Antiquities of the Orient unveiled, containing a concise description of King Solomon's cities, together with those of forty of the most ancient and renowned cities of the East ... With two ... lithographs, and ninety ... engravings

Front matter

I I ■ ■ I I rtrtrt I I I ■ rtrti rtrti I ■ ■ ■ I _,_^,»»™_»,." ii JKRI'SA'LThIW AND 1TM "R.TTT-MQ •**-£*••*■ Site of King Solomon's Temple and Grounds. From a photograph taken by Chrysoston in June, 1872. MOSQUE, EL-AKSA. MOSQUE, DOME OF THE KOCK. Antiquities / OF THE 'uFv E I L ElT) OONTAHrarQ A CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS OP KING SOLOMON'S CITIES, TOGETHER WITH THOSE OF FORTY OF THE MOST ANCIENT AND RENOWNED CITIES OP THE EAST, INCLUDING BABYLON, NINEVEH, DAMASCUS, AND SHUSHAN. EMBELLISHED With two beautiful UtTiograplis, and ninety fuU-page engravings. BT Aa^ M. WOLCOTT REDDING. NEW YORK: REDDING & CO., 731 BROADWAY. 1874. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1872, by M. W. BEDDING, In tbe Office of the Librarian of Congress, at W__-.h____g[xm, John F. Trow & Son, Printers, ac.5-213 East 12TH St., New Yoiuc»

Preface

. Within a few years past, extensive explorations have been carried on throughout the East, which have resulted in remarkable discoveries in nearly all of the ancient and renowned cities known to sacred history. Among the most important of these discoveries are those made in Jerusalem, in the excavations around and under the Temple site — among the ruins of King Solo mon's store cities, Baalbek, Tadmor and Hamath — at Babylon, Nineveh, and Shushan. These discoveries have awakened an interest that will not be satisfied with anything less than a description of the ruins of all the important cities of the East. In the ordinary works of Eastern travelers and writers, so much space is given to incidents of travel, and the speculations of travelers, that but little room is left for a description of antiquities or relics.

The aim of this work is to comprise in a convenient compass the results of all the important explorations and excavations made in the East, — especially among the ruins of King Solomon's cities. To this end, this work has been made strictly descriptive and historical; yet containing only enough of history to render the subject intelligible. By this plan a description of the ruins, as now seen} of forty of the most famous cities of antiquity is given in the space of this volume. The Author. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Jerusalem

ITS ORIGIN AND A SKETCH OP ITS HISTORY. ORIGIN— ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OF THB CITY BY DAVID— DAVID' S DEATH HE IS SUCCEEDED BY SOLOMON, WHO BUILDS THE MAGNIFICENT TEMPLE, AND THE STORE CITIES SIEGE OF JERUSALEM BY TITUS, IT IS TAKEN AT MID- NIGHT — WANTON DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE BY FIRE PAGE 1 7

Chapter II

I _ SKETCH OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY AND ADJOIN- I I I I ING COUNTRY. JERUSALEM — VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT — VALLEY OF HIMj NOM — THE TYROPŒON ; — WALLS — VTA DOLOBOSA — I DAVID STREET PAGE 41

Chapter III. Relics, Objects And Places Op Interest

ANCIENT POTTERY — LAMPS — KNIVES AND OTHER RELICB — ZION BRIDGE — ANCIENT CASTLE OP DAVID — GATES. OP THE CITY — POOLS — FOUNTAINS — VALLEY OP JEHO- SHAPHAT — VILLAGE OF SILOAM — ANCIENT TOMBS AND VAULTS — VALLEY OP HINNOM — ACELDAMA, THE FIELD OP BLOOD PAGE VI CONTENTS.

Chapter IV. Pi Aces Op Interest Near The City

THE GALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT — OF HINNOM — ACELDAMA — MOUNT OF OFFENCE — ANCIENT SEPULCHRES — SCOPUS RIDGE — MOUNT OF OLIVES — THE ROAD OVER WHICH CHRIST ROLE INTO JERUSALEM PAGE 69

Chapter V. Concerning The Temple Op King Solomon

MOUNT MORIAn — THE TEMPLE AREA, OR ENCLOSURE — WILSON'S ARCH — ROBINSON'S ARCH — MASONIC HALL — FOUNDATION WALLS OF THE TEMPLE — SOUTH, WEST, AND EAST GATES — DOME OF THE ROCK — MOSQUE EL AKSA PAGE 79

Chapter VI. The

PRrVATE MARKS OP THE BUILDERS AND THE REMARK- ABLE ANCIENT QUARRY UNDER JERUSALEM. 1AHKS FOUND ON STONES IN THE FOUNDATION WALLS OP THE TEMPLE AREA — MARKS FOUND IN SAMABIA AND HEBRON PAGE CONTENTS. VII

Chapter VII. Places Historically Connected With Solomon's Temple And The Builders

ANCIENT TYKE, HIRAM'S TOMB — MT. LEBANON — A SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY — ITS WONDERFUL TOPOGRAPHY — THE RENOWNED CEDARS — THE FOREST ; WHERE THEY WERE PROCURED FOR SOLOMON'S TEMPLE — HOW THEY WERE CONVEYED FROM THE MOUNTAINS TO THE SEA, AND MADE UP INTO PLOAT8 — THE SINGULAR INHABITANTS OF LEBANON; THEIR MANNERS AND CUSTOMS — THE AKALS, A SECRET ORDER, HAVING SIGNS, GRIPS, AND WORDB ANALOGOUS TO THOSE IN USE AMONG MASONS — JOPPA — PASS OP THE JORDAN — HEBRON, ITS IMPORTANT RELICS OP ANTIQUITY, AND SINGULAR MOSQUE — THE RUTNS OF BEEROTH — KIRJATH JEARIM — SAMARIA, CHURCH OF ST. JOHN — KING SOLOMON'S STORE CITIES, BAALBEK — TADMOR — HABATH AND GEBAL PAGE 141

Chapter VIII. The Cradle Op The Human Race

THE GARDEN OF EDEN — MOUNT ARARAT — THE DISPER- SION OP THE PEOPLE — THEIR LOCATION, OR THE PLACES OCCUPIED BY THEM — THE FIRST SETTLE- MENTS OP THE HUMAN FAMILY PAGE 258

Chapter IX

Tin. FIRST CITIES BUILT, THEIR RISE, FALL, AND RUINS, AS NOW SEEN. THE RUINS OF BABYLON — ERECH — ACCAD — CALNETH — NENEVEH — DAMASCUS — SHECHEM — GAZA — BEERSHEBA — BETHEL — BETHLEHEM — SIDON — JERICHO — SHU SHAN PAGE CONTENTS.

Chapter X. The Knights Templars, Origin Op The Order

— THE FATAL BATTLE OF HATTIN — MASSACRE OF THE KNIGHTS — DESCRIPTION OF THE REMARKABLE RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF KERAK — DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS OF ATHLETE, AND THE WILD ARAB TRIBE THAT IN HABITS THE PLACE — DESCRIPTION OF THE SPLENDID ANCIENT CITY OF PERGAMOS — DESCRIPTION OF THE HAURAN — ITS RUINS OF CITIES AND DESERTED VILLAGES — SHILOH — RABBAH — SARDIS — THE RUINS OF TARSUS — TIBERIUS — CÆSAREA — PANEAS — CAPERNAUM — ANTIOCH — EPHESUS — GADARA — LYDDA — NAZARETH PAGE 350

CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE — PLACE OF CRUCIFIX- ION — HOLY SEPULCHRE — PLACE OF ASCENSION. . . .PAGE 459

Chapter XIV. The Building Of King Solomon's Temple

MT. MORIAH — DAVTD'S PREPARATION FOR BUILDING THE TEMPLE AND CHARGE TO SOLOMON — SOLOMON BUILDS THE TEMPLE — ITS DEDICATION— DESTRUCTION . . . PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. topogeaph1cal plan of jerusalem, and the site of king Solomon's tootle. FRONTISPIECE — A LITHOGRAPH — THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE. JERUSALEM AS IT WAS, B. C. 1012. JERUSALEM AS IT IS. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE TI-TMPLE. THE GOLDEN GATE. INTERIOR VIEWS OF THE EAST AND SOUTH GATES OF THE TEMPLE ENCLOSURE. REMARKABLE ARTIFICIAL CAVE UNDER THE TEMPLE SITE. king Solomon's cisterns. robinson's arch and section of the wall of the temple enclosure. ANCIENT QUARRY UNDER JERUSALEM, IN WHICH THE STONES WERE QUARRIED FOR SOLOMON'S TEMPLE. INTERIOR VIEW OF WILSON'S ARCHES. ECCE HOMO ARCH — A PART OF THE WALL OF THE PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE. RUINS OF ANCIENT TOMBS AND TOWERS.

FIFTEEN GROUPS OF THE PRIVATE MARKS OF THE BUILDERS. X ILLUSTRATIONS. I _ THREE COURSES OF STONES IN THE FOUNDATION WALLS OF THE TEMPLE ENCLOSURE, WITH THE PRIVATE MARKS ON THEM. INTERIOR VIEW OF A GALLERY AT THE FOUNDATION OF THE WALL. EXPLORER EXAMINING MARKS. INTERIOR VTEW OF THE ANCIENT QUARRY UNDER JERU- SALEM IN WHICH THE 8T0NES WERE QUARRIED FOR THE TEMPLE. PILASTER IN MASONIC HALL. ANCIENT FIGURED PAVEMENT. MT. LEBANON AND THE BAT FROM WHICH THE TIMBER WAS FLOATED FOR THE TEMPLE. THE CITY OF JOPPA, WHERE THE TIMBER WAS LAN II ED. THE CITY OF TYRE AS IT NOW IS. HIRAM'S TOMB NEAR THE CITY OF TYRE. HIRAM'S WELL. king Solomon's store cities — their ruins. BAALBEK. TADMOR. KIRJATH JEARIM. HEBRON. SAMARIA. SIDON. GEBAL. THE RUINS OF NINEVEH. THE RUINS OF BABYLON. THE RUINS OF SHUSHAN. DAMASCUS.

ILLUSTRATIONS. XI EGYTIAN MTSTERIES — FIRST SCENE IN THE INITTATTON OF A CANDIDATE THE TEST BY FIRE, WATER, AND AIR. SECOND SCENE IN THE INITIATION THE SACRIFICE. THIRD SCENE IN THE INITIATION — THE TRIUMPHAL PRO- CESSION. THE BIRTHPLACE OF PYTHAGORAS THE ISLAND OF SAMOS. THE RUINS OF RABBAH. THE RUINS OF EPHESUS. THE RUINS OF GADARA. EXCAVATIONS AT SHUSHAN. IMAGES. VALLEY OF MURDER, JERICHO. 8UCCOTH. st. John's church. the palace at shush an. abdel kadee. an acacia tree. ancient pottery lamp — and ink bottle such as was used by the scribes. the castle of david. gethsemane. ancient coffin. golgotha. plan of the church of the holy sepulchre. BETHANY. SHECHEM. ILLUSTRATIONS. XII EPHRAIM. david's mosque and tomb. mount ararat. a group of captives. king solomon, from an ancient sculpture. collecting contributions for rebuilding the TEMPLE.

BATTLE-FIELD OF HATTIN. WAR-HORSES AFTER THE BATTLE. THE REMARKABLE RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF GERASH. * THE RUINS OF ATHLETE. RUINS OF PERGAMOS. ANCIENT CITY IN THE HAURAN. ANCIENT KITCHEN AND UTENSILS. ANCIENT DRINKING CUPS. ANCIENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. RUINS OF THE GREAT FORTRESS OF KERAK A FAMOUS STRONGHOLD OF THE CRUSADERS. SEVERAL ENGRAVINGS, GIVING VIEWS OF LEBANON SCENERY — ITS INHABITANTS — THEIR DWELLINGS, ETC. INDEX TO THE PLAN OF JERUSALEM AND ITS RUINS. No 1. Armenian Convent on Mt. Zion. 2. Episcopal Church, and Consulate of St. James. 3. David Tower. _. Hezekiah Pool, built by Herod ; now used. 5. Castle of David. 6. Greek Convent. 7. Coptic Convent. 8. Latin Convent. 9. Church of the Holy Sepulchre. IO. Pilate's house (ancient citadel), now the Pasha's res. dence. 11. Bethesda Pool. 12.

St. Ann Church. 13, Prussian Consulate — near the site of Herod's palace. 14, Ruins of an ancient temple. 15, Valley Gate, near the Jaffa Gate. 16. Ancient gate, now closed (Bethezo was near it), on Zion. 17. Esseues' Gate, on Zion South. 18. Tower of Siloam. 19. East or Sun Gate. 20. The Stairs of David — now in use. 21. Intermediate Gate, between the two walls at the Junction of the Tyropœon and Kidron Valleys. 22. The House of David — it spanned the TyTopœon Valley here. 23. The Tower that lieth out over the Virgin Fountain. 24. Water Gate ; on Ophel. 25. The Great Tower— Tower of Ophel. INDEX TO THE PLAN. No. 26. Horse Gate, near the S. E. corner of the Temple. 27. Tower of the Flock (Micah iv., 8). 28. Sheep Gate — near the present St. Stephen's Gate. 29. Tower of Hananeel; N. E corner of the Temple Area. 30.

Fish Gate— near the present St. Stephen's Gate. 31. Gate of Benjamin— North and East. 32. Cemetery. 33. Throne of the Governor. 34. Damascus Gate ; facing North. 35. Broad wall between Ephraim and the corner Gate. 36. Corner Gate— near the N. W. corner on the West. 37. Tower of Furnaces ; in the West end of the East and West wall. 38. First Gate ; in the first wall, near Jaffa Gate. 39. The Armory, or House of the Forest of Lebanon, in tho N. E. corner of Zion. 40. Prison Gate ; ShaUecketh, in the Temple. 41. Miphkad Gate ; the Stocks for detaining and punishing criminals were near this Gate, at the West end of the Tyropœon bridge. 42. Second Gate in the Tyropœon. 43. Tower of Hippicus ; the ruins are in the N. W. corner of the city wall, called the Giant's Tower. 44. Phasaelus — a Tower named after Herod's brother, near the Gennath Gate. 45.

Mariamne —named by Herod after his Queen ; on Zion. 46. Gennath (gardens) Gate — near the Jaffa Gate, in thethird wall. 47. Psephinos ; an octagon tower, North of Hippicus. There were 90 towers in the third wall; no other names have been recorded. In other walls there were other gates, of which no ruins exist. 48. Fort of Zion ; the Great Acropolis, so famed during the Syrian Wars. 49. Castle of Zion ; taken by David from the Jebusite,. 50. Zion Bridge. 51. Citadel ; was high and overlooked the city. 62. Millo* at the Junction of the Zion and Tyropœon Valleys. INDEX TO THE PLAN. 15 No. 53. Road over which Christ rode into Jerusalem. 54. Golgotha. 55. Castle of Antonia ; containing the Judgment HalL 56. Baris ; the Acropolis of Akra. 57. Strabo's Tower, near Antonia. 58. Illustration showing the form of the original hill Mount Moriah. 59.

Upper Pool of Gihon. 60. Jews' Wailing-Place ; here are to be seen some of the foundation-stones of the Temple. 61. Garden of Gethsemane. 62. Church of tbe Ascension. 63. Entrance to the great underground quarry, where the stones were quarried and prepare., for King Solomon's Temple. 64. Village of Siloam. Besides these there are records of a gr_at many palaces, market places, and synagogues for instruction in the Scriptures and tra ditions, of which there remains no vestige by which they can with certainty be identified. MOUNT MORIAH— SITE OF SOLOMON'.S TEMPLE. A, A, A, A, Temple Area. No. 1. Dome of the Rock; Ancient Christian Church: now u mosk. Z. Mosk el Aksa; the Ancient Knight Templar's Clmrch 3. Mogrebins Mosk. 4. The Sea of Solomon, underground. 5. Vaults under the platform. 6. Ancient South Gate of tho Temple ; now ] )ouble H! at. 7. Ancient West Gate, now Prophet's Gate. 8. Gate of the Chain. 9. Gate of the Bath. 10. Iron Gate. 11. Gate of the Inspector. 12. East or Golden Gate.