Natal, the Land and its story, etc

Preface

. This outline of the geography and history of Natal, prepared by desire of the Council of Education, is intended to help the young people of the Colony to acquire a knowledge of their homeland and to encourage them to take an intelligent interest in all that makes for its welfare and progress. Much of the information in the geography is based on personal observation : much, on the autliority of those most competent to know, chief among whom is our veteran physicist, Dr. Sutherland. The map is presented bythe Council of Education. Being only a school-map, details have been omitted in order that the main features of the Colony may be clearly shown. The Story, drawn in its earlier chapters mainly from Mr. John Bird's exhaustive " Annals of Natal," has had the good fortune to be revised by the Nestor of South African history, Sir Theophilus Shepstone.

To him and to all others who have given me valuable aid 1 return my hearty thanks. ROBERT RUSSELL. January, 1891. THE LAND CONTENTS. rMRP I. Position I II. Size 2 III. BOUNDARIES. ...... 3 IV. General Appearance . . * . . .4 V. The Coast Line 5 VI. Geology 7 VII. Mountains 12 VIII. Rivers 18 IX. Climate 25 X. Soil and Productions .... 28 XI. Plants 30 XII. Animals 34 XIII. People 38 XIV. Counties and Towns -±3 XV. Roads 50 XVI. Commerce 57 XVI1. Names of Places 58 XVIII. Neighbouring States THE LAND. 1.— POSITION. Natal, the land we live in, is one*of England's colonies. It forms a part of " Greater Britain," and of that widely scattered and powerful empire on which the sun never sets. Look at a map of the world and you will see that Natal occupies only a small corner of the south-eastern part of Africa, the most compact and, even now, the least known of all the continents.

It lies outside the Tropics, and about 30 deg., or rather more than 2,000 English miles, south of the Equator. This distance from the Equator, or its latitude south, is about the same as that of South Australia, Norfolk Island, and the town of Coquimbo in Chili. Notice now that the line of 30 deg. north latitude runs through Cairo, through the northern part of India, through the middle of China, and through New Orleans. The people in these places live therefore as far north of the Equator as we live south of it. Another line, also marked 30 deg., runs north and south through Natal and crosses the 30 deg. line of latitude in a southern part of the colony. This line is Natal's central meridian or line of longitude, and it is 30 deg. east of the similar line that runs from pole to pole through the English observatory at Greenwich.

The general geographical SIZE, 2 position of Natal is thus easily remembered : — 30 deg. south of the Equator and 30 deg. east from London. If we had, however, to indicate its position on the globe more exactly and also to give some idea of its size, we should have to say that Natal lies between 27| deg. and 31 deg. south latitude and between 29 deg. and 31| deg. east longitude. The Earth, as you know, moves from west to east, and places to the east of us receive the sun's light some time before we do. Every 15 deg. of longitude makes a difference of one hour. If a place is 15 deg. to the east of us its time is one hour before ours, if 1 5 deg. to the west its time is one hour behind. As we live 30 deg. east of Lon don, it is 2 o'clock in the afternoon with us when it is only mid-day in London.

Look again at Natal's 30 deg. line of longitude and you will see that it runs through the middle of the Transvaal, through Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika, through Alexandria, through St. Petersburg, and through the centre of Lapland. The clocks in all these places point therefore to the same time as ours in Natal, and they are all two hours in advance of London time. Natal is about 6,800 nautical or geographical miles from London by sea and about 800 from Capetown. As every 60 of these miles is about the same length as 69^ ordinary or English miles, it is easy to change the one kind of mile into the other. IL— SIZE Natal is only a small country when compared with the British Islands, with its neighbour Cape Colony, with the whole of the British Empire, and with the vast continent of Africa. The British Islands are about six times larger, BOUNDARIES. 3 Cape Colony is eleven times, the British Empire is nearly 430 times, and Africa is no less than 600 times.

Its area, or the amount of its land surface, is 20,000 square miles, or 12,800,000 acres— the same as that of Greece with its islands. If Natal were in the shape of a square, instead of an irregular diamond, each side would be nearly 142 miles long. It would take nearly 10,000 suoh squares placed closely together to cover the surface of the globe, and 2,750 of them to cover all the land. Its extreme distance in a straight line, or air-line, from north to south — from the top of the diamond to the mouth of the Umtam vuna — is 255 miles, and from west to east — from Mont aux Sources to the mouth of the Tugela — 160 miles. III.- BOUNDARIES Except on the southward the boundaries of Natal are easily defined. On the west and north-west the Drakens berg separates it from Basutoland, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal or South Afrioan Republic ; on the north east the Tugela and its tributary the Buffalo separate it from the Transvaal and Zululand ; and on the east it is bounded by the Indian Ocean.

Until the year 1866 the southern boundary was as well marked as the other boundaries. It ran up the Umzimkulu, the Ingwangwani, and the Little Ingwangwani rivers, and thence along a watershed of ten miles to Bushman's Neck, a natural bridle-pass in the Berg. In 1866 an irregularly-shaped piece of territory, then part of Noman's Land, was annexed to Natal and named Alfred County in honour of a visit which Prince Alfred, now the Duke of Edinburgh, had lately paid to the South GENERAL APPEARANCE. African colonies. This county lies between the Lower Um zimkulu and the river Umtamvuna, and contains an area of 1,550 square miles. The southern boundary now runs along the Umtamvuna from the ocean to the Ingeli Mountains. It follows the ridge and then strikes off with many bends and angles in an easterly and north-easterly direction to the former boundary at the point where the Ibisi falls into the Umzimkulu.

This boundary separates Natal from Pondo land on the south and from Griqualand East or Adam Kok's Country on the west and south-west. Look at the map and you will see that a wedge-shaped piece of land, belonging to Cape Colony and lying between the north end of the Ingeli Mountains and the Middle Um zimkulu, makes our southern border run in a line as zig-zag as that just described. At a point near the extreme north of the Colony, the apex of the diamond, the territories of the Free State, of the Transvaal, and of Natal all meet together. From the point of contact the boundary runs south-east along a water-course to the Buffalo River, four miles distant. IV.— GENERAL APPEARANCE. A good idea of the general appearance of the surface ol Natal would be obtained from a bird's-eye view of it, that is, the view we should get if we could look down on the country as a bird does when flying over it high in the air.

Let us fancy ourselves viewing the landscape on a clear day from a balloon poised several thousand feet above the highest ground. We see lying below us what seems a huge slice of meadow-land, sloping south-eastwards from a grand natural rocky rampart to a seemingly boundless sea. The rampart is the Drakensberg, and the sea is the Indian Ocean. THE COAST LINE. 5 Three well-defined silver streaks are seen winding from the mountain to the sea in a general direction at right angles to both. These are the Tugela, the Umkomaas, and the Umzimkulu rivers. Descending nearer to the surface we find that the meadow is not flat, and that the silver streaks have considerably increased in number, and form a glistening network over the whole face of the country. We notice that the Drakens berg, besides being a continuous monntaiu-range, contains in places two or more short lines of elevation, divided by deep grassy valleys and wooded gorges, and abounding in roman tic cascades, dizzy precipices, and towering peaks of fantastic form " That like giants stand, To sentinel enchanted land."

Mountain buttresses, some of them partly covered with natural forest, are seen to radiate in decreasing elevation from the parent ridge to the tangled bush and tropical vegetation of the coast. The surface seems to consist almost entirely of large and small tongues of meadow-land flanked by water-courses and rain-channels, of deep rivervalleys surmounted by grassy heights and majestic kranzen, of wooded kloofs and wild rocky ravines, and of isolated mountains and lofty hills, whose " sunless pillars " are sunk " deep in earth." V— THE COAST LINE. The coast line, from the mouth of the Umtamvuna to the mouth of the Tugela, stretches in a north-easterly direction for about 170 miles There is one mile of coast THE COAST LINE. 6 for every 118 miles of surface. Scotland has one for every 6 ; England one for every 21 ; Europe one for every 190 ; South Africa, from Agulhas to the Stevenson Road, one for every 450 ; and Africa one for every 680.

The more sea coast a country has in proportion to its size the easier it is to get into the heart of the country, and the greater are the facilities thus possessed by it for trading with other places. Low-lying sands are met with here and there along the Natal coast, but in most parts the beach, that battle-ground between sea and land, is fringed with shelving rocks and dangerous reefs. Twenty-five distinct rivers enter the sea, none of them navigable. The larger ones have sand banks across their mouths and lagoons a short distance inland. Hills, formed of wind-blown sand and broken shells, are found on various parts of the shore. The lime in the shells, dissolved by the rains, permeated the unstable mass and in process of time cemented it together. Further protection was given by the covering of natural bush which gradually made its appearance.

The sand dunes of the Back Beach, the Bluff itself, and the green cones and domes of Alfred County, some of them 250 ft. high, owe their origin in this way to the winds and belong to what geologists hence call the .Æolian formation. The only break of importance in the coast-line is the land-locked Harbour of Durban — the water-gateway of the colony and of some of the districts beyond her borders. The wide and shallow Bay, of which the harbour is a part, contains, with its islands, about 5,000 acres or nearly 8 square miles. The entrance to the harbour and the Bay is formed to the north by a low sandy spit termed the Point, and to the south by the bold Bluff of Natal, 250 ft. high, surmounted by a light-house and battery, and covered with GEOLOGY. 7 natural forest to the water's edge. The Bar, a shifting mass of sand deposited by the sea across the fairway from the ocean to the harbour, and the comparative shallowness of the inside channels, anchorages, and mooring-grounds prevent the entrance at present of vessels drawing more than about 16 ft. of water.

Engineering works of considerable magnitude are, however, being vigorously carried on, and it is expected that large ocean-going steam-ships will soon be able to cross the Bar in safety, and be moored along side the wharves. At present they have to discharge and load their cargoes at the outer anchorage — an exposed natural bight lying between the end of the Bluff and the mouth of the River Umgeni. English and Dutch sailors who called at the Port at the end of the 17th century, and some of whom travelled a con siderable distance inland, describe the Bay as the " River of Natal." It has been thought that the Umgeni at one time discharged itself into the Bay, and that the Bay and the Bar are but examples of the lagoons and the sand-banks found at the mouths of many South African rivers. VI.— GEOLOGY.

" The Giant Ages heave the hill And break the shore, and evermore Make and break, and work their will." The physical appearance of a country, the fertility of its soil, and the industries of its people depend to a great extent on the nature of its rocks. A rock is any kind of natural stone. It may be hard like granite and sandstone, or soft like soil and clay. There are three great kinds of rock. One kind is called Igneous, because it has been at B GEOLOGY. some time in a molten state beneath the crust of the earth ; another is called Aqueous or Sedimentary, because it is formed of sediment collected and deposited by water ; and the third is called Organic, because it consists of the remains of plants or animals. Granite is igneous, sandstone is sedimentary, and coal is organic. Natal, as we have seen, is a very " broken " country.

Its hills and its mountains, its valleys and its plains, are not made of one kind of stone but of many kinds — all interspersed in orderly disorder. The more common of these rocks are granite, greenstone-trap or basalt, sandstone, and shale. The first two are igneous, the other two are aqueous. Let us try to understand how these rocks have become as we find them now — tilted, contorted, heaved-up, broken, and tumbled together in apparently wonderful con fusion — '* Crags, knolls, and mounds, confusedly hurl'd, The fragments of an earlier world." A geologist, however, finds nothing in their apparent dis order that cannot be accounted for by the principles of his science. Countless ages ago a huge mass of granite, flanked by granite-like rocks — gneiss, quartz, mica-schist, clay slate, and metamorphic limestone — lay deep down in the crust of the earth and formed the floor of what is now Natal.

The floor was not even but was wavy and irregular. The waters, which at some far-off age rolled over this granitic floor, gradually deposited on it immense quantities of sand. In process of time this sand became hardened into layers or sheets of various kinds of sandstone, some of them many hnndreds of feet thick. This deposit is sometimes called " Silurian " because of its similarity in GEOLOGY. 9 some respects to the great division of rocks so named by the eminent geologist, Sir Roderick Murchison. Unlike these rocks, however, this old or primitive sandstone is, in Natal at least, entirely devoid of fossils of any kind. Powerful forces were all this time at work under the earth's crust, and earthquake throes heaved up huge masses of the granitic floor and its overlying sandstone strata, and tilted, cracked, and pierced them in many directions.

Through the rents thus made molten matter persistently welled up from unknown depths, filling the rents and spreading itself abundantly in the hollows and on the surfaces. This extrusive molten matter is greenstone trap or basalt, and the rents and fissures filled up by it are termed greenstone dykes or veins. Above the sandstone we come upon a thick layer of claystone porphyry, or, as it is generally called, the "Boulder Clay of Natal." This is a curious formation, and one closely akin in appearance to the great Scandinavian Drift. It consists of a bluish-grey hardened mass, in which are embedded boulders and fragments of every kind of pre existing rock. It stretches, in broken series, from Swaziland through Natal into Cape Colony, which it traverses by way of Grahamstown, Prince Albert, and Karoo Poort.

Thence it strikes north and east to the Vaal River, near Kimberley. In some places this remarkable conglomerate formation is found no less than 250 miles wide and 1,200 feet thick. It is thought to be a vast moraine, deposited during thousands of years by the glacier-streams of some far-off epoch. This theory is supported by the fact that both the sandstone on which the boulder-clay now rests and the embedded boulders and pebbles are striated, scored, grooved, and polished. Then come evidences of further internal disturbance — more upheavals, more cracks, and more molten trap. Above GEOLOGY. and alongside the boulder clay and closely connected with it, we have another deposit called the Pietermaritzburg Shale, a rock formed by the continuous wearing-away action of water on the boulder clay and on the ubiquitous trap.

Again come signs of still further convulsions — huge dis placements, enormous fissures, and overflowing and spreading trap. We now reach the topmost layer of all, the new sandstone or coal formation. This is composed of seams of light-grey sandstone, seams of coal, and seams of shale abounding in iron ore. These seams occur in no regular order and they are of no fixed depth. The sandstone and the shale, however, are far more abundant than the coal. Through and among all these layers too, and during their separate deposition, the trap made its upward and outward way. The upheavals and displacements of all these rock-beds from the granitic floor to the surface have been on a most gigantic scale. The amount of molten trap that has made its way to the different surfaces and that has, when cool, in its turn undergone upheaval and displacement, is perhaps as great as that of any other rock in the colony.

The highest peaks and ridges of the Drakensberg, of the Karkloof range, of Zwartkop, and of the Maritzburg Town Hill, are all formed of greenstone trap. Sandstone, either of the primi tive or Silurian formation or of the more recent deposits, is found in every part of tho country. Some of the table-mountains, so common in the midlands and uplands, consist of huge upheaved layers of Silurian sandstone supported on granite or gneiss buttresses, which slope away to the valleys and river-beds below. Table Mountain near Maritzburg, Inhlazuka between Mid-Illovo and the Umkomaas, and Table Mountain at Capetown, are GEOLOGY. 11 fine examples of this formation. Other table-topped heights, such as Amajuba and the flat hills of Weenen and Klip River Counties, are formed of the newer sandstone deposits capped by layers of hard basaltic greenstone.

Sometimes the strata from which the top of the mountain has been broken and then heaved up are found hundreds of feet be low the summit. When the granitic rocks appear on the surface they generally take the form of low rounded hills or broad massive shoulders. The most recent geological formation in the colony, except the Æolian mentioned in the chapter on the Coast Line, is one which is found on the sea-shore of Alfred County and which corresponds to the Chalk formation of Europe. It rises from 60 to 100 feet above the sea, consists chiefly of greenish sand and clay, and contains an abundance of fossils — ammonites of great size and of many varieties, bivalves 3 feet in diameter and one foot thick, sharks, reptiles of the turtle tribe, and trees 70 feet long and 2 feet in diameter. In the new sandstone and coal deposits we find fossils of several species of ferns, horsetails, and reed-like calamites ; roots, trunks, and branches of coniferous trees ; and several varieties of extinct saurians.

The most remarkable of these saurians is a huge lizard with two teeth resembling those of the walrus. These fossils, however, are few and unin teresting when compared with those found in the European coal measures. But the surface of Natal has not the appearance now that it had at the end of the far-off period of those mighty convulsions and those enormous deposits. Since then gentler but yet powerful agencies have been at work mould ing and rounding the country into its present shape. Rains, running water, winds, frosts, lightning, and chemical MOUNTAINS. 12 action have gradually but constantly been laying bare and grinding into soil the hardest rocks. The softer parts of the surface have been hollowed into deep river-channels, chiefly by the erosive action of the sand and stones that were swept along and rolled about by the force of the waters as they cut their way from the mountains to the sea — " Streams that swift or slow Draw down Æonian hills, and sow The dust of continents to be."

The clear-cut features and the graceful curves of fair Natal have been sculptured by natural forces similar in kind to those that in all places and in all seasons are still seen in ceaseless operation. " The hills are shadows, and they flow From form to form, and nothing stands ; They melt like mist, the solid lands, Like clouds they shape themselves and go." VIL— MOUNTAINS. The Kahlamba, or Drakensberg, is the one mountain range of Natal. Under different names the great South African chain, of which the Drakensberg is a part, stretches round by way of Capetown for 1,400 miles between the mouth of the Orange River and the great bend of the Limpopo, in a line generally parallel to the coast, and at a distance from it varying between 50 and 150 miles. Between Giant's Castle and Mont aux Sources on Natal's western boundary, the Berg, as it is commonly called, towers to a height of about 12,000 feet above the level of tho sea, and about 7,000 feet above the country at its base.

MOUNTAINS. 13 The ridge between these two points is the highest land in South Africa. Further north the line of elevation becomes lower, and averages only between 6,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea. The most prominent points in the Berg are Champagne Castle or Cathkin Peak, about 12,000 feet high ; Giant's Castle, 11,000 feet; Mont aux Sources, 11,000 feet; the grey knob of Tintwa, 7,500 feet; Mount Malani, 7,500 feet ; flat-topped historic Amajuba, 7,000 feet ; and the Inkwelo Mountain, 6,812 feet. The head-waters of the Umkomaas spring from the triple-faced natural fastness of Giant's Castle ; the great Orange River rises on the western slopes of Cathkin Peak ; and the Tugela, the Caledon, and several branches of the Wilge and Orange Rivers rush in cataracts from the sea of jagged peaks that form Mont aux Sources.

This vast mountain mass, whose " rocky summits, split and rent, Form turret, dome, and battlement,' was named by the French missionaries in Basutoland, and is the point at which the boundaries of Natal, Basutoland, and the Orange Free State join. The chief passes over the Mountain are : — Olivier's Hoek Pass ; Bezuidenhout's Pass ; Tintwa Pass ; Van Reenen's Pass ; De Beer's Pass ; Sunday's River Pass, near Mount Malani ; Botha's Pass, near the sources of the River Ingogo ; and Laing's Nek, near Charlestown on the main road to the Transvaal. All these passes are available for wagons. Bushman's Neck, Bush man River Pass, and severa other tracks in the neighbourhood of Giant's Castle and in the part of the Berg north of the great angle, may be scaled only on horseback and on foot. MOUNTAINS.

Traces of the pygmy Bushmen have been found in many of the mountains of South Africa. In the parts of the Berg above the head-waters of the Bushman River, the sides, roofs, and floors of the rocky cavities in which they lived are adorned with small rude sketches in red, brown, white, and black of hunting, raiding, and battle scenes, and of elands, hartebeesten, wild pigs, wild dogs, and serpents. From the sea to the Berg the land rises by successive terraces, well-known to travellers on the main road between the Port and Van Reenen's Pass. The first terrace, 1,730 feet high, rises above the village of Pinetown, 12 miles inland ; the second, 2,424 feet high, is at Botha's Hill ; the third, 3,700 feet high, begins on the Town Hill above Maritzburg, 45 miles from the sea ; and the fourth, 5,000 feet high: forms the highlands between the villages of Weston and Estcourt.

From this point the surface rises and falls with little variation till the Pass is reached, which crosses the Berg at an elevation of 5,600 feet and at a distance of 225 miles from Durban by rail. The Berg itself is the rugged cliff-edge of the crowning terrace, the vast Central Plateau of South Africa. The wide undulating sweep of the Free State, broken by numerous flat-topped hills, stretches away westward to the far-off plains of Southern Bechuanaland and the dreary expanse of the Kalahari Desert. There are indications of this vast Central Plateau having been at some remote age an immense inland sea, whose waters rushed in intermittent mighty cataracts over its mountain-rim as its rocky floor was gradually raised by a succession of volcanic dis turbances. Four well-defined ranges of lofty hills, all belonging to the New Sandstone or Coal formation, spread outward from the Berg, like the gigantic fingers of a mighty hand.

MOUNTAINS. 15 I. The northmost, the Biggarsberg, runs south-east through Klip River County from a corner of the Berg near Mount Malani to the junction of the Mooi River with the Tugela. Its most noticeable points are One Tree Hill, 5,866 feet; Indumeni, 7,200 feet; and Umsinga. Indu meni is probably the highest summit in Natal, outside the Berg. II. The Little Drakensberg stretches north from Champagne Castle for 13 miles through a magnificently wild and broken country — the Switzerland of Natal and the home of the largest division of the historic Amangwane tribe. III. The Third Range diverges from Giant's Castle and forms the water-shed between Bushman River and Mooi River. Its chief elevations are Mount Erskine ; Hlatikulu, the great forest, the head-quarters of the troops during the Langalibalele rebellion ; Mooi River Heights; Umkolumba, 5,009 feet; Umhlumba; Pakadi ; and Impulwana.

IV. The Fourth Range also diverges from Giant's Castle. At Spion Kop, 7,039 feet, it separates into two branches, one going to the north-east and the other to the south-east. 1. The former again divides near Mounts Arrochar, 5,691 feet, and West, 5,800 feet, the northerly spur running through Umvoti County to Fort Buckingham, and having as its most prominent peaks Kelly Hill, Krans Kop, and Eland's Kop ; and the southerly spur forming the Karkloof Range with Mount Gilboa, 5,794 feet, and ending at Bester's Hoek or Blinkwater. 2. The south-easterly branch from Spion Kop forms the water-shed between the Upper Umgeni on the north and the Upper Umkomaas and Umsunduzi on the south. It MOUNTAINS. 16 runs to Otto's Bluff and contains the Impendhla, Inhlu zani, 6,483 feet, and Inhluzela Mountains; Zwart Kop, 4,757 feet ; and the Town Hill of Maritzburg.

At Inhluzela a subsidiary range breaks off to the south-eastward and forms a watershed, running, by way of Vaal kop, Botha's Hill, Field's Hill, and Cowie's Hill, to the Berea heights, against which in bygone ages the Indian Ocean rolled its billows. The Great and Little Noodsberg, respectively 7 and 3 miles long, and 3,400 and 3,000 ft. high, lie south of the Umvoti in Victoria County, and form the longest stretch of Silurian sandstone in South Africa. They merge to the southwards into the broken Inanda country and have as their most conspicuous summit the truncated cone of Mount Sargeaunt at the source of the Umhloti. The Ingeli Mountains are a detached range of syenitic greenstone trap, 7,000 feet high, forming the western boundary of Alfred County. The most noticeable mountains not directly connected with any of these ranges are : — Insikazi and Inkonyi in Alexandra County ; Inhlazuka, between the Umkomaas and the Ulovo ; Amabehlana, 4,896 feet., in the south of Pietermaritzburg County ; Mahwaqa, 6,834 feet high and the greatest isolated mountain mass in Natal, between the Upper Umkomaas and Ipolela Rivers ; Table Mountain near Maritzburg ; Inyamazana and Isibuyazwi in the north of Victoria County ; Mount Allard, 14 miles north of Greytown ; Opisweni, in the north of Umvoti County ; Tabamhlope, 6,512 feet high, between Estcourt and Giant's Castle; Umumba and Ilenge or Job's Kop, 5,694 feet high, in the south-east of Klip River County ; and Leo Kop, in the north-west of Klip River County.

MOUNTAINS. 17 Summary of flBountafns. Main Chain : — The Kahlamba or Drakensberg, containing Champagne Castle or Cathkin Peak ; Giant's Castle ; Mont aux Sources ; Tintwa ; Mt. Malani ; Amajuba ; and Inkwelo, Secondary Chains : — 1. The Biggarsberg, containing One Tree Hill ; Indumeni ; and Umsinga. 2. The Little Drakensberg. 3. The Third Range, containing Mt. Erskine ; Hlatikulu ; Mooi River Heights ; Umkolumba ; Umhlumba ; Pakadi ; and Impulwana. 4. The Fourth Range, containing Spion Kop ; Mt. Arrochar; Mt. West ; Kelly Hill ; Krans Kop ; Eland's Kop ; Karkloof ; Mt. Gilboa ; Bester's Hoek or Blinkwater ; Impendhla ; Inhluzani ; Inhluzela ; Zwart Kop ; Town Hill ; Otto's Bluff ; Vaalkop ; Botha's Hill; Field's Hill; Cowie's Hill, and the Berea. 5. The Great and Little Noodsberg with Mt. Sargeaunt. 6.