The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, etc

Front matter

THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE EGYPTIANS, CARTHAGINIANS, ASSYRIANS, BABYLONIANS, MEDES AND PERSIANS, GRECIANS, AND MACEDONIANS; By M. ROLLIN, LATE PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TARIS, PROFESSOR OF ELOQUENCE IN THE ROYAL COLLEGE, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF INSCRIPTIONS AND BELLES LETTRES. WITH GEOGRAPHICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND CRITICAL NOTES, AND A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, By JAMES BELL, AUTHOR OF CRITICAL RESEARCHES IN GEOGRAPHY. ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS, INCLUDING A COMPLETE SET OF MAPS. VOL. III. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY BLACKIE, FULLARTON, & Co. EAST CLYDE STREET; AND ARCHIBALD FULLARTON & Co. BLAIR STREET, EDINBURGH. 1828. GLASGOW: EDWARD KI1ULL AND SON, PRINTERS, 8, FAST CLYDE STREP.T. i THE HISTORY OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES ot THE ANCIENTS BY M. ROLLIN PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, PROFESSOR OF ELOQUENCE IN THE ROYAL COLLECE, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF INSCRIPTIONS AND BELLES LETTRES.

WITH NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTS BY JAMES BELL AUTHOR OF ' CRITICAL RESEARCHES IN GEOGRAPHY.' COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME WITH ENGRAVINGS. PUBLISHED BY BLACKIE, FULLARTON, & CO. GLASGOW; AND A. FULLARTON & CO. EDINBURGH. M.DCCC. GLASGOW: EDWAnD KHULL AND SON, PRINTERS, 8, EAST CLYDE STREET, THE PUBLISHERS'

Preface

It is a fact known to few English readers of Rollin, that the original edition of his Ancient History, and all the subsequent French editions, down to that edited by M. Letronne, in 1823, contain, as an integral part of that work, ' A History of the Arts and Sciences of the Ancients, which was also retained in the first edition of the English translation. What induced the English publishers to mutilate the work, by subsequently suppressing so large and valuable a part of it, we shall not determine : certain, however, it is, that their injudicious example has been followed in all the English editions published since 1740 ; so that even few booksellers are now aware of the fact, that in all the English editions of Rollin published during the last eighty-five years, nearly a third part of the work has been supp.-essed ; and that a part, too, which the Author himself — in common, we believe, with every enlightened and philosophic mind — regarded as the most valuable and interesting of the whole.

For, as Dr. Johnson well remarks, " There is no part of History so generally useful, as that which relates the progress of the human mind — the gradual improvement of reason — the successive advances of science — the vicissitudes of learning and ignorance, which are the light and darkness of thinking beings — the extinction and resuscitation of arts, and the revolutions of the intellectual world. If accounts of battles and invasions are peculiarly the business of princes, surely the useful or elegant arts are not to be neglected." And as one of the principal objects and advantages of History is to gain an insight into the progress of man in political and individual happiness, surely an acquaintance with the advances which he has made in every species of knowledge which secures his liberty, or multiplies his means of defence or enjoyment, must be highly interesting and important.

The history of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, is, properly speaking, the b THE PUBLISHERS' PREFACE, history of the human mind ; and, while the most splendid trophies of absolute power and unlimited empire seem destined, as by a moral necessity, to pass away, the dominion of the Arts and Sciences shall be wide as the world, and lasting as time. In restoring, therefore, this important portion of a popular work to the English public, the Publishers feel assured that they are performing a real service to the cause of literature. ' The History of the Arts and Sciences of the Ancients' constitutes part of the ninth, and the whole of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth volumes of the latest Paris editions of Rollin's ' Ancient Histoi-y,' and in the first and only complete English edition (that of 1740) makes four volumes.

By adopting a com prehensive, and, at the same time, beautiful plan of typography, the Publishers of the present edition have been enabled, notwithstanding a great mass of additional matter, to comprise the whole in One Volume, uniform with their edition of the ' Ancient History,' but published separately, for the purpose of furnishing those who may possess other editions of Rollin with an economical and ready oppor tunity of completing their copies. Independently of the present being the only procurable edition of Rollin's ' Arts and Sciences,' the copious Supplements and Notes of the Editor give it a further claim, it is hoped, on the public attention. Much important light has been thrown on every department of ancient science and art, since the time of Rollin, of which it has been the Editor's endeavour to avail himself : and it is confidently trusted, that, on the whole, the work will be found to contain a fund of curious and interesting information rarely to be met with in a single volume, on subjects, too, seldom illustrated save in books that are little accessible to the general reader.

Glasgow, May, 1828. CONTENTS. Preliminary Dissertation by the Editor, ix Introduction by the Author, . . i OF AGRICULTURE. Art. I. Antiquity of Agriculture — Its utility— The esteem it was in amongst the ancients — How important it is to place it in honour, and how dangerous to neglect the application to it, . 1 Art. II. Of Tillage — Countries famous amongst the ancients for abounding with corn 5 Art. III. Sect. I. — Cultivation of the Vine — "Wines celebrated in Greece and Italy, 7 Sect. II. Produce of the Vines in Italy in Columella's time, . . 9 1. The charges necessary for seven acres of Vines, . ib. Note by the Editor, . .ib 2. Produce of seven acres of Vines 10 Art. IV. Of the breeding of Cattle, . 11 Art. V. Innocency and pleasure of a Rural Life, and of Agriculture, . . IS Supplement by the Editor, . . .16 OF COMMERCE.

Art. I. Excellency and advantages of Commerce, 53 Art. II. Antiquity of Commerce— countries and cities most famed for it, . 54 Art. III. The end and materials of Commerce, 57 Sect. I. Mines of Iron, . . ib. Sect. II. Mines of Copper or Brass, 58 Sect. III. Mines of Gold, . . 59 1. Gold found in Rivers, . ib. 2. Gold found in the bowels of the Earth, . . . .ib. Page 3. Gold sound in the Mountains. 60 Electrum, .... 62 Sect. IV. Silver Mines, . . 63 Sect. V. Product of Gold and Silver Mines, one of the principal sources of the riches of the Ancients, . ib. Sect. VI. Of Coins and Medals, . 64* Sect. VII. Of Pearls, ... 66 Sect. VIII. Purple, ... 67 Sect. IX. Of Silken Stuffs, . . 69 Conclusion, 71 Supplement by tke Editor, ... 72 OF THE LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES. Introduction, 99 Of Architecture.

Art. I. Of Architecture in general, . 100 Sect. I. Rise, progress, and perfection of Architecture, . . ib. Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. Sect. II. Of the three orders of Architecture of the Greeks, and the two others which have been added to them, .... 107 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. 1. Doric Order, . . .108 2. Ionic Order, . . .Ill 3. Corinthian Order, . . 112 4. Tuscan Order, . . .ib. 5. Composite Order, . . ib. Gothic Architecture, . . .113 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. Sect. III. Explanation of the terms of art, relating to the five Orders of Architecture, . . . .114 Note by the Editor, . ... ib. VI CONTENTS Page Art. II. Of the Architects and Buildings most celebrated by the Ancients, . . 115 1. Temple of Ephesus, . . .116 2. Buildings erected at Athens, especially under Pericles, . . .117 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. 3.

The Mausolæum 119 4. City and Lighthouse of Alexandria, ib. 5. The four principal Temples of Greece, 120 6. Celebrated BuildiDgs at Rome, . 121 Note by the Editor, . . . .Ib. Of Sculpture. Sect. 1. Of the different species of Sculpture, 127 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. Materials of Sculpture, Note, . . 129 Engraving among the Ancients, Note, 132 Sect. H. Sculptors most celebrated among the ancients, 133 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. Phidias, 138 Polycletus, 141 Myron, ib. Lysippus, ib. Praxiteles, 142 Scopas 144 Sculpture among the Romans, Note, . 145 Of Painting. Art. I. Of Painting in general, . . 150 Sect. I. Origin of Painting, . ib. Note by the Editor, . . .ib. Sect. II. Of the different Parts of Painting — Of the Just in Painting, 154 Of the True in Painting, . .156 Sect. III. Different species of Painting 157 Notes by the Editor, . ib. & 158, 159 Art.

II. Brief history of the most famous Painters of Greece, .... 160 Phidias and Panenus, . . .ib. Polygnotua, ib, Mycon, Note, 161 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. Apollodorus, ib. Zeuxis, ib. Note by the Editor ib. Parrhasius 163 Note by the Editor 164 Pumphilus, ib. Page Eupompus, Note, .... 164 Timanthes, 165 Apelles, 166 Aristides, ...... 169 Protogeues, 170 Pausias, ib. Painting and Painters at Home, Note, 171 Of Music, 174 Art. I. Of Music properly so called, . ib. Sect. I. Origin and wonderful effects of Music, . . . .ib. Sect. II. Inventors and improvers of Music, and musical instruments, 177 Amphion, ib. Orpheus 178 Hyagnis ib. Olympius, ib. Demodocus, Phemius, . . .ib. Terpander, ib. Phrynis, ib. Timotheus, 179 Archilochus, ib. Arlstoxenus, 180 Sect. Ill, The ancient Music simple, grave, and manly — When and how corrupted, . . . .ib.

Sect. IV. Different kinds and measures of the ancient Music Manner of writing the notes to songs, 181 Sect. V. Whether the modern should be preferred to the ancient Music, 183 Art. II. Of the parts of Music peculiar to the ancients, ]85 Sect. I. Speaking upon the stage, or theatrical declamation composed and set to notes, . . . .ib. Sect. II. Gesture of the stage composed and set to Music, . .186 Sect. III. Pronunciation and gesture divided upon the stage between two actors, . . .ib. Sect. IV. Art of the Pantomimes, 188 Supplement by the Editor, . . . 190 OF THE ART MILITARY. 214 Chapter I. Art. I. Undertaking and declaration of War, 215 Sect. I. Undertaking of War, . ib. CONTENTS. Page Sect. IV. Attack and defence of places by Machines, . . • 263 Chapter HI. Of the Navies of the Ancients, . ■ 265 Note by the Editor, ib OF GRAMMARIANS AND PHILO- LOGERS.

Introduction 272 Chapter I. Of Grammarians, 273 Art. I. Grecian Grammarians, . . 275 Plato, ib. Epicurus, ib. Philetas, ib. Hecatæus, ib. Lyncæus, ib. Zenodotus, 276 Callimachus, ib. Aristophanes, ib. Aristarchus ib. Crates, ib. Tyrannion, ib. Tyrannion, 277 Dionysius the Thracian, . . .ib. Julius Pollux, 278 Hesychius, ..... ib. Suidas, John and Isaac Tzetzes, Eustathius, ib- Art. II. Latin Grammarians, . . ib. Aurelius OpUius 279 Marcus Antonius Gniphon, . . ib. Attejus, ib. Verrius Flaccus, . . . .ib. Cajus Julius Hyginius, . . .ib. Marcus Pomponius Marcellus, . ib. Remmius Palœmon, . . .ib. Short reflections upon the Progress and Alteration of Languages, ib. Chapter II. Of Philologers, 281 Eratosthenes, ib. Varro, • 282 Note by the Editor, . . . .ib. Asccnius Pedianus, . . . .ib. Pliny the Elder, . . . .ib.

Lucian, 285 Pago Sect. II. Declaration of War, . 216 Art. II. Choice of the geneial and officers — Raising of troops, . . . 217 Sect. I. Choice of the generals and officers, ib. Sect. II. Raising of troops, . . 221 Art. III. Preparations of "War, . . 226 Sect. I. Of provisions, . . .ib. Sect. II. Pay of the soldiers, . 229 Sect. HI. Ancient arms, . . 232 Art. IV. Sect. I. Preliminary cares of the general, 235 Sect. II. Departure and march of the troops, 2S6 March of the army, . . . 237 Sect. III. Construction and fortification of the camp, . . . 238 Sect. IV. Disposition of the Roman camp according to Polybius, . 239 Sect. V. Employments and exercises of the Roman soldiers and officers in their camp, . . . 242 Art. V. Of Battles, .... 243 Sect. I. The success of battles principally depends upon the generals or commanders-in-chief, . . ib.

Sect. II. Care to consult the gods, and harangue the troops before a battle, 244 Sect. III. Manner of embattling armies, and of engaging, . . 246 Sect. IV. Punishments- Re wards- Trophies — Triumphs, . . 249 Sect. V. Establishment of the Royal Hospital of Invalids at Paris, . 255 Chapter II. Of Sieges, 257 Art. I. Of ancient Fortification, . . ib. Art. II. Of the Machines of war, . 258 Sect. I. The Tortoise, . . .ib. Sect. II. Catapulta— Balista, . ib. Sect. III. The Ram, . . .259 Sect. IV. Moving Towers, . . 260 Art. III. Attack and defence of places, ib. Sect. I. Lines of Circumvallation and Countervallation, . . Sb. Sect. II. Approaches of the Camp to the body of the place, . . 261 Sect. HI. Means used in repairing Breaches, CONTENTS, Page Sect. III. Thud Age of the Roman Orators, 376 Sect.

IV. Fourth Age of the Roman Orators, 378 Chapter IV. Of Rhetoricians, 397 Sect. I. Of the Greek Rhetoricians, . 398 Sect. II. Of the Latin Rhetoricians, . 401 Chapter V. Of Sophists, 419 OF THE SUPERIOR SCIENCES, 426 Of Philosopht, ib. Note by the Editor. ib. Part I. History of the Philosophers, . . . 436 Chapter I. History of the Philosophers of the Ionio Sect, to their division into various branches, ib. Chapter II. Division of the Ionic Philosophy into different sects, 441 Art. I. Of the Cyrenaic Sect, . . ib. Art. II. Of the Megarean Sect, . . 442 Art. III. Of the Elian and Eretrian Sects, ib. Art. IV. Of the three Sects of Academics, ib. Sect. I. Of the Ancient Academy, ib. Sect. II. Of the Middle Academy, 447 Sect. III. Of the New Academy, 448 Art. V. Of the Peripatetics, . . 449 Art.

VI. Of the Sect of the Cynics, . 452 Art. VII. Of the Stoics, ... 453 Chapter III. History of the Philosophers of the Italic Sect, 458 Art. I. Pythagoras, . . . .ib. Art. II. Division of the Italic Sect into four Sects, 464 Sect. I. Sect of Heraclitus, . . ib. Sect. II. Sect of Democritus, . ib. Page Aulus Gellius, . 287 Athenæus, 288 Julius Pollux, 288 Solinus, ib. Philostratus, ib. Macrobius, ..... ib. Donatus, 289 Servius, ib. Stobæus, ili. OF POLITE LEARNING, OR THE BELLES LETTRES. Introduction 290 Chapter I. Of the Poets, ..... 291 Art. I. Of the Greek Poets, . . .292 Sect. I. Of the Greek Poets who excelled in Epic Poetry, . . ib. Sect. II. Of the Tragic Poets, . 296 Sect. III. Of the Comic Poets, . 297 Sect. IV. Of the Iambic Poets, . ib. Sect. V. Of the Lyric Poets, . 898 Sect. VI.

Of the Elegiac Poets, . 300 Sect. VII. Of the Epigrammatical Poets, 301 Art. II. Of the Latin Poets, . . 302 Sect. I. First Age of Latin Poetry, 803 Sect. II. Second AgeofLatinPoetry, 309 Sect. III. Third Age of the Latin Poetry, . . . . . S22 Chapter II. Or Historians, SSI Art. I. Of the Greek Historians, . . 332 Art. II. Of the Latin Historians, . S49 Chapter III. Of Orators, 363 Art. I. Of the Greek Orators, . . 365 Sect. I. Age in which Eloquence flourished most at Athens, . ib. Sect. II. Change of Eloquence amongst the Greeks, . . . 370 Art. II. Of the Latin Orators, . . 372 Sect. I. First Age of the Roman Orators, ib. Sect. II. Second Age of the Roman Orators, CONTENTS IX Page Sect. III. Sceptic or Pyrrhohic Sect, 465 Sect. IV. Epicurean Sect, . . 4*66 eneral reflections upon the several Sects of Philosophers, 467 Part II. istory of Philosophy 468 ate by the Editor, 426 Chapter I. pinions of the Ancient Philosophers upon Logic, 470 Chapter II. pinions of the Ancient Philosophers con cerning the Ethics, or Morality, . . 473 m. I. Opinions of the Ancient Philo sophers upon the Supreme Good, or Hap piness of Man, ib.

Sect. I. Opinions of Epicurus concerning the Supreme Good, . 474 Sect. II. Opinions of the Stoics concerning the Supreme Good, . 477 Sect. III. Opinions of the Peripatetics concerning the Supreme Good, 480 it. II. Opinions of the Ancient Philo lophers upon the Virtues and Duties of Life, 481 it. III. Of Jurisprudence, or the Know edge of the Civil Law . . 485 Chapter III. unions of the Ancient Philosophers con :erning the Metaphysics and Physics, . 490 T. I. Of the Existence and Attributes if the Divinity, ib. Sect. I. Of the Existence of the Divinity, ..... ib. Sect. II. Of the Nature of the Divinity, 492 Page Sect. III. Whether the Divinity presides over the Government of the World? Whether Mankind be his peculiar care ? . . 495 Art. II. Of the Formation of the World, 497 Sect. I. System of the Stoics concerning the Formation of the World, . ... ib.

Sect. 1 1. System of the Epicureans concerning the Formation of the World, .... 498 Sect. III. Plato's fine thought of the Formation of the World, . 499 Art. HI. Of the Nature of the Soul, . 500 Art. IV. Of the Effects of Nature, . 502 Chapter IV. Sect. I. Of Physic, . . .506 Note by the Editor, . . .ib. Sect. II. Of Botany, . . .525 Sect. III. Of Chemistry, . . 527 Sect. IV. Op Anatomy, . . ib. OF THE MATHEMATICS, 529 Chapter I. Of Geometry, ib. Of Arithmetic and Algerra, . . 533 Of the Mechanics, . . . .ib. Of Statics, 534 Chapter II. Of Astronomy, 535 Reflections upon Astronomy, . . . 569 Supplement by the Editor, . . . 541 OF GEOGRAPHY, 561 Supplement by the Editor, . . . 566 Of Navigation, 618 Conclusion of the Whole Work, . ON THE ORIGINAL STATE OF MAN, WITH THE ORIGIN OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.

This is a subject of more importance than many are aware of, as it involves a question of the highest interest to the inquiring mind, namely, Whether the Arts and Sciences originated in a state of civilization or savagism? or in other words, Whether the first ancestors of the human race were not only endowed with those intellectual and sensitive powers common to all the race, but also instructed in the use, and aided in the exercise of them, by the beneficence of Omnipotence, it being obvious they had neither experience to guide them, nor tuition to instruct them, as their descendants have ; or ■were at first in a state of the lowest savagism, from which they gradually emerged by a natural and necessary progress, originating in the innate and unaided powers of the human mind? The former is the doctrine of revelation, and is found to be in perfect consonance with all that is known by observation and experience of the nature of man, and with all the well authenticated history of the human race.

The other, though sometimes dignified with the proud epithet of philosophy, seems equally opposed to revelation, history, and facts. Cum prorepserunt prlmis animalia terris, Mutum ac turpe pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter, Unguibus, et pugnis, dein' fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quæ post fabricaverat usus; Donee verba, quibus voces sensusque notarent, Norninaque, invenere. Dehinc absistere bello, Oppida cœperunt n_ur_ire, et ponere leges, Ne quis fur esset, neu latro, neu quis adulter. Moral. Sat, III. Lib. I. p. 99, 106. " When rude animals, they crawled forth upon the first formed earth ; the mute and vile herd fought with their nails and fists for their acorns and caves, afterwards with clubs, and, finally, with arms, which experience had fabricated, till they found out words by which to distinguish their language and sensations: thenceforward they began to abstain from war, to fortify towns, and establish laws, that no person might, with impunity, be a thief, a robber, or an adulterer."

This poetical passage is the text from which modern philosophers have preached, and on which they have erected their Babylonish edifice of the natural and necessary progress of the human race, from the dumb and crawling brute, to the eloquent, erect, and polished man. Not only has this monstrous dogma been asserted and defended, in opposition to scripture, by infidel philosophers, but also by some who profess their belief in Christianity, and of whom better things might have been expected. The most favourable apology that can be made for such persons is, that they had not studied the subject as they ought, and therefore were not aware of the inconsistency of their opinion on this point with the other parts of their professed creed, nor of its consequences. There is a third class of persons who believe that all mankind were re- Most of the fashionable names in modern philosophy have declared for the latter opinion, which, however modified, is bat an old dogma hatched in the dark abyss of the Phenician cosmogony, first reduced into form by Democritus and Epicurus, and sung, in harmonic numbers, by Lucretius, that bard of atheistic philosophy, and by Horace, another of the same school, who have described the first men as a mutum ac turpe pecus, a dumb and vile herd, crawling on the ground on all fours.

B X phrase, the image of God, intimates the strong resemblance that man bore to his Maker. Such a phrase is nowhere used respecting the animal tribes, whether belonging to air, or earth, or sea ; clearly implying, that there was something quite distinct from mere animality, and vastly greater than it, belonging to man. Such phras eology does not intimate that he bore any re semblance to his Maker in his external form or material structure ; for as God is a pure Spirit, an immaterial Being, nothing material, however formed, can bear the least similitude to Deity. This is what we are certain of, as from the nature of God, so also from his own express prohibition of all image worship whatever, on set purpose to prevent men from imagining that any form or shape, whether animal or human, could be a resemblance of Him to whom there is nothing like, whether in the air, the earth, or the deep profound.

Therefore, the phrase, the image of God, must mean, if it mean any thing, a resemblance to his Maker in the intellectual faculties of his mental nature, and in his moral qualities; or a resemblance which con sisted not merely in having an immaterial nature, (for if such resemblance had been es sential to the immaterial principle, man could not with any propriety be said to have lost the divine image, as he could not have been man without it, and could not have lost it but by his annihilation,) but in knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness. duced to a state of savagism by the catastrophe at the building of the tower of Babel, when all languages were confounded. Though this class do not set out with the absurd theory, that man was originally the mutum ac turpe pecus of pagan poetry, yet still, so far as our present subject is concerned, their opinion leads to the same result, inasmuch as Arts and Sciences originated not less upon their system than on that of the infidel philosophy, in a state of savagism.

In examining the subject we shall first state the scripture account of the original state of man, endeavour to illustrate it, and carry down his history from the creation to the confusion of tongues, so far as the Mosaic narrative is connected with the subject; then endeavour to show that the confusion of tongues did not produce universal savagism. Afterward, we shall state the infidel account of the matter, with the reasons adduced to prove its truth, contrast it with the Mosaic account, and show that if the human race had been originally such as the pagan cosmogonists, poets, and modern philosophers, have represented them, nothing but continued, perpetual savagism would have been the result ; and that instead of debating, respecting the origin of Arts and Sciences, as we now do, we should have been in a state of utter and hopeless incapability of forming a single conception about the matter.

The Mosaic narrative represents the creation of man as the end of the material creation — as the last and greatest of God's creative acts. It is there represented as a matter of such import ance, that, to speak after the manner of man, a Divine consultation was held about it. " And Elohim (the Omnipotent) said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." This is very remarkable phraseology, nowhere used in the sacred narrative when relating God's previous successive acts of creative power. Each of these previous acts is simply announced by the prefa tory phrase, n and the Omnipotent said," and then follows the immediate effect.

But here, in the very announcement itself, " and the Omni potent said, let us make man in our image, after our likeness," the reader is naturally and ne cessarily led to expect an act of creative power transcending all that went before, in the dignity and glory of the being that was to be brought into existence. His anticipations are not deceived, his expectations, so strongly excited by the solemnity of the prefatory speech, are fulfilled ; for, in the verse immediately subsequent, it is said, " the Omnipotent created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him, male and female, created he them." The doubling of the If, as scripture expresses it, there is a spirit in man, and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth understanding, then the existence of an immaterial principle, with its necessary proper ties, as contradistinguished to his material frame, is essential to man — he could not be man with out it.

If the phrases, the image of God, the likeness of God, had merely meant that man was created with an immaterial thinking prin ciple, that invisible and immortal thing denom inated the soul ; or nothing more than that Adam was created with those combined prin ciples essential to man, which are involved in the very conception of the term, then Adam would have lost nothing by the fall but the immortality of his material principle, alongst with his expulsion from the garden, and wonted communion with his Maker. At this rate, the wickedest man that ever breathed, as a Cain or a Caligula, bore, whilst they lived, the Divine image as much as the first man. The phraseo logy therefore means something vastly different, something distinct from that which is common to all the race, something that was not essential to Adam, considered merely as a man, even a superior Divine principle, which qualified him for holding converse and communion with his Maker.

That such was the case, is evident from the fact recorded respecting the birth of Seth, that Adam begat a son in his own likeness. What likeness? Not that surely which children bear to their parents, merely, for we had no need that revelation should inform us of that ; for, according to the established laws of procreation, Adam could not but beget a son in his own likeness, both in his mental powers and bodily form, a likeness essential to man. The phrase evidently implies a likeness to him in his altered moral cir cumstances. Adam originally bore the image of his Maker in innocence ; Setb, that of Adam in a fallen state. What the image of God means, when applied to the creation of Adam, we have clearly expressed in Eph. iv. 22 — 24. " to put off the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts ; and to put on the new man, ■which, after God, is created in righteousness and true holiness:" also in Col. iii. 9, 10. where the new man is represented as created in knowledge, after the image of Him that created him.

This is just the image in which Adam was originally created, or, as it is somewhat differently expressed in Eccl. vii. 29. " God created man upright." He lost by the fall the image which Christ came to restore, and which is superinduced in re generation by the Holy Spirit. To suppose that Adam could actually become holy without being created so, or without such a previous disposition concreated with him, is to suppose an impossibility — is to suppose the same ab surdity in the moral world as in physics, that a body at rest should change its state, and com mence motion from the previous principle of the i-is inertia. Holiness must either be con created with man, or he must receive it by what scripture calls a new birth. If holiness and intellectual knowledge had been to be acquired by the first man solely by his own powers, unaided and uninstructed, he would have been in the same deplorable state, as the veriest savage upon earth ; and could in no respect have been an object of comparison or contrast to the Lord Jesus Christ, either in respect of federal headship, or of those spiritual blessings which were lost by the fall and restored by the second Adam.