Memoirs of the war in Spain from 1808 to 1814

Chapter I

— Battle of Maria. — Situation of the French armies in Spain. — Departure of the 5th corps of the grand army from Silesia and its arrival in Arragon. — Siege of Saragossa. — Occupation of Jaca and Monzon. — Departure of Sachet's division for Castille — General Suchet relieves the duke d'Abrantes in the command of the Srd corps. — Situation of that corps, — State of Arragon. — Arrival of general Blake in Arragon and of general Suchet at Saragossa. — Attack of Alcaniz. — Retreat upon Saragossa. — Re-organization of the troops and preparations of defence. — Battle of Maria — Battle of Belchite. — Occupation of the line of the Guadalupe and the Cinca.

Chapter II

— Battles in Arragon. — Glance at the condition of Spain. — Organization of the Guerillas. — Various engagements. — Actions fought at San Juan de la Peiia and at Nuestra Sefiora del Tremedal. — Capture of Venasque Successive occupation of Arragon.

Chapter III

— Expedition to Valencia.— Occupation of Andalusia by the French armies. — Improve- VI CONTEXTS. Past 77 lio 156 ment of the public mind in Arragon. — Disturbances in Navarre — The younger Mina. — General Suchet orders him to be pursued — He repairs to Pampeluna — Uncer tainty respecting the future destination of the Srd corps. — The king orders a movement upon Valencia — March towards that city. — Battle of Alventosa. — Arrival before Valencia. — Return to Arragon. — Mina is taken prisoner.

Chapter IV

— Siege of Lerida. — Preparations for the siege of Lerida. — Investment of the place. — Details concerningit. — State of the fortifications. — Temporary junction with the army of Catalonia. — .Approach of the Spanish army commanded by Henry O'Donnell. — Battle of Margalef. — Fruitless attack upon the redoubts of Garden — Openingof the trench. — The batteries are established. — First opening of the fire. — Renewal of the fire from the batteries, and opening of the breaches. — Capture of the redoubts of Garden. — Assault and taking of the town. — Capitulation of the castle and of the fort Garden.

Chapter V

— Taking of Mequinenza. — Regulations adopted subsequent to the taking of Lerida. — Skirmishes during the siege of that place. — Investment of Mequinenza. — Opening of the trenches. — Taking of the town.— Establishment of the batteries. — Opening of the fire upon the fort. — Capitulation. — Capture of the fort of Morella in the kingdom of Valencia

Chapter VI

— March on the lower Ebro. General view of Catalonia. — The Srd corps receives orders to besiege Tortosa. — Opening of a road from Mequinenza to that city. — Supplies drawn from Arragon. CONTENTS. VII r.gc Military organization of the province during the siege. —Head quarters established at Mora — Investment of the tete-de-pont at Tortosa. —Sorties of the garrison.— Movements of the Spaniards against the forces of the besiegers.— The French army of Catalonia approaches the Srd corps.— Junction of the duke of Tarentum with general Suchet at Lerida.— First convoy by the Ebro.— Death of general Laval.— Partial actions.— The army of Catalonia returns to Barcelona 1 79

Chapter VII

— Blockade of Tortosa. — Suspension of the operations of the siege of Tortosa. — Espoz y Mina in Navarre. — Affairs at Alventosa and Fuente- Santa. — Continuation of the blockade. — Meeting of a junta at Mora — Battle at Falset. — Battle at Ulldecona. — Arrival of the 7th corps and marshal Macdonald 217

Chapter VIII

— Siege of Tortosa. — Description of Tortosa. — Investment of the fortress Opening of the trenches. — Operations of the breaches. — Occupation of the tete-de-pont. — Descent of the ditch — The fortress offers to capitulate. — The firing re-commeDces. — General Suchet enters the town, and compels the governor to capitulate 235

Chapter IX

— Taking of the col de Balaguer. Taking of the fort of San-Felipe at the col de Balaguer. — Return of the army to Arragon — The Arragonese are favourably disposed towards the army. — Partial engagements — Preparations of defence at Valencia and Tarragona. — Various actions on both banks of the Ebro CONTENTS. Page

Chapter X

— Administration of Arragon.— The 3rd corps ceases to be a burden to France. — Exhausted state of Arragon. —Statistical details respecting that province. — The Arragonese are called to take a share in the administration of the country. — Ordinary contributions — Extraordinary contribution. — Payment of the troops. — Removal of the extraordinary contribution. — Organization of the district of Tortosa — Imperial canal in Arragon. —Hospitals ; police. — Supplies collected in Arragon during the sieges. — Meat market. — Arrival of an intendant-general from Paris. — Results of an administration of two years' duration 290 Explanatory Documents SS,~

Introduction

. Marshal Suchet wrote his Memoirs during the latter period of his life, when the return of peace enabled him to indulge without restraint in the meditations of his riper years. He had caused numerous extracts to be made from his official correspondence, and personally superintended the selection ; by so doing he not only reviewed the principal facts, but the details with which they were connected, in order to record every circumstance deserving of notice. As competent a judge of the plan of action as at the time when he had an immediate control over it, he held the thread of his operations, placed them jn their proper light, exhibited their real motives, developed their results, and bestowed a due meed of praise upon all who had distinguished themselves under his orders. His Narrative was principally written for military men ; and we should fail in giving a just description of his character, were we to omit noticing, as a peculiar feature in it, that whilst penning these Memoirs, he always had present to his mind the individuals composing X introduction. the army of Arragon.

No chief ever displayed so ardent a wish to extol the merits of those who seconded his views. His narrative teems throughout with an earnest anxiety to do justice to every one acting under his orders. This may have occasioned a certain prolixity, of which the reader may perhaps complain when he finds the series of events interrupted by the detail of partial engagements. In justice, however, to the author, he should bear in mind the following points : 1st. — Marshal Suchet was perpetually an noyed by a petty warfare on his flanks and in his rear, in the midst of those important operations which drew off his attention during the progress of the sieges and battles in which he was engaged ; and that his narrative, whilst re tracing this incessantly reviving opposition, the bare perusal of which excites the reader's im patience, exhibits a picture, which from that very circumstance, bears a closer affinity to truth. 2ndly. — The marshal only succeeded in con quering that difficulty by instilling into every individual belonging to the army under his orders the feelings by which he was animated.

The Spanish war was more calculated than any other to develop, in the inferior ranks of the service those talents which lead to celebrity, because it often compelled military men to depend upon

INTRODUCTION.

. XI their own resources. It will be seen from these Memoirs that the commander of the army of Arragon, after having formed so many valuable officers, could not resist the impulse which in duced him to record their praises, and that his grateful heart was acquitting a kind of debt by associating them with the narrative of his cam paigns. This is what he expresses in an affecting manner at the commencement of the 7th chap ter, in the following language : " If some of those petty actions appear to have lost much of the interest that belonged to them, it should be remembered that the commander-in chief endeavoured to persuade every individual in his army, that on whatever station he was em ployed, and whatever duty he was called upon to perform, a degree of importance was necessarily attached to his conduct, the eyes of others were upon him, and his services were duly ob served and appreciated ; nor was he disappointed in the object of his endeavours.

He takes a delight, even at the present day, and after so long a lapse of time, in making known that he has not for gotten his companions in arms, and that their services are ever present to his mind." We venture to hope that many of those who may read these reflections will feel disposed, through a feeling of kindred justice or benevolence, to ex cuse and even applaud the part adopted by mar-

INTRODUCTION.

. shal Suchet of recording in his Memoirs the names of many officers, and the particulars of many trifling engagements. The Memoirs of marshal Suchet are as much the offspring of his own mind as the campaigns which he describes: the spirit in which they were composed may be gathered from what we have just premised. He derived enjoyment and relaxation from the task ; his active imagination delighted in the recollection of the past, amidst the pleasing distractions of a domestic life, and during the painful intermission of his last illness. His in timate friends drew from his conversation a faithful commentary on his work ; he pointed out the final modifications to be made, which rather consisted in curtailments from than in additions to it, and he sought with their assistance the explanatory documents that were to accompany the publica tion.

Much time was required for effecting this careful revision, for checking the accuracy of figures and dates, drawing up statements, and appending notes or documents intended to eluci date, explain, or develop the text. The perusal of the work cannot fail to justify the general regret occasioned by the death of marshal Suchet. Nothing is left of the exploits which have illustrated the whole of his career beyond the recollection of them ; but this will endure the longer as it is connected with the re membrance of the many virtues that have adorned

INTRODUCTION.

. XIII his character. To history will devolve the task of treasuring up the memory of our hero ; it will re cord that he owed his elevation solely to his merit; that every mark of distinction which he acquired was strictly his due ; that having been unexpect edly forced to adopt the career of arms, at the period when the youth of France were summoned to the defence of its territory, he brought to the profession that natural aptitude which is always a sure presage of distinguished talents; that having already reached the rank of chef de bataillon du ring the campaign in Italy, he was a colonel at twenty-six years of age, chief of the staff at twenty-seven, and lieutenant-general at twenty nine ; that his name was connected with the glo rious achievements on the banks of the Var and the Mincio, in the fields of Austerlitz and Jena, under the walls of Lerida, Saguntum, and Tarra gona, which achievements he sometimes ratified with his blood ; that, always skilful and fortunate, successful in fields of battle and in sieges, he attained by a series of brilliant deeds the very first rank in the army.

History, however, whilst recording those deeds, will not fail to exalt their splendour, and to stamp a peculiar lustre upon them in the eyes of philosophy and humanity, by adding that, wherever he carried his arms, he successfully exerted his endeavours to mitigate the calamities of war. Without at any time losing sight of the principal object of a

INTRODUCTION.

. commander-in-chief, that of leading his soldiers to victory, his first care was to procure them the means of subsistence (a task often attended with serious difficulties,) and to provide for their wants. In return, however, he enjoined the strictest observance of discipline ; and by maintaining order in his army, easily brought the inhabitants of the country to a sense of justice. This was the aim of his praiseworthy endeavours, which were accordingly crowned with success. He was no sooner appointed commander-in-chief, than he manifested the soundness of his judgment and his elevation of soul by the character of his government. He was directed to feed the war by the war; and his mission was to vanquish and conquer. He did more : he increased his power by the prudence of his measures, and diminished the obstinacy of resistance by the justice which guided him in the prosecution of them.

The most enlightened Spaniards were selected to exercise public functions in their respective provinces. Land-owners, deputies from chap ters, merchants, lawyers, all met together for the purpose of decreeing and apportioning with the strictest impartiality the burdens entailed by the war ; and every year, when fresh demands were made, a statement was invariably presented of the appropriation of the preceding contributions, which was always guided by the rules of justice, prudence, and economy, and super-

INTRODUCTION.

. XV intended by the commander-in-chief. By this course of proceeding, which afforded the clearest indication of a well regulated mind, he applied the system of budgets to a victorious army and a conquered country ; carried conviction to all the inhabitants, and persuaded them to refrain from further resistance. It may therefore be said that whilst carrying on the war in Spain he had succeeded in conquering the esteem and winning the hearts of the people, a triumph which is even more honourable to him than the conquest of Arragon and of the kingdom of Valencia. Marshal Suchet has confined his Memoirs to his campaign in the Spanish Peninsula. Although his whole career exhibits a series of brilliant achieve ments, it is more particularly deserving of notice since he acted in the capacity of commander-in chief.

A military man who never attains the highest rank, does no more than obey the orders of his superiors ; he can never claim as his own those acts, the first impulse of which originates in the mandates of another. His life, unless it be considered in some peculiar point of view, seldom affords examples sufficiently striking to serve as a lesson and a model to all, or to entitle him to hold a distinguished place in the pages of history. Marshal Suchet was never wholly un fettered in his actions until he found himself placed at the head of the army of Arragon ; he then had it in his power fully to develop his

INTRODUCTION.

. talents and his character, which had not yet been displayed in all their brilliancy. Nevertheless, his fame stood already conspicuous in the list of French heroes; his first outset had afforded a presage of what time would bring to light. At the period of the campaign in Italy, he had, in his capacity of chef de bataillon in the 18th regi ment of the line, taken part in almost every cele brated engagement at Loano, Castiglione, Lo nato, Rivoli, Trent, Bassano, and Arcola. Raised to the rank of colonel after the passage of the Tagliamento and the engagements at Tarvis and Neumarkt, he shortly afterwards accompanied general Brune, the commander-in-chief, to Helvetia, was the bearer of twenty-three pair of colours to the directory, was raised to the rank of a general officer, and although appointed to accompany the expedition to Egypt, was sent back to Italy as chief of the staff of general Brune, at a moment when fresh preparations of war were in progress against Austria.

Suwaroff, the hero of Russia, was at this time on his way to join the Austrian army in Italy, whilst another Russian corps d'armee was on the point of co-operating with the English army in Holland. General Brune was with drawn from the south to encounter in the north the duke of York, whom he com pletely routed at Alkmaer at a later period ; and general Joubert supplied the place of

INTRODUCTION.

. XVII general Brune in Italy. Each of these officers was to have been accompanied by his own staff; Joubert, however, who had arrived at Milan with out any retinue, was in momentary expectation of being overtaken by his staff ; and pressed by cir cumstances, requested that general Brune would allow general Suchet to remain for the present, in attendance upon him. A few days were suf ficient to enable him to form a just estimate of that officer's merits ; he was not long in discover ing his talents, his activity, his thorough know ledge of the country and of the army, and re quested of the directors that he might be allowed to keep him near his person as a man whose ser vices were indispensable in that field of action. He succeeded in his application; soon afterwards, however, having been found in direct opposition to some of the views of government, he was punished in his capacity as chief of the staff.

By a decree of the directory, Suchet received orders to return to France within three days, under pain of being included in the list of emigrants ; a measure hitherto unexampled towards a military man who was exposing his life in defence of his coun try : he had no other course left but to obey. Joubert resigned his command, and was relieved by general Scherer. The campaign of the year VII or of 1799, although it turned out extremely disastrous to France, was conceived on a bold and comprevol. i. b

INTRODUCTION.

. XVIII hensive plan, the basis of which was the occupation of Switzerland. This measure, which was rather of a military than a political cha racter, entered into the course of defence which it became incumbent on the republic to adopt, feeling as it did how incompatible was its ex istence with that of the rest of Europe. The Swiss alone had a right to complain of that mea sure ; and yet they have been divided in opinion on the subject : in spite, however, of the censure which has been heaped upon it, even by some Frenchmen, it is easier to account for it than to justify the assassination committed at Radstadt, or the burning of the fleet at Copenhagen. Our two grand armies were to oppose the Austrians in the plains of Swabia and Italy, whilst other corps were to proceed from the country of the Grisons and of the Valteline, and to take posses sion of the sources of the Inn and of the Adige, with a view to command the position of the Tyrol, and to threaten the flank and rear of the Austrian forces, previously to the arrival of the Russian army.

Two generals were chosen for that impor tant operation, general Lecourbe, one of our offi cers, who was celebrated for his skill in carrying on a mountain warfare, and general Dessolle.* • The Valteline had acquired celebrity in the days of the duke de Rohan, at the commencement of the seventeenth century. Towards the close of the eighteenth, general Dessolle raised a

INTRODUCTION.

. Both generals fulfilled, in a most brilliant manner, the tasks assigned to them. But the loss of the battle of Stockach and of two battles fought on the Adige, completely overturned the original plan of campaign. The consequence of this was, the loss of Germany and Italy ; and had it not been for Massena's vigorous defence in Swit zerland, France itself must have been invaded at that early period. General Suchet having been summoned to Paris, felt no difficulty in refuting the frivolous accusations brought against him ; he was sent to the army of the Danube, thenceforward called the army of Helvetia. Massena appointed him to the command of a brigade, on a detached service in the country of the Grisons, where he trophy to the renown of our army. He penetrated, at the head of a brigade of 4, .500 men, through almost inaccessible mountains as far as Tauffers, where Laudon was intrenched with a strong division.

General Dessolle did not hesitate to attack the Austrian general, out-manœuvred him with great skill, cut off his retreat upon Glurens, and compelled him to quit the valley of the Adige, after leaving his artillery and upwards of 4,000 prisoners in the hands of the French. Prince Charles, our enemy, who was a good judge in these matters, alluded to this achievement in the following words, in his work on the campaign of 1799 : The boldness displayed by general Dessolle in the execution of his plan corresponded with the soundness of his judgment, and manifested the determination of a man, who entertaining no doubt of success, proceeded in full confidence to the accomplishment of the object he had in view. b

INTRODUCTION.

. XX resolutely defended the positions of Davos, Ber gen, and Splugen, which the enemy attacked in regular succession. But the loss of the fort of Luciensteig having separated him from the rest of the army, he was surrounded by superior forces, and threatened to be enclosed in the valley of Dissentis without any prospect of effecting his retreat. His resolution and firmness extricated him from this dangerous position. He crossed a frozen lake at Ober Alp, re-en tered the valley ofUrseren, restored the communications with Lecourbe's division at Airola, which had been interrupted, and brought back into line with the army his detachment which had, for several days been looked upon as completely destroyed. I felt quite confident, exclaimed Mas sena, that Suchet would bring me back his brigade ; shortly afterwards, Cherin, the chief of the general staff was killed ; Suchet was appointed to take his place, and thus became in a brief space of time, to second an officer who then held the command of the principal French army.

By a plan of operations on as splendid and comprehensive a scale as that of Dumourier in Champagne, though far more rigorous in its mode of execution, Massena, from the position he occupied in Switzerland saved France and broke the coalition by winning the battle of Zurich, and defeating general Suwaroff. Suchet had not the good fortune to share in that brilliant

INTRODUCTION.

. triumph. An internal revolution which went by the name of the 12th floreal, brought about a change in a portion of the directory. Joubert was immediately appointed to command the army of Italy. His first condition was, that Suchet, his chief of the staff, should be restored to him with the rank of general of division. Su chet hastened to join his friend, and reached Genoa in his company. Moreau, whose modesty kept pace with his talents, had fought under Scherer's orders, and happily for the safety of the army, had received the command of it on the field of battle of Cassano at the moment of its being defeated, and on the point of being utterly annihilated, had not a more skil ful hand undertaken to direct its movements. Providence was once more placing it in the power of the same man, and under precisely similar circumstances, to rescue the army of Italy from impending ruin.

Joubert had orders to fight a battle. Moreau, whose services were deemed indispensable by the directory, was on the point of returning to Paris, where a new com mand was held in reserve for him, and where his advice was eagerly looked for. Joubert was a man of too noble and too elevated a mind to entertain any views that had not the welfare of France for their object. He urged his prede cessor to remain in Italy and retain the com mand. Moreau, who was at all times prepared to

INTRODUCTION.

. devote himself for the sake of his country, consented to serve by the side of his colleague in the character of his aid-de-camp until the close of the engagement. This contest of generosity proved a fortunate circumstance for the service, general Joubert having been killed by the first fire of musketry from Novi. On the occurrence of this event the whole army, without any previous order or concert, applied to general Moreau for instructions for its guidance ; he maintained the honor of our arms ; Gouvion Saint-Cyr secured the retreat ; the defeated army resumed its position, and retained possession of Genoa. General Suchet paid the tribute of regret to the memory of his friend, general Joubert, and received orders, in his capacity of chief of the staff, to await the arrival of general Championnet, who was appointed to command in Italy.

During the interval of a month, which elapsed until the appearance of the latter, general Moreau found himself in immediate and daily intercourse with Suchet ; instantly discovered in him those qualities which had won the esteem of general Joubert a twelvemonth before, and said, with evident satisfaction, to a friend of Suchet, for whom he entertained a regard : Your general is one of the first staff officers in the French army. This encomium possessed a peculiar value, as it emanated from the distinguished chief who was then on the point of proceeding to take the command of the

INTRODUCTION.

. XXIII army on the Rhine, with which he performed such wonderful achievements the following year, and whose chief of the staff was general Des solle, an officer who holds so conspicuous a place in our military annals. Championnet had scarcely reached the river of Genoa, when he died at Antibes of a conta gious disorder; heart-broken at witnessing the state of utter destitution and misery to which the army was reduced. The soldiers were not only in want of pay, clothing, and shoes, but even of bread and ammunition. Whole regiments were completely disorganized ; the men were deserting in a body, leaving un protected and alone, at the advanced posts in front of the enemy, their officers and su balterns, who, from a sense of honor still clung to their colours. They then repaired to the frontier of France, to demand the means of sub sistence, and observed the strictest discipline on the road, listened without a murmur to the voice of their generals who exerted themselves to check them in their progress, but continued their march with a sombre resolution, muttering these expressions : " Give us shoes, bread, and cartridges, and we are willing to return."

Such were the last difficulties general Suchet had to contend with at the close of the painful campaign of the year VII. The accession of Napoleon to power, and Massena's mission to Italy with fresh

INTRODUCTION.

. XXIV troops, had the effect of arresting the discouragement which that state of affairs had produced, and soon brought about a change of fortune. At this period the army witnessed, for the first time, the appointment of lieutenant-generals who were to be placed in command of several divisions. General Suchet, chief of the staff of generals Joubert and Championnet, finding himself, in consequence of their death, free from all military duties, was returning to France, when the conqueror of Zurich arrived from Switzerland to assume the command of the army of Italy, with general Oudinot as his chief of the staff. Massina met Suchet at Frejus; he had long been acquainted with the latter, and he now kept him under his orders, by giving him the command of the centre, whilst he was on the point of proceeding with his right to shut himself up in Genoa, the defence of which city he protracted in a manner that redounded so much to his glory.

Lieute nant-general Suchet found himself at the head of two or three weak divisions, which were scarcely adequate, in point of numbers, to an efficient one, and was directed to defend the river of the Ponent, and the French territory. There was every reason to apprehend that a reverse of fortune would bring the Austrians to our frontier, an event which actually came to pass. The lieutenant-general commanding the centre, was separated from Genoa and his commander-in-

INTRODUCTION.

. XXV chief, and had to sustain, during a whole month, the attacks of the numerous Austrian corps of troops under general Elnitz, who, after several hard-fought engagements, succeeded in occupying the principal positions, and compelled the French to evacuate Nice. General Melas, the commander-in-chief of the enemy's forces, deemed this a favorable opportunity for penetrating into France, and advanced in person to the Var. General Suchet having been thrown back upon that point, could no longer receive any assistance, except from the reinforcements that might be sent to him from the left wing, or the corps d'armee of the Alps ; he lost no time in applying for them to the first consul ;* and also resolved to defend, to the last extremity, * His aid-de-camp, Ricard, (now a lieutenant-general), who was the bearer of despatches for Paris, was under the necessity of going to Dijon, Geneva, and Lausanne, in quest of the first consul.

At length he was enabled to fulfil, at the latter place, the object of his mission, and described the perilous position of the weak corps which protected the department of Provence from invasion. The army of reserve was already in full march to cross the Saint- Bernard. Relying upon Suchet's determination to defend the Var, Napoleon saw, with evident satisfaction, that Melas was penetrating more and more into the maritime Alps, and leaving the plains of Lombardy open to him. He folded the despatch, and listened to the aid-de-camp's report with the utmost composure. A minister having entered the apartment at this moment, Napoleon came up to him saying, with a smile, / hold Melas in my pocket.

INTRODUCTION.

. XXVI the defile of the bridge of the Var against all the enemy's forces. His corps scarcely amounted to 7 or 8,000 men ; but they were for the most part well disciplined and well officered. He had under his orders generals Clausel, Pouget, Rochambeau, Gamier, Beaumont, Bardenet, Dambarrere, the gallant Jablonowski, Seras, Cam pana, Roguet, and Sem£l£ ; colonel Preval was chief of the staff, and general Campredon directed the operations of the engineer department. A t6te-de-pont was hastily constructed on the left bank of the Var, armed, and placed in a state of defence ; batteries were erected on the right bank, and mortars placed near the entrance of the river, where English vessels were anchored. Having assumed this defensive attitude, general Suchet boldly awaited the attack of the Aus trians.