor 1701 Death of Charles

Book V

From the Accession of Philip V. of the House of Bourbon, to the Restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the Throne of his Ancestors.

Chapter I

A. D. PAGE Accession of Philip V. — rebellion of Naples — capture of the Spanish galleons at Vigo — the archduke Charles lays claim to the crown of Spain — civil wars in Spain — Charles made emperor, and Philip acknowledged king of Spain — revolt of the Catalans — cardinal Alberoni placed at the head of affairs — Philip abdicates — death of bis son Louis — Philip resumes the royal authority — dies, from A. D. 1701, to A. D. 1746 341 1701 Louis XIV. accepts the testament of Charles II. — The duke of Anjou proclaimed king at Madrid, by the title of Philip V .„ . . . 342 War in Italy „ 343 Injudicious steps of Philip's first administration — Death of James II. of England 344 1702 And of William III. prince of Orange 345 Revolt of the Catalans, and of Naples — Philip visits his Neapolitan dominions, and by his conciliating conduct, gains the affections of his subjects in that country .-„ — Capture of the Spanish galleons in the port of Vigo 346 1703 The archduke Charles declared king of Spain, at Lisbon 347 A civil war ravages the Peninsula .... 348 1704 Siege of Barcelona -. — 1705 Ineffectual attempts of Philip to retake it 349 a CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE XXVI A. D. PAGfe 1706 Unsuccessful overtures for peace, by Louis XIV. 350 Unreasonable demands of the allies 351 Cardinal Portocarrero is restored to the administration, and by his politic conduct, greatly contributes to the success of Philip — Death of the Cardinal -. . 352 Ungenerous and overbearing conduct of the allies towards Louis XIV — 1710 The archduke Charles enters Madrid 353 1712 Peace between Great Britain and Spain proposed — 1713 The peace of Utrecht signed, 31st of March. . 354 Particulars of this treaty — Troubles in Catalonia 355 J714 Siege of Barcelona 356 Death of the queen, Maria Louisa — Philip's grief for her loss 357 Alberoni negociates a marriage between Elizabeth Farnese and Philip — Ambitious projects of the cardinal 358 1716 In consequence of which, the Quadruple alliance is signed between France, England, Holland, and Germany — 1718 Vigorous preparations of the cardinal — The duke of Parma interferes with his plans. . . 359 1719 Disgrace of Alberoni ,_ — Peace immediately follows his dismissal — Philip resolves on resigning his crown lo his son ; is violently opposed by his queen 360 1724 At length, accomplishes his wishes, aud retires . to the palace of St. Ildcfonso Death of the young king Louis — Philip resumes the royal authority — Don Carlos, the king's third son, invested with the sovereignty of Parma, Placeiitia, and Tuscany 361 1731 The emperor disputes this succession, but is A. D, PAGE compelled to acquiesce in it, by France and England .... . 361 1734 Naples conquered by Spain .... 362 1739 War with England and Germany 1745 Don Philip enters Milan in triumph 363 1746 Death of Philip V 364