History of the United States. From the earliest period to the administration of J. Buchanan ... Illustrated with ... engravings from original pictures by Leutze, Weir, Powell, ... and other American artists

Front matter

I I mm SOT®0® HMSSŒVEISrS' @F TIE MHSSHS&IIIPIPIh Jqi.-n.Bcm., Ery feC° Piiblmkera ,Tf. Y ■■'. W V © DR K „ JJ®1SKTS(SM0 WWW &, (D®Mr:?A£r^\ 27 B E E K M -A N STREET, Enitaceentiaf bad of anfrtssjC. JUK. fyJfesb?- kJoAnsen /« &* tks. osfitt cf it* d *sl of Vie Southern *.* ' of .¥„* Yor fc. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN. BY J. A. SPENCER, D. D., MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, MEMBRE DE LA SOCIETE ORIENTALE DE FRANCE, AUTHOR OF " EGYPT AND THE HOLY LAND," ETC, ETC, ETC. 3Uitstratrit mitjr Ijtgljhf Itwl Æitgrnirings, FROM ORIGINAL PICTURES BY LEUTZE, WEIR, POWELL, CHAPPEL, AND OTHER AMERICAN ARTISTS. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOLUME I. |Ufo fork: JOHNSON, FRY AND COMPANY, 27 BEEKMAN STREET. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, By JOHNSON, FRY AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. Printed and Stereotyped by Billin and Bkothek, No. 20 North "William Street.

Preface

In presenting to the public a new History of the United States, it is only evident propriety, that the indulgence of the reader should be asked to a few preliminary remarks respecting the object had in view in these volumes, and the claims which it is conceived they have upon the attention of our countrymen. The one great object ever before me has been, to present a truthful, impartial, and readable narrative of the origin, rise, and progress of that mighty Republic which now extends from ocean to ocean, and which is moving onward, year by year, with gigantic strides, to in creased power and importance among the family of nations. Having an entire and thorough conviction of the superintending care and con trol of Divine Providence in our country's affairs; having no ends to gain but those of truth and right ; having no theories to establish, no partisan views or wishes to gratify ; I have honestly endeavored to ascertain what the truth is, and then to set it forth as clearly, and as fully, as was possible within the limits to which I was restricted.

Mere speculations on historic points, I have avoided ; attempts to penetrate, or pronounce upon, the motives of men and nations, beyond what may be regarded as plainly and fairly deducible from their acts, I have deemed of little value ; and, in general, I have preferred to leave the intelligent reader to draw his own conclusion from an impartial present ation of the facts and circumstances of the case. I have spared no la bor in order to be accurate and reliable ; I have not neglected to consult any work of value which was within my reach ; and, in all cases of

PREFACE.

. IV difficulty or doubt, I have carefully and conscientiously sought to com pare and sift conflicting accounts, and to lay that before the reader which seemed to be the nearest approximation to the truth which probably, under the circumstances, can now be attained. On the various questions respecting which our countrymen always have been, and most likely always will be, divided in sentiment, I have tried to give the views of both sides, and, as far as possible, in the language of the advocates of the two sides, believing that this is the only fair and candid mode of dealing with controverted topics. As illustrations, I may take the liberty of referring to the points at issue between the federalists and democrats ; the subject of internal improve ments ; the United States Bank question ; the Missouri compromise ; the slavery question; etc.

I may also mention, that I have every where given clear and precise references to the standard authorities on both sides of contested questions, besides quoting quite largely from official documents and papers ; so that the reader who chooses to ex amine more at large any topic for himself, can do so, to the fullest extent that he may desire. I do not, however, make any pretence to have written what is con tained in the following pages in a state of indifference with regard to the points at issue, whatever the points may be. It wTould be idle to suppose that any American, of ordinary intelligence, has not some dis tinct views as to the main subjects, which have been under discussion among a people who have the amplest liberty to write, speak, and set forth in any way they choose, their opinions and views on any and all topics.

Hence, I avow, without hesitation, that my convictions and sympathies are very clear and settled in my own mind. By birth and education an American, I claim to be alive to every thing which affects the honor, the good name, the glory of my country ; and having been bred up in an old-fashioned school, by parents and grandparents di rectly connected with the heroic age of our Republic, I have the most profound and earnest sense of the greatness of the men, and the sound-

PREFACE.

. V ness of the principles of those noble patriots, who fought the battles, framed the Constitution, and administered the government of our country in her early days. But, while entertaining distinct political, social, and ethical views, I beg to assure the reader, that I am not un mindful of the duty of a historian in regard to all such matters as these; I am conscious of having no desire to obtrude upon others merely per sonal views and opinions ; I have not, wittingly at least, ever clone so ; and I have felt it a duty, at all times, to endeavor to set every man and every topic in such light before the reader, as they may fairly claim to be their due. In how far I may have succeeded in my well-meant efforts, in this particular, it would be unbecoming in me to pronounce. I am content to leave the decision of the question to the judgment of those who are competent to decide, and who, I doubt not, will decide truthfully and justly.

The various authorities on which I have relied, are accurately noted throughout the volumes. I have used these authorities freely, but not servilely. I have drawTn from all sources whatever seemed to me valu able and important for the purpose which I had in view ; and I have taken especial care to preserve the just chronological order and se quences of public events. In the main features of the narrative, I .have followed the consensus of such writers as Marshall, Ramsay, Pitkin, Grahame, Bancroft, Irving, and the like ; at the same time, I have not hesitated to form and express an independent opinion, where there seemed to be occasion for it ; and I have sought to correct, or modify, or enlarge, in several respects, where the special contributions to our his tory afforded the means and called for such a course.

That a work, covering so large an extent of time and space, and treating of so vast a variety of matters, should be free from occasional errors, is not to be expected by any who know how exceedingly difficult it is to avoid error in writing on historical subjects. With all the care and devotion which I have given to these volumes, I hardly dare flatter myself that here and there errors of the press, and errors of statement,

PREFACE.

. VI or opinion, have not crept in and escaped observation. I can only hope — which I do with tolerable confidence — that they are very few and far between, and that there are none of material consequence to the value and integrity of the history. In respect to the general appearance and execution of the work, the volumes will speak for themselves. The enterprising publishers, I may say in their behalf, have zealously labored to secure the best service possible, and to present to the American public a work which, they be lieve, is unequalled in the spirit and beauty of its illustrations, and the elegance of its typography. With these brief introductory remarks and statements, the present History of the United States is submitted to the consideration of our countrymen. I shall only venture, as a last word, to express the hope, that the favorable judgment of many friends and fellow-laborers, who have cheered me on with words of kindness during several years of toil, may be confirmed by others into whose hands this work may fall; and that its merits — such as they are — may give it favor in the eyes of all good and true men, and all honest lovers of our highly favored land. J. A. SPENCER. New York, March, 1858. the HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, f:;om THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY J. A. SPENCER, D. D.

Introduction

. If History be, as it is, Philosophy Teaching by Example, what a grand and glorious lesson does the History of the United States teach to the world 1 Who can listen to it without feeling that he lives in an age and belongs to a country whose fame is destined to be immortal ! What nation ever before made such strides onward to greatness and might ? Where before were ever seen so plainly the thews and sinews of the youthful giant, as in the career of this great Eepublic ? What people ever sprang from such an origin, or ever had such progenitors as this of ours? Look where we will in ancient story, and we find no parallel whatever ; look where we will in modern nations, and it is impossible to find a nation and a people so fully enjoying and prizing liberty and equality as the people of the United States of America.

These are no vain boastings ; these are not the idle persiflage of conceited pretension : these are words of truth and fact. Little more than two centuries ago there were a handful of hardy men and women on the rock-bound coast of North America : a single seed dropped into the earth, which has brought forth a harvest of millions. They endured the toils and privations of self-imposed exile; they grew up jealous of the liberty they possessed; they fostered learning; they planted schools and colleges ; they were frugal, thrifty, zealous, enterprising, brave, and ever ready to strike for home and country. And what a work they accomplished ! Statesmen, historians, men of science, philosophers, poets, divines, jurisconsults, mechanics, soldiers, sailors — where are the superior of ours? What names crowd our annals, names that were not born to die !

What results stand out, patent to the eyes of all men, of our fathers' far seeing wisdom and energy and undying love for liberty I Surely a nation whose territory extends from ocean to ocean ; whose ships are on every sea and trade with every people in the wide world ; whose population is increasing at a ratio almost incredibly great ; whose undeveloped resources are as yet hardly conceived of and nowhere realized ; and whose vast regions of hill and vale and water courses offer homes to the whole human family ; surely, such a nation well deserves the choicest efforts of the artist and the scholar to illustrate its history, and render as familiar as household words its wondrous story of onward and upward progress. BOOK FIRST. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE ACCESSION OF "WILLIAM III. FASB New one sent out — White, the governor 28 Virginia Dare — Colony lost entirely 28, 29 Assignment of Raleigh's patent 29 Gosnold — James 1 29, 30 London company — Plymouth company 30 Charter — Instructions issued by the king 31, 32

CHAPTER IV.

1606-1625. COLONIZATION OF VIRGINIA. The London company 32 Members of the council and emigrants 33 Jamestown — John Smith 33 His eminent value to the colony 33 Sickness — Smith taken prisoner 84 Saved by Pocahontas 34 Smith explores the Chesapeake 35 New charter — Lord Delaware captain-general 35 Smith returns to England 36 The " starving-time" — Return of better days. ... 37, 38 Enlargement of grant 39 Marriage of Pocahontas 39 Argall — Yeardley 40' First colonial assembly 41 Introduction of Negro slavery 41 Massacre by the Indians — Retaliation 42 Dissolution of the company 43 Death of King James 43

CHAPTER V.

1609-1640. SETTLEMENT OF NEW NETHERLAND. Henry Hudson 44 Discovers and explores the Hudson River 44 His conduct to the natives — His fate 44, 45 Dutch East India company 45 New Netherland — The Walloons 45 Purchase of Manhattan Island 46

Chapter I

1492-1609. EARLY VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. KAOS Voyages of the Northmen — Vinland 1 Knowledge on this subject in the 15th century .... 2 Christopher Columbus 2 His early life, genius, labors, etc 2, 3 Discovery of America — Origin of the name 3, 4 Amerigo Vespucci 4 Sebastian Cabot's voyages 5 Cortereal — Ponce de Leon — Verrazzani 6, 7 Cartier — Robertval — De Soto 8 Ribault — Melendez — De Gourgues 9, 10 Champlain — Canada — Acadie 11, 12

Chapter II

1492-1600. THE ABORIGINES OF AMERICA. Origin of the name Indians 13 American aDtiquities 14 General characteristics of the Indian tribes 14 Manners, customs, government, laws, etc 14, 15 War the Indian's great business 15 Females — Numbers — Dialects 16 Intimation of prophecy 17 European views of the rights of Indians 18 Origin of difficulties 19

Chapter III

1553-1606. ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION BY THE ENGLISH. Willoughby and Chancellor 20 Reign of Elizabeth 21 Frobisher and Drake 22 Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh . . 22, 23 Roanoke and Virginia 25, 26 Lane, the governor — Harriot 26, 27 Abandonment of the colony CONTENTS OF VOL. I. PAOS Complaints against Harvey 75 Harvey's administration — Wyatt's administration . . 76 Sir William Berkeley— His character 76 Second revisal of laws — Colony firm in loyalty. ... 76 War with the Indians 76 Independence of Virginia 76 Authority of Parliament enforced 77 Sir William Berkeley, re-elected 77 Principles of popular liberty 78

CHAPTER IX.

1632-1660. ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF MARYLAND. Peculiarity in the origin of Maryland 78 Calvert, Lord Baltimore — His character 78 The Charter — Boundary of the colony 79 Opposition of Clayborne 79 Leonard Calvert in command of the expedition .... 80 First settlers — St. Mary's 80 Lord Baltimore's expenditure on the colony 80 First colonial assembly — Its acts — Disputes 81 Second and third assemblies — Statutes 81 Lord Baltimore's policy — Act of toleration 81 Maryland claimed by different parties 82 Fendal's troubles and the result 82 Population and growth of Maryland in 1660 83

CHAPTER X.

1638-1685. NEW NETHERLAND : NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. Kieft, governor of New Netherland 83 Encroachments of Connecticut people 83 Indian War — Bitter fruits 84, 85 Petrus Stuyvesant, governor 85 Kieft's death — Stuyvesant's efforts 85, 86 Convention of delegates — Dissolved 87 Reduction of the Swedes — Dispute with Maryland. 87 New England restiveness 87 New Amsterdam surrenders to the English 88 New York — Albany — Banks of the Delaware 89 New Jersey — Origin — Carteret, governor 90 Dutch attack — Attempt on Connecticut 90 91 The Quakers — The Presbyterians from Scotland ... 91 Chartered liberties granted to New York 92

CHAPTER XI.

1640-1660. NEW ENGLAND DURING THE COMMONWEALTH. Condition of the New England colonies in 1640. ... 93 Fundamentals, or Body of Liberties 94 Annexation of New Hampshire v 94 Articles of Confederation of United Colonies 94 Religious troubles in Massachusetts 96 Gorton's heresy — Death of Miantonimoh 96 Sympathy with the Parliament party 97 Roger Williams's voyage to England 97 Plan of colonization 46 The patroons and their purchases 46 Difficulties of this plan 47 Minuit recalled — Van Twiller, governor 47 Disputes with the English 47 The Swedes on the Delaware 48

CHAPTER VI.

1620-1631. FOUNDATION OF NEW ENGLAND. Interest and importance of New England history. . 49 The Reformation — Its effects 49 The English Reformation 50 Progress under Henry VIII., Mary, etc 50 James I. — His education, etc 50 The Puritans and the Church of England 51 Internal dissensions 52 The Brownists or Independents 52 Elders Brewster and Robinson 52 Emigration to Holland — Removal to Leyden. ... 52, 53 Reasons for leaving Holland 53 Determination to colonize in America 54 Stormy voyage — Reach the coast 54, 55 Social compact — Plymouth rock 55, 56 Sufferings during the winter 56 Plantation at Wissagusset 57 State of the colony in 1630 59 Massachusetts Bay colony 59 Charter and company transferred to New England. 60 Foundation of Boston — Severe trials 62 Theocratic basis of the government 68 Position and influence of the ministers 63

CHAPTER VII.

1631-1640. PROGRESS OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. Emigration in 1632 — Arrivals in 1633 64 Rights of the freemen under the charter 64 Dudley, governor 64 Progress of the colony under Winthrop 64 Royal colonial commission 65 Alarm in Massachusetts — Measures taken 65 Case of Roger Williams — Flight to Providence . . 65, 66 Mrs. Hutchinson's heresies and fate 67, 68 Settlements in Connecticut 68 Origin and result of the Pequod war 69-72 Religious dissensions — Effects 73 Coast of Maine — Nova Scotia and Canada 73 Estimated cost of colonization up to 1640 74

CHAPTER VIII.

1625-1660. PROGRESS OF VIRGINIA. Wyatt, governor of Virginia — Yeardley — West ... 74 Harvey, governor — Revisal of the laws 74, 75 Jealousy of Maryland

CHAPTER XIV

1630-1690. ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE OAROLINAS. PAGE Heath's patent in 1 630— Settlements about 1 660 . 121,122 Measures adopted towards the settlers 122 Albemarle — Clarendon — Second charter 123 The " Grand Model" of John Locke 124 Spanish intrigues — Discontents — Emigration 125 Proprietaries dissatisfied — Increase in population . . 127 The buccaneers — Favored by the Carolinians 127 James II. and the Quo Warranto troubles 128 Progress of North and South Carolina 128

CHAPTER XV

1661-1688. PENN AND PENNSYLVANIA. William PeDn — His education, character, etc. . .129, 130 Pennsylvania — Terms of the charter 130 Course pursued towards the Indians 131 Frame of government — Provisions 131 Quit-claim from the Duke of York 132 Penn's voyage to New York — Freemen assembled. 132 Code of laws — Boundary question 132, 133 Penn's intercourse with the natives 133 Meeting of the legislative body — Its acts 134 Penn's trials and difficulties with the colonists 135 The result — Lower counties on the Delaware 135 Penn deprived of his administration 135

CHAPTER XVI.

1626-1689. FRENCH COLONIAL ENTERPRISE. New France — Labors of Franciscans and Jesuits. . . 136 Their explorations — Charlevoix's account 137 War with the Five Nations — A truce 138 Company of New France given up 138 Marquette and the Mississippi 139 La Salle — Enterprise and activity 139 Louisiana— La Salle goes to France— Expedition . . . 140 Descends the Mississippi to its mouth 140 Fatal termination — Affairs in Canada 141 De la Barre — Denonville 141, 142 War with the Five Nations 142 French attempts at colonization — English attempts. 143 Accession of William III. — War in consequence 143 PAGB Obtains a charter — Providence plantations 97 Intolerant spirit of the theocratic party 98 First execution for witchcraft 98 Death of Winthrop— Persecution of Quakers. ... 98, 99 The magistrates' defence — End of the troubles. 101, 102 Eliot and his labors 102 Progress in morals, social life, etc 103

CHAPTER XII.

1660-1688. NEW ENGLAND UNDER CHARLES II. AND JAMES II. Restoration of Charles n 104 Course adopted by the colonists 105 Internal difficulties and trials 105 Consequences of the restoration in England 106 Massachusetts' commission — The king's reply 106 Charter of Connecticut — Its principles 107 Charter of Rhode Island— Toleration 107 Massachusetts' reply to the king's requisitions 108 Commissioners sent out — Their course 108 The king's summons — His probable designs 109 King Philip's war — Its fearful details 110 New Hampshire 112 Massachusetts' charter declared to be forfeited 112 Andros appointed governor — Connecticut 113 Saving of the charter of Connecticut 113

CHAPTER XIII.

1660-1688. VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. Changes in Virginia 114 Causes of these changes — Classes of settlers 114 Aristocracy — Navigation act 115 Intolerance of the ruling party US Culpepper and Arlington — Charter solicited 116 Causes which led to Bacon's rebellion 116 Course pursued by Berkeley 117 Progress of the contest — Success of Bacon 117 Bacon's sudden death — " Bacon's laws" 117 Subsequent suffering of the colony 119 Affairs in Maryland — General prosperity 120 Efforts in favor of church establishment 120 Insurrection stirred up by Fendal 121 Writ issued against the charter 121 Downfall of James II 121 BOOK SECOND. FROM THE ACCESSION OF WILLIAM III. TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, Course pursued by Massachusetts, Virginia, Maryland, and New York 149 " Protestant Revolution" in Maryland 150 Jacob Leisler — His career and fate 150 Opening of the War — Attack on Dover 151

Chapter I

1689-1697. NEW ENGLAND AND NEW YORK : FIRST INTERCOLONIAL WAR. Accession of William III.— Its effects 147 War with France — Intercolonial War X PAGB Sir William Keith his successor 187 Governor Thomas and the controversy between the proprietaries and the Assembly 188

CHAPTER. IV

1690-1748. VIRGINIA MARYLAND THE CAROLINAS. Nicholson, governor — Dr. Blair, commissary 188 Administration of Andros 189 Founding of Williamsburg 190 Powers of the governor — Spirit of liberty 190 Office of governor made a sinecure 191 Spotswood's administration — His acts 191 Gouch's administration — Progress of Virginia 192 Affairs in Maryland — Dr. Bray, commissary 192 " Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts" 192 Persecution of the Roman Catholics 192 Lord Baltimore becomes a Protestant 192 Question of boundary — Progress of Maryland 193 Affairs in Carolina : Feuds, etc 193 " Grand Model" abrogated — Archdale's labors 193 Introduction of rice 194 Dissenters disfranchised 194 Church of England established by law 194 Mr. Bancroft on North Carolina 194 War with the Tuscaroras 194 Attack on St. Augustine unsuccessful 195 Paper money issued — War with thelndians. . . . 195,196 Craven victorious — Heavy loss and debt 197 Revolution in South Carolina 197 Proprietaries sell out to the king 197 Treaty of peace and amity with the Cherokees. . . . 197 Advance of the colony despite its trials 198

CHAPTER V.

1732-1754. FOUNDING AND PROGRESS OF GEORGIA Origin of Georgia 199 James Edward Oglethorpe : Character, etc 199 Object of the colony — Error of Judgment 199 Oglethorpe at the head of the colony 200 Founding of Savannah 200 Emigration of Lutherans from Salzburg 200 Moravians — Jews — Highlanders 200, 201 Charles and John Wesley in Georgia 201 Slavery desired — When introduced 201 Spanish claims to the territory 201 Oglethorpe's plans — Resists Spanish pretensions . . . 202 Attack on St. Augustine unsuccessful 202 Spanish hostile expedition 202 Oglethorpe's trial — Charges against him 202 His complete vindication 202 Whitfield in America — The great revival 202, 203 Changes — Slow progress of Georgia 205 Expensiveness of the colony 205 Royal governor appointed — The people hospitable . 206 PAGB Frontenac — Destruction of Schenectady 152 War party sent against Salmon Falls 153 Attempt at conquest of Canada unsuccessful 154 New charter of Massachusetts 156 Witchcraft delusion — Development and progress. . . 156 Salem the principal scene — Strange history . . . 157-160 Oyster River — PemaquidFort — Haverhill disasters. 161 Brave Mrs. Dustin — Peace of Ryswick 161, 162

Chapter II

1696-1748. NEW ENGLAND! SECOND AND THIRD INTERCOLONIAL WARS. Board of Trade and Plantations 163 Lord Bellamont governor of Massachusetts 163 His address and popularity — Piracy 164 Bellamont's death — Dudley his successor 165 Second intercolonial war — Preparations 166 Indians under De Rouville 166 Deerfield and Haverhill massacres 166 Expedition against Canada unsuccessful 167 Combined attack projected — Failure and loss 167 Results of the peace of Utrecht 168 Parties on the subject of currency and commerce . . 168 Shute, governor — Disputes — Piracy suppressed .... 169 Small-pox and inoculation 170 Burnet, governor— Dispute about the salary 170 Belcher successor of Burnet 171 Troubles on the frontier — Retaliation 171 The New England Courant — Franklin 172 Belcher displaced — Shirley, governor 172 Boundary disputes settled 172 Third intercolonial war 173 Capture of Louisburg — Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 174, 175

CHAPTER MI.

1691-1748. NEW YORK NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA. Party feuds in New York 176 Fletcher's administration — Schuylerand the Indians 176 Fletcher's efforts in Pennsylvania and Connecticut . 178 Barbarities of Indian warfare 179 Lord Bellamont, governor — His administration. . . . 179 Lord Cornbury appointed — His character and acts. 180 Lovelace, governor — His death 181 Expedition again Canada. 181 Hunter, governor — German emigrants. 181 Burnet appointed 182 Cosby, governor — Trial of Zenger 182 Gov. Clarke's disputes with the Assembly 183 The " Negro plot" in New York 184 Clinton, governor 184 Efforts against the French and Indians 184 Affairs of New Jersey at this date 185 Trouble in Pennsylvania 185 William Penn in America 186 " Charter of privileges" — Penn's return to England. 186 Evans removed — Gookin, governor

CHAPTER VI.

1698-1753. COLONIZATION AND PROGRESS OF LOUISIANA. PAGB D'lberville — Colonists led by him 206 Enters the Mississippi 207 English jealousy — Outwitted by Bienville 207 D'lberville ascends the Mississippi — Losses 207 DTberville's death — Settlement at Mobile 208 Colonists kept alive by help from abroad 208 Grant to Crozat — Cadillac, governor 208 Depressed state of the colony 208 The Mississippi company — John Law and his career 209 Colonists sent out — New Orleans founded 210 War with Spain — Population in 1727 210, 211 Massacre by the Natchez Indians — Retaliation 211 War with the Chickasaws 211 Difficult to subdue this brave tribe 211 Bienville leaves Louisiana 211 Administration of the Marquis de Vaudreuil 211 Kerlerec appointed governor 211

CHAPTER VII.

1700-1750. GENERAL CONDITION OF THE COLONIES. A brief survey of the condition of the colonies 212 Population of Virginia 212 State of manners, etc — Trade and commerce 213 Report to the Board of Trade 213 Complaints by the Virginians of the royal officers . 213 Population of Massachusetts — Trade, etc 213 Connecticut and Rhode Island 214 Progress of New Hampshire 214 Earthquake in New England 215 Religion in New England 215 Improvement in manners — Mode of living — Fashions 215 The colonists and the subject of independence 216 Progress of Maryland — Trade, etc., of the Carolinas 217 New York — Tea — Contraband trade 218 Manners, etc., in New York — Albany and its people 218 New Jersey — Pennsylvania — Its trade, etc 219 Final struggle approaching between the English and French in America 219

CHAPTER VIII.

1749-1755. THE FOURTH INTERCOLONIAL WAR. Designs and claims of the French 220 Counter claims of the English 220 The Ohio company — Its policy and efforts 221 George Washington — Early life and training 222 His father's death— The mother of Washington 222, 223 Method, orderly habits, activity, spirit, etc 223 Becomes a surveyor — Military appointment 224 His brother Lawrence's death 224 Sent to visit the French post on the Ohio 225 His adventurous mission — Return — His journal. 225, 226 Appointed lieutenant-colonel 226 PAGE The affair with Jumonville — True account 227 Obliged to capitulate at Fort Necessity 228 Thanks of the Assembly to Washington 228 Plan of union and confederation 228 Levy of troops called for — Dieskau's force 229 111 usage of colonial officers 229 Braddock commander-in-chief 229 Braddock's character and conduct 230 Franklin's conversation with Braddock 230 Washington serves as aid-de-camp 231 His urgent advice rejected by Braddock 231 Troops routed by Indians and French in ambush . . . 232 Death of Braddock 232 Washington's preservation — Panic of the army .... 232

CHAPTER IX.

1755-1763. PROGRESS AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. Expedition up the Bay of Fundy 233 Acadie and the French neutrals — Expatriation .... 234 Shirley's expedition against Oswego 234 William Johnson — Influence with the Indians 235 Battle of Lake George — Dieskau's death 235, 236 Fort William Henry — Indians on the frontier 236 Washington made colonel — Devotion to duty . 236, 237 War declared by England 237 Loudon, commander-in-chief — Bradstreet 237 Montcalm takes Oswego— His activity 237 Loudon against Louisburg — Too late 238 Montcalm assaults Fort William Henry 238 Slaughter of the troops after surrender 239 Montcalm's share in this act of treachery 239 Complaints and discontent general 239 Pitt prime minister — His energetic course 239 Attack on Louisburg — This stronghold taken 240 Abercrombie against Ticonderoga 240 Lord Howe's death 240 Abercrombie repulsed — Superseded by Amherst . . . 241 Conquest of Canada determined upon 242 Amherst's expedition — Capture of Ticonderoga. . . . 242 Prideaux and Johnson take Niagara 243 Attack on Quebec — Wolfe'sand Montcalm's death 2-13, 244 Canada subdued — Views of French statesmen 246 Washington's marriage 246 Member of the House of Burgesses 246 Great exultation in the colonies at success 247 Cherokee war at the south— Conclusion 247 Otis against " writs of assistance" 249 English against the French in the West Indies 250 The EngJish masters on the continent 250 The conspiracy of Pontiac — End of the contest. 250

CHAPTER X.

1764-1766. ENGLAND BEGINS THE CONTEST. Progress of settlements — Advance in wealth, etc. 251, 252 Recuperative energies of the colonies CONTENTS OF VOL. I. PAGE Noble course of Quincy and Adams 296 Lord North's proposal — Pownall's views 297 Salaries of the governor and judges to be paid by the crown 297 Very offensive to the people — Case of the Gasp6 297, 298 Hutchinson's letters — Excitement 298 Franklin's share in the matter 298 Action in Virginia — A crisis at hand 299 Determination that the tea should not be landed. . . 299 The famous " Boston Tea Party" 301 Insurrection in North Carolina 303 Daniel Boone — Emigration to America 304, 305 Ohio Indians — Speech of Logan 307 Religious sects and influence — Colleges 307, 308