Sketches in New Zealand, with pen and pencil

Front matter

SKETCHES IN NEW ZEALAND. London: Spottiswoodes and Shaw, New-street- Square. X. k X "HANHAHT MPT MATARAWA, THE FARM OF Nl" CILFILLAN M** GILFILLAN BELT SKETCHES IN NEW ZEALAND. WITH PEN AND PENCIL. BY ¥. TYRONE POWER, D.A.C.G. From a Journal kept in that Country from July 1846, to June 1848. HS-ILE HAKBOOR, COOK'S STRAUS. LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATEKNOSTER-ROW. 1849. TO SIE CHARLES TREVELYAN, K.C.B. THESE SKETCHES ARE DEDICATED, AS A TRIBUTE OE RESPECT FROM HIS OBLIGED SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. A

Preface

. I am aware that some apology is necessary for venturing to intrude such slight and incomplete sketches on the public : and the only excuse I can make is, that they are a mere transcript from a jour nal and sketch-book, kept for my own amusement. The most I can hope is, that, in affording an hour's light reading, I may at the same time convey the impression, so strong in my own mind, of the fitness of this colony for English emigrants of all classes, and perhaps induce a spirit of enquiry which, in better hands, may exhibit all the advantages of this beautiful and promising country. It only remains for me to thank those kind friends to whom I am indebted for some of the sketches, which have been selected from a great number placed by them at my disposal, and more particularly by my fellow traveller, the Honom*able W. Yelverton, Royal Horse Artillery. The sketches by Mr. Dillon Bell and Mr. Gilfillan were given me in New Zealand, at A

PREFACE.

. VIII a period when I anticipated, as little as they could have done, that they would be submitted to the public: and I should hesitate in making use of them for such a purpose, were I not sure that I can depend on their kindness, to pardon me for trespassing on the ample store of interesting subjects they have collected. Bath: May, 1849. CONTENTS. Introduction Page xvii CHAP. I. Departure from Sydney. The Capital of New Zealand. Leave Auckland. Wellington. Waikanahi. Maories. Capture of a Whale. Whaling Station at Kapiti. Camp at Porirua. Life in Camp - - - - - 1 CHAP. II. Roughing it at Porirua. Narrow Escape. Spirited Adventure. Supineness of the Enemy. Horokiwi Valley. Field Service in New Zealand. Rude Travelling - - - 14 CHAP. HI. Appearance of the Country. Trade at Wainui. Grand War-dance.

Friendly Natives at Waikanahi. Korero at Otaki. At the Porirua Camp again - - - -23 CHAP. IV. Rough Travelling. Impressions of the Country. Bush Costume. Outpost Occupations. Prospects of a Move - 36 CHAP. V. Departure from Wellington. Port Underwood. Pleasant Sailing. Effect of wild Scenery. Rauperaha. Memoirs of two great Men. Catching a Weasel asleep - - 41 a CONTENTS. X CHAP. VI. Reach Wanganui. The Taua Retreats. Landing the Troops. Trade of the Settlement. Christmas-day at the Antipodes ----- Page 53 CHAP. VII. Dull Quarters. Native Visitors. Inconveniences of the "Tapu." Conveniences of the " Tapu." Consequences of breaking the "Tapu." Advantages of the " Tapu " - - 58 CHAP. VHI. New Zealand Tactics. Advantage of employing Steamers. An eligible Depot. Building the Stockade. Native Jollifications.

Moral Force in Pig-driving. Characteristics of well-bred Pigs - - - - - - 64 CHAP. IX. Good Companions. Shooting. Birds. Pig-hunting. The " Kiwi." " More Pork." Variety of Fish. Kawai Fishing. Whitebait and Oysters - - - - 71 CHAP. X. Move to New Quarters. Rebellious Pigs. The Land Question. History of Wanganui. A Hint to go. Officious Meddlers. Unlucky Accident - - - - 79 CHAP. XI. Startling Incident. Savage Murder. Domestic Tragedy. Capture of the Murderers. Ruse de Guerre - - 86 CHAP. XII. Rumours of War. Conduct of the Prisoners. Ruin of the Settlers. Opening the Ball. Skirmish in the Town. A great Chief shot - - - - - CONTENTS. XI CHAP. XIH. Wariness of the Enemy. Reinforcements. Reconnoissance. Tamati Waka. Te Whero Whero. More Skirmishing. Clumsy Equipments ... Page 102 CHAP. XIV. Narrow Escape.

Truce. Nelson. Produce. Croix-ile. Middle Island. Price of Land. High Rate of Labour - 108 CHAP. XV. Wellington. Porirua. Mischief of Absenteeism. Want of Concentration. Commercial Schemes - - - 116 CHAP. XVI. Wanganui. Otaki. Land Sales. Objects of the Purchasers. Fictitious Bargains. Proprietorship of Waste Lands. Nine Points in the Law favour the Natives. Recent Government Purchase. Journey to Wanganui - - - 127 CHAP. XVII. Good and Evil. Maori Ethnology. Missionary Influence. Change of Character ----- 14] CHAP. XVIII. River Scenery. Retaining Fees. Interior of a Maori " Pa." Diving Belles - - - - - - 150 CHAP. XIX. Leave of Absence. "Eno Wanganui." Rough Journeying. Deplorably fine Climate. Maori Encampment. Injudicious Measures. Law and Equity. Danger of meddling with Law. Guilty, or Not Guilty - 164 a CONTENTS.

XII CHAP. XX. Otaki. Architectural Improvements. Advantage of keeping the Natives employed. Wellington again. Inducements to emigrate. Climate and Productions. Prospects of Settlers. Preponderance of the native Population. A New England ----- Page 179 CHAP. XXI. Under Weigh. Imported Labour. " Put Money in thy Purse." New Zealand Company. Costly Loan. " Imperium in Imperio." New Associations. Voyage to New Zealand - - - - - 195 CHAP. XXH. Port Jackson. Sydney. Overland Route - 204 CHAP. XXIII. Leave Sydney. Enter Torres Straits. Coral Reefs and Sand-banks. Straits Depot. Booby Island - - 213 CHAP. XXIV. Fish out of Water. Undeveloped Resources. Depots and Consulates. Straits of Lombok. Appenam. Campongs. Trade and Enterprise. Malay Characteristics. Bajah of Lombok. Cock-pits and Markets. Military Power - 219 CHAP. XXV.

Singapore. Investiture of Sir James Brooke. Succession of Gaieties. Straits of Malacca. Pulo Penang. The Mountain and Plain. Universal Tolerance. Motley Population. Chinese Emigration. European Society ... CONTENTS. XIII CHAP. XXVI. Sail for Calcutta. Hooghly River. Doorgah Poojah. Natch Girls. City of Palaces. Madras - - Page 246 CHAP. XXVH. Point de Galle. Aden. Bab-el-Mandeb. Suez. Crossing the Desert ------ 254 CHAP. XXVIII. Cairo. Riding the high Horse. The Streets and People. The new Mosque. Mosque of Sultan Hassan. The Nile. Mehemet Ali. .Alexandria. Egyptian Men-of-War. Change of Climate. Malta. Gibraltar - - - 260 273 Appendix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Mr. Gilfillan's Farm, Matarawa, Wanganui River, Frontispiece 2. Croix-ile Harbour, Middle Island (wood-cut) Title-page 3. Rauperaha, Chief of the Ngatitoa (w ood-cut) Page 51 4.

Native fishing Pa, Wanganui 54 5. English Stockades and fortified Houses, Wanganui - 94 6. Tamati Waka Nene, Chief of the Ngapui - - 104 7. Tunu-haere Pa, Wanganui River - 150 8. Interior of a Maori Pa, Wanganui - - - 160 9. Peri-kino, Wanganui - - - - - 166 10. Dillon Bell's Fall, Mount Egmont - - -

Introduction

. Considerable interest has been felt with regard to New Zealand ever since the publication of Cook's Voyages made the world accpjainted with the natural advantages and capabilities of these " Green Isles " of the Southern Seas. Several unsuccessful ventures were made, at differ ent times, by private enterprise, to form a settlement in one or the other of these islands, but being unsupported by government, and backed by very little capital or continued energy, they never sur mounted the first obstacles and trials they en countered. While systematic colonisation could not obtain a footing, individual enterprise was more successful; and numbers of white men, principally English and Americans, might, as long as twenty years ago, have been found in occupation of the best sites for whaling, sealing, and trading with the natives. They lived on sufferance among the Maories, who appear to have

INTRODUCTION.

. XVIII been generally glad to have them for neighbours, as they profited by their superior knowledge of me chanics, and obtained from them arms, ammunition, and clothing, in exchange for provisions, and for the use of the land they occupied, or, not less profitable, in payment for other delicate services; it being expected that every European should take a Maori helpmate from the tribe among whom he sojourned, however short the period might be. The number of Europeans living in this way were, in 1838, estimated at 2000; and from their influence with the natives, and the vicious example they some times set, they had already become a source of con siderable anxiety to the missionaries ; and the prejudice and ill-will entertained against them by the latter body appear to have been extended, without discrimination, to all subsequent settlers, and to have been perpetuated to the present time.

The missionaries had established considerable in fluence among the chiefs of the northern part of the island as early as 1831, and appear to have constituted themselves the governors of the country, as re gards all foreign influence. The English government, in that year, actually accredited an officer to them, who, through their mediation, presented the chiefs with a national flag, which was subsequently inaugu-

INTRODUCTION.

. XIX rated in the presence of the crews of several English and American ships, and saluted with twenty-one guns by H. M. S. " Alligator." Principally through their management, a nominal confederation of native chiefs was formed, — a declaration of independence sanc tioned ; and the country, which had no native name, was christened " Na Terrene," which sounds as if it had some meaning, but which, in reality, is nothing more than a corruption and mispronunciation of New Zealand. All these proceedings were sanctioned and ap proved at home ; for they had a specious look, and one might fairly expect a considerable advance in civilis ation from a people professed to be capable of self government. This, however, was very far indeed from being really the case. The only confederation that had ever existed among any of the tribes, had been for purposes of war and rapine.

Each sept considered itself perfectly independent, and held no communication with any other with the view of common government. There did, about this period, exist a sort of alliance between the Ngapuhi and Waikatos, who carried on the most devastating wars, in which whole tribes were exterminated, or driven from their land; and which convulsed the island from one side to the other, causing most of the

INTRODUCTION.

. XX changes in the ownership of land, to readjust which still threatens considerable difficulty. There was no authority, no representation, and no government ; and the only thing like a confederation, that can be discovered, is that of a few missionaries at Waimate and the Bay of Islands, whose repre sentations of the state of civilisation and of the social condition of the natives led to those mistaken notions regarding them, which were at the bottom of all the first troubles and difficulties. The disavowal of British authority over New Zea land, admitted the right of the French, or of any foreign nation, to obtain sovereign jurisdiction ; and expeditions were planned, both in France and Ger many, to colonise a portion of these islands, with the ultimate view, no doubt, of extending their juris diction over the whole of them.

An emigrant ship, accompanied by a French frigate, actually arrived in the southern island, and anchored at Akeroa, only a few days after the English flag had been hoisted ; thus saving the colony from another dilemma, that might have ultimately proved more troublesome and irremediable than any of the rest. The New Zealand Company, acting on the au thority of Her Majesty's ministers, that New Zea land was an independent country, and the natives

INTRODUCTION.

. XXI free to dispose of their lands as they pleased, dis patched their agent, Col. Wakefield, to make purchases of lands for the purpose of colonisation on a large scale. The public interest felt in the plans of the Com pany, and the number of emigrants who, under its auspices, were finding their way to New Zealand, awoke ministers to the necessity of resuming the authority which had been too thoughtlessly dis claimed : Captain Hobson was dispatched as consul to the confederation, and instructed to obtain a cession of the sovereignty from the native chiefs, " over such territories as may be possessed by British subjects," over which territories he received a com mission to act as lieutenant-governor. Immediately on his arrival, Captain Hobson took measures to obtain the cession of the sovereignty, not only of " the territories possessed by British sub jects," but of the whole of New Zealand; and a treaty was concocted at Waitangi, which was signed by 512 natives, who, by a pleasant fiction, were sup posed to represent a population of 120,000 souls, or thereabouts.

These signatures were obtained partly at Waitangi, where the proclamation, blankets, and tobacco, were received with acclamations ; and partly by the influence of a missionary, who made a rapid

INTRODUCTION.

. XXII tour in a small coasting vessel, calling at the most convenient localities, and obtaining the signatures of all who came on board to dine or trade till the list was swelled out to the number of 512; quite suffi cient, if looked upon as representatives of the mass, only that they do not appear to have been empowered to act for the general good. Moreover, a great many tribes never saw such a treaty or heard that it was in process of formation ; and many individuals who did sign it knew as much what they were about, as if requested to put their mark to an acceptance for a hundred pounds, — and cared as little. This official farce concluded, measures were at once adopted to check the evils which had been caused by the re nunciation of the sovereignty, the principal of which was the sale of lands to Europeans.

Captain Hobson complains, almost immediately after his arrival, " that there are nine hundred claims which involve twenty millions of acres," and " that tracts of country, in some cases Jive hundred miles square, are claimed by single individuals." The difficulty of arranging these claims was increased ten fold by the want of any system of recognised right of property among the natives, the same lands having been frequently sold to different parties by the victors and vanquished, or without the shadow of a right

INTRODUCTION.

. XXIII at all ; yet all parties, natives as well as Europeans, were determined to vindicate their claims, and stand out for their rights. I have heard of lands having been sold by a tribe in anticipation of conquest, in the same way that well-tatooed heads were sometimes sold to virtuosi while still playing a conspicuous and important part on their owners' shoulders, the pur chaser leaving it to the honour of the seller to deliver the property at the first convenient opportunity.* Colonel Wakefield, the New Zealand Company's agent, had six months' fair start before Governor Hobson's arrival, and before the proclamation was published, which declared any future sales of land by the natives to be null and void. As might be ex pected, he made the most of his time, and acquired a title, such as it was, to very large tracts of land on both sides of Cook's Straits.

Swarms of speculators came into the field from the Australian colonies, and it is amusing to see the perfect indifference they evinced to the quality of their titles ; and the same tracts of land were sold by some of the chiefs over and over again within a few weeks, without reference to any previous sales. The real object of the purchasers, in most cases, was to use the titles thus acquired as a means of annoyance to the * See Appendix I.

INTRODUCTION.

. XXIV New Zealand Company or to the local government, with the view of enforcing compensation for a renun ciation of their fictitious claims. The value of the trade in flax, oil, and native articles of produce, were among the principal inducements held out to emigrants in the New Zealand Company's circulars. Strange to say, however, almost simultaneously with the arrival of settlers, these sources of trade began to fall off, and now the quantity of oil and flax collected in the colony is scarcely worth mentioning. The whalers, 'by killing the whales and cubs which frequented the coast at the breeding season, rapidly decreased their numbers, and now there are not half-a-dozen boats employed in coast whaling between Wellington and Teranaki, where, a few years ago, every, convenient nook and bay had its establishment.

The natives have ceased to prepare flax for the market, in favour of other occupations, by which they can supply their wants equally well, without so much trouble to themselves ; and although the flax plant grows wild, in the greatest abundance, in all parts of the country, the preparation of the fibre is not likely to be resumed, unless some easier method of preparing it than any now known be discovered. Another great inducement to specu lators was the apparent cheapness of land, which, if

INTRODUCTION.

. XXV those who returned from the country might be believed, could be purchased in any quantity for a mere song. With these views the New Zealand Company formed their schemes ; and when the richness of the soil and the salubrity of the climate are taken into consideration, it is not surprising that they should have looked forward with confidence to the perfect success of their plans. It is probable that if the Company had waited for information from Colonel Wakefield before sending out their settlers, he would have sufficiently demon strated to them the error in their calculations as regarded the facility of procuring land. Almost immediately after his arrival he reports to the Com pany, " That the laws of property are very undefined in this part of New Zealand ; " that neither Raupe raha, or Hiko (the two greatest chiefs in Cook's Straits) possesses the power of absolute disposal of any portion of the land in the Straits ; and he complains of " the uncertainty in the ownership of land, which has been usurped by tribe after tribe in a series of years ; " proving how soon he had discovered that the chiefs had no right to alienate the lands of their tribe, and on what questionable title they sometimes pro fessed to claim it. a

INTRODUCTION.

. XXVI The New Zealand Company, depending on the reports they had heard, or determined to run any risk rather than check the tide of their popularity, then at its height, sold tens of thousands of acres, before learning that they were actually possessors of a single rood of the soil, and sent six or seven ship loads of settlers out so fast on Colonel Wakefield's heels, that he was obliged to make any arrangements he could for their reception. Under these circum stances, he was glad to procure land any where, and almost on any terms ; and as fast as it was procured, it was apportioned to the new arrivals as they came thickly in, with the hope that, in many cases where the title was defective, or the purchase incomplete, the difficulties might be removed, and all parties satisfied, by after arrangements.

There would have been very little difficulty in this, if the matter had continued to rest between Colonel Wakefield and the natives ; but, in the mean time, mischievous, interested meddlers intervened, who used every possible exertion to increase the embarrass ments. The natives were instructed to put in new claims, to refuse all compromise, and, in many in stances, to deny all knowledge of any bargain havino* been made. They were generally advised not to sell their lands on any terms, or, having sold them, were

INTRODUCTION.

. XXVII recommended not to stand by the agreement. To increase the discontent of the natives, and further to embarrass the settlers, they were represented as outcasts from their own land, and slaves whom the Governor would soon reduce to subjection. The natives appear to have been cajoled and sym pathised with, and taught to believe they had been cheated and abused, till almost all of them determined to resist the occupation of the lands ; and even those who could not but admit that their lands had been fairly purchased, considered themselves swindled and ill-used, and consequently bore no good will to the settlers. The sudden influx of population, into what a few months before were savage wilds, surpasses any thing known in the annals of colonisation. The total value of property at Wellington in the first year was estimated at 200,000/., of which 18,0007. is reported to have been laid out in building houses, stores, and mills, and 15,0007. was the estimated value of the coasting vessels belonging to the port.* * In the first half year of 1842, the Customs duties &c. levied at Wellington were 9000/., and the total amount of shipping which entered the port was 126 ships, registering 16,842 tons.

At Nelson, the number of ships entering the port in the same period was fifty-eight, registering 14,719 tons; and the Customs duties levied were about 2,5001. a

INTRODUCTION.

. xxvin The sudden increase in the value of land, and the large sums paid for eligible localities in Port Nicholson, added considerably to the difficultiy of coming to an amicable arrangement with the natives, who were astonished and mortified to see so much value put upon what they had parted with for so little. It was explained, that a tenth of all lands was reserved for their benefit, the value of which would soon be so much enhanced by the surrounding settlements, that they would far exceed the original value of the whole tract: — but it was not found easy to make eoen a savage comprehend that it was for his advantage that he should be deprived of nine tenths of his pro perty. There would, however, have been no ultimate difficulty in coming to an arrangement, if it had not been for the jealousies and opposition on the part of Euro peans, with which the company and its settlers had to contend.

The first and principal opponent was the local government, with its crew of interested advisers, who appear in every instance to have supported the natives in standing out against compromise, or by instructing them to make the most exorbitant de mands, and who at last suspended all surveys, and directed Europeans in no case to retain possession of

INTRODUCTION.

. XXIX land to which any native should merely assert a claim. Unfortunately for himself and the colony, Captain Hobson, instead of acting independently, appears to have allied himself to the Northern party from the very outset. Acting on the interested views of his advisers, and without even taking the trouble to visit the southern settlements, whose geographical position, as well as the wealth, commerce, and number of settlers, gave them, at any rate, a claim to be con sidered, he pitched upon Kussel, a barren and un occupied spot in the Bay of Islands, as the seat of his capital. It would have been difficult to make a worse selection, in any point of view, as he S2)eedily discovered, though not till he had enriched many of the land-sharks, who followed obsequiously in his train.* This first blunder might, one would think, have induced the Governor to make a more careful examination before committing himself a second time ; and as he was sent to govern a colony, not to found one, it might have been supposed that he would, tempo rarily at least, have made his head-quarters where the largest population was to be found. The original spirit of the Lieutenant-Governor's instructions, that he should administer the government "over such * See Appendix H. a

INTRODUCTION.

. territories as might have been acquired by British subject," seems by both the first two governors to have been made quite secondary to the new order of things brought about by the treaty of Waitangi ; and their object appears to have been to propitiate the natives, at any cost to the settlers. In the second hunt for a capital, a spot was pitched upon on the Waitemata, in the G ulf of Hauraki, and denominated "Auckland," which still continues to be the seat of government.* Its principal merit is a good harbour and its connection with the interior by navigable streams ; it is well situated for trade with the natives, and is an excellent military position : but placed as it is at the northern end of the islands, as far removed very nearly as it can be from the other settlements, it will not, I think, long continue to be the chief town in New Zealand.

Everything seems to point to the central position of Cook's Straits as the most convenient spot for commerce and communication, and I believe that before many years are over, the greatest population will be found in one of the beautiful bays on the southern side of the Straits, where there are all the advantages of position, a better and more equable climate than in any other part of_ New Zealand, and easy communication with * See Appendix HI.

INTRODUCTION.

. XXXI the Wairau and other large plains of the interior^ suitable for agriculture or stock-keeping. At Auckland, for the first few years, the anomalous position was seen of a Governor, troops, officials, and all the paraphernalia of colonial and legal admini stration without colonists, the only representation of that portion of the community being a collection of land-sharks, Pecksniffs, and jackals, who were on the alert for what could be picked up. There were not labourers sufficient even to put up the Governor's house ; and the abstraction of a few mechanics from Port Nicholson for this purpose raised a storm of indignation among the southern settlers, at whose expense they had been brought out. Scarcely any notice was taken of the southern settlements, beyond sending down an official with a small detachment of troops, on the presumption that the settlers were disposed to resist the constituted authorities.

The Governor's delegate was received with open arms, and returned to Auckland with addresses of congratulation and expressions of the satisfaction of the settlers at being once more brought under the authority of the home government, instead of having to report their insubordination and resist ance, as was hoped and expected. It would be painful as well as uninteresting to the a

INTRODUCTION.

. general reader, to enter into a detail os events of the succeeding three or four years, which passed in an uninterrupted succession of petty disputes and undig nified quarrels between the local government and the settlers, in which each party appears to have acted with the steady determination of causing the greatest amount of annoyance and embarrassment to the other.* The appointment of a new governor only seemed to hasten the catastrophe, and an increased spirit of bitterness and personal ill-will was perceptible through out the colony. Commerce was ruined by the constant vacillation of the council, which one day imposed a tariff, and then almost without warning declared the ports free ; so that merchants never knew on what grounds to base their speculations. The government pre-emption right was annulled, and the only fee required from purchasers was I*. per acre, to the manifest disadvantage of those who had invested capital at 20s., 25s., and 30s. per acre, which had previously been the upset prices, besides leading to a system of jobbing and chicanery in direct dealings between Europeans and natives, which could only lead to mutual distrust and ill-will. The settlers were beggared by jobbing in town- * See Appendix

INTRODUCTION.

. XXXIII lands, which, in some instances, rose to the most preposterous prices. In fact, at one time, land, per foot, was selling at a higher rate in Auckland than it could be purchased at in London. Lots were sold to private individuals, and repur chased by government ; and it is reported that many of the officials, in the loose way in which the public business was carried on, managed to take advantage of the times to feather their own nests. At Auckland all this was going on in the small space of a few acres, comprised in the town-lands, beyond which the settlement could not be said to exist. No cultivation took place ; trade was at a stand-still; and the emigrants, unable to get pos session of their lands, or ruined by jobbing, hung about the town till their capital was got rid of and their patience exhausted.* In the south, owing to the opposition of the officials and the subordination of the natives, very little more could be done.

Most of the settlers were confined to the townships, or their immediate neighbourhood ; the purchase of land was checked altogether, and every difficulty thrown in the way of arrangement. It must have been a melancholy thing to see these set tlements, which had commenced with such energy * See Appendix V. a

INTRODUCTION.

. XXXIV and vigour, so utterly paralysed and prostrated ; to see the shipping which had filled the port, gradually dwindle away ; the bustle and activity of improve ment subside, and despondency and disappointment succeed to the joyous confidence that animated all parties at the early period of the settlement. This state of things continued almost without change, and without any prospect of improvement, till the colony was reduced to its last gasp ; all the capital of the settlers was gone and nothing was incoming, and, as a natural consequence, the Go vernor's finances got into disorder. No gold or silver came into the treasury, while the expenditure con tinued to be extravagant, and, as a last resource and the completion of ruin, debentures were issued, un based on any capital, and not representing coin in any shape, as no means were provided for the repay ment.* The natives, encouraged by protectors and by interested parties, resumed their land in almost every instance ; and in some cases, as at the Valley of the Hutt, the land appropriated to settlers was seized by tribes who had not a shadow of a claim, with the view of getting compensation for relinquishing possession of it. The respect and awe with which the * See Appendix VI.