Patton's Concise History of the American People, from the disoveries of the Continent to 1876 ... Illustrated, etc

Front matter

Engraved by Charles Spiegle, for Patton's "Concise History of the American People," After Marshall's steel plate of the " Stuart Portrait," by permission of the Christian Union Publishing Co. I PATTON'S CONCISE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, FROM THE DISCOVERIES OF THE CONTINENT C0 1076, THE CENTENNIAL YEAR OF THE NATION'S INDEPENDENCE, GIVING A CLEAR ACCOUNT OF THEIR POLITICAL, MILITARY, MORAL, INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL LIFE, BY JACOB HARRIS PATTON, AM. Illustrate WITH PORTRAITS, CHARTS, MAPS, ETC, AND CONTAINING MARGINAL DATES, STATISTICAL REFERENCES, AND A FULL ANALYTICAL INDEX. NEW YORK: J. B. FORD 6- COMPANY. 1876. COPVKIGHT, 1876. J. B. FORD & CO.

Preface

. Elaborate histories of the United States have been ably written, while compends or school histories — well adapted to the place they are designed to fill — are numer ous. Between these compends and the works extending from three to ten volumes there is room, as well as necessity, for a history that shall be sufficiently elaborate to trace the direct influences that have had a power in moulding the character of the nation and its institutions, moral and political. In accordance with this view this volume is designed to present, as fully as consistent with the plan, those events which are interesting in themselves and characteristic of the times or people. While the author has availed himself as much as possible of original authorities, and acknowledges his obli gations to the many elaborate United States and State histories, yet his main "effort has been to set forth our history in his own language, wrought into a consecutive narrative, confining himself to what are the true elements of history — that is, only those events and principles that have had influence ; making, occasionally, an informal summary of the less important facts to keep perfect the thread of the narrative. The earlier portions of this his-

PREFACE.

. tory, issued during the years of bitterest sectional feeling precedent to the late civil war, had the good fortune to be received both in the North and in the South as a "lucid" and "impartial" narrative of facts; even the extreme political journals of both sides commended it as "accurate" and "discriminating." This fact has been a great encouragement to the author in his attempt to truthfully relate the story of the subsequent years. In these latter days public documents are published to the world, and the materials of history become accessible to all. By this means the main and leading facts of the late War are as well known to-day as they ever will be, with the exception of a few instances in the career of individuals which will be revealed when the " Life and Times" of each comes to be written.

This latter class of material, however, unfortunately often largely embellished and explained by after-thoughts, may throw light upon personal motives and actions, but will shed little upon the great events themselves. For in the late exciting period statesmen groped their way ; no man saw the end from the beginning. An overruling Hand brought about the great result, not by the plannings of men, but in spite of them. It is hoped that the intelligent reader will find in this volume a succinct as well as a comprehensive view of the history of the American people, and of the influences that have formed their characteristics and their Government. J. H. P. New York, February 1, 1876. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Columbus

His Discoveries, 4. Misfortunes, 5. Death, 5. Amerigo Vespucci and the name America, 6. CHAPTER n. ABORIGINES. CHAPTER ni. SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND CONQUESTS. South Sea, 11. " First Voyage Round the World, LI, Ponce de Leon. 12. Florida, Discovery and Attempt to Settle, 12. Vasquez de Ayllon, 13. Conquest of Mexico and Peru, 14. CHAPTER TV. ENGLISH AND TRENCH DISCOVERIES. j ohn Cabot discovers the American Continent, 16. His son, Sebastian, 16. Voyages of Verrazzani, 17. Voyages of Cartier, 18. Attempts at Settlement, 30.

CHAPTER V. DE SOTO AND THE MISSISSIPPI.

Lands at Tampa Bay, 23. On the Mississippi, 25. Death of De Soto, 26.

CHAPTER VI. THE REFORMATION AND ITS EFFECTS.

CHAPTER VII. THE HUGUENOTS IN THE SOUTH.

Their Settlement destroyed, 30, 31. The Colony of St. Augustine, 32. De Gourges, 34. Settlements in New France, 35. Champlain, and his Success, 36.

CHAPTER VIII. ENGLISH ENTERPRISE.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 38. The Fisheries— St. John's, Newfoundland, 39. Sir Walter Raleigh, 39. . Exploring Expedition— Virginia, 40. Failures to colonize, 41. Contest with Spain, 42. Death of Sir Walter, 43. VI CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX. THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA.

London and Plymouth Companies, 46. King James's Laws, 46. The Voyage and Arrival— Jamestown, 47. John Smith ; his energy, 47. His Captivity, 49. Misery of the Colonists, 50. New Emigrants, 51. Lord Delaware, 52. Sir Thomas Gates, 53. Pocahonfas ; her Capture and Marriage, 54. George Yeardley, 55. First Legislative Assembly, 56.

CHAPTER X. COLONIZATION OF NEW ENGLAND.

First Voyage to, 57. Explorations of John Smith, 58. The Church of England, 59. The Puritans, 60. Congregation of John Robinson, 61. Pilgrims in Holland, 62. Arrangements to emigrate, 63. The Voyage, 65. Their prominent Men, 66. A Constitution adopted, 67. Landing at Plymouth, 68. Sufferings— Indians, 69. Weston's Men, 71. Thanksgiving, 72. Democratic Government, 73.

CHAPTER XL COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAT.

A Company organized ; Settlement of Salem, 75. The Charter transferred, 76. Boston and Vicinity settled, 77. Roger Williams : his Banishment; he founds Providence, 78. Discussions renewed — Anne Hutchinson; Settlement of Rhode Island, 80. The Dutch at Hartford ; Disputes with, 81. Migrations to the Connecticut ; Hooker and Haynes, 82. Pequod War, 84. Rev. John Davenport; Settlement of New Haven, 88. Sir Ferdinand Gorges; New Hampshire, 89. The United Colonies, 90. Educated Men ; Harvard College, Printing Press, Common Schools, 91. Quakers : Persecution of, 92. Eliot the Apostle — the Mayhews, 93. Progress, 94.

CHAPTER XII. VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND.

Slavery— Massacre by the Indians, 96. Lord Baltimore, 99. Settlement of Maryland, 100. Clayborne's Rebellion, 101. Toleration — Berkeley Governor of Virginia, intolerance, 102. State of Society, 103. Aristocratic Assembly, 104. War with the Susquehannas— Nathaniel Bacon, 105. Disturbances, Obnoxious Assembly dissolved, 106. Jamestown burned; Death of Bacon, 107. Tyranny of Berkeley; Aristocratic Assembly; its Illiberal Acts, 108. Deplorable State of the Colony, 109. College of William and Mary, 110. Troubles in Maryland, 111. CHAPTER XIH. COLONIZATION OF NEW YORK. Hudson's Discoveries, 112. A Change wrought, 113. The Fort on the Isle of Manhattan, 114. Walloons— the first Settlers— Peter Minuits, 115. The Patroons; Van Twiller Governor, 116. Kieft his Successor, 117. Difficulties with the Indians, 118.

They seek Protection; their Massacre, 119. Peace eon eluded, 122. Stuyvesant Governor, 123. The Swedish Settlement on the Delaware: Pavoma, 124. New Netherlands Surrendered to England, 126. The Influence of the Dutch, 127. Settlements in New Jersey; Scotch Presbyterians, 128. CONTENTS. VII CHAPTER XrV. COLONIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA. The Quakers, 130. William Penn; his Education, 131. Obtains a Charter, 133. Lands at New Castle ; Philadelphia Founded, 131 Rights of the Indians, 135. German Emigrants, 136. Fletcher the Royal Governor, 137. New Charter granted the People- Presbyterians from Ireland and Scoilaud, 138; Trials of Penn; his Death— Benjamin Franklin, 139.

CHAPTER XV. COLONIZATION OF THE CAROLINAS.

The first Settlers, 141. Grants to Royal Favorites— The "Grand Model," 142. Settlement at Cape Fear River— Sir John Yeamans, 143. Emigrants under Sayle, 144. The Huguenots, 145. The People Independent, 146. Churchmen and Dissenters, 147. Rice —Manufactures prohibited, 148. War— Failure to capture St. Augustine, 149. The Ruin of the Apalachees, 150. Religious Controversies, 151. Indian Wars — German Emigrants, 152. The People repudiate the Authority of the Proprietaries, 155.

CHAPTER XVI. COLONIZATION OF GEORGIA.

Founded in Benevolence — Oglethorpe, 156. First Emigration, 157. Savannah — Encouragements, 158. Germans from the Western Alps, 159. The Moravians — Scotch Islanders, 161. The Wesleys — Whitefleld ; his Orphan House, 162. War with Spain ; its Cause, 163. Failure to capture St. Augustine, 164. Repulse of the Spanish Invaders, 165. The Colony becomes a Royal Province, 166.

CHAPTER XVII. NEW ENGLAND UNDER CHARLES II.

AND JAMES II. The Restoration, 167. The Commissioners — Progress of Trade, 168. Causes of King Philip's War, 169. Death of Wamsutta, 170. State of the Colony — Attack at Swanzey, 171. Philip among the Nipmucks, 172. Attacks on Northfield — on Hadley, Goffe, 173. Tragedy at Bloody Brook — The Narraganset Fort destroyed, 174. Philip Returns to Mount Hope to die, 175. The Disasters of the War, 176. James II. — his Intolerance, 177. The Charters in Danger — Andros Governor— his Illegal Measures, 178. Charter of Rhode Island taken away— Andros at Hartford. 179. Andros in Jail; the Charters resumed, 180. The Men of influence, 181.

CHAPTER XVIII. COMMOTION IN NEW

YORK— WITCHCRAFT IN MASSACHUSETTS. Leisler acting Governor of New York, 182. The Old Council refuses to yield— Sloughter, Governor, 183. Trial and Execution of Leisler and Melbourne, 184. Benjamin Fletcher, Governor; his failure at Hartford, 185. Yale College, 186. The Triumph of a Free Press, 187. Witchcraft; belief in, 188. Cotton Mather, 189. Various Persons accused at Salem, 190. Stoughton as Judge, and Parris as Accuser, 191. Minister Burroughs, 192. Calef's Pamphlet, 193. Mather's stand in favor of Inoculation, 194. CONTENTS. VIII

CHAPTER XIX. MISSIONS AND SETTLEMENTS IN NEW FRANCE.

The Emigrants, 196. The Jesuits; their zeal as Teachers and Explorers, 197. The Chief Ahasistari, 198. The Five Nations, or Iroquois, 199. Father Jogues, 200. The Abenakis ; Dreuilettes, 201. French Settlers at Oswego— Father Allouez, 202. James Marquette— The Mississippi, 20S. La Salle, 204. His Enterprise ; his failure and Tragical End, 206.

CHAPTER XX. MARAUDING EXPEDITIONS

J SETTLEMENT OF LOUISIANA ; CAPTURE OF LOUISBURG. Mohawks hostile to the French, 206. Dover attacked ; Major Waldi-on, 209. Sehenectady burned— the inhuman Frontenac, 210. The Colonists act for themselves — Invasion of Canada, 211. Heroism of Hannah Dustin, 212. Deerfield Taken; Eunice WU1- iams, 213. DTbberville plants a Colony on the Pascasoula, 215. Trading Posts on the Illinois and the Mississippi, 216. The Choctaws, 217. Destruction of the Natchez, 218. Attempts to subdue the Chickasaws, 219. King George's War; Capture of Louisburg, 220. The English Ministry alarmed, 222. Jonathan Edwards— The " Great Revival," 223. Princeton College, 224.

CHAPTER XXI. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.

The Valley of the Ohio— French and English Claimants, 225. Gist, the .Pioneer, 226. George Washington, 227. His Character — His "Mission to the French on the Alleghany, 229. St. Pierre's Letter unsatisfactory, 231. Fort du Quesne built — Washington sent to defend the Frontiers, 232. The first Conflict of the War— Fort Necessity, 233. British Troops arrive in America, 234. Plan of Operations — General Braddock, 235. The Army on the March — Captain .Tack, 236. The Battle of Monongahela, 238. Death and Burial of Braddock, 240. Dunbar's Panic— The Effects of these Events, 241. CHAPTER XXH. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR— CONTINUED. The French Acadiens— Their Industry and good Morals, 245. Their Mournful Exile, 246. Expedition against Crown Point, 248. The English defeated— Death of Colonel Williams, 249.

Repulse of the French— Death of Dieskau — Williams College, 250. Kittaning destroyed, 251. Montcalm Acts with Energy, 253. Fort William Henry taken, 254. Canada Exhausted. 255.

CHAPTER XXIII. FRENCH AND INDIAN

WAR— CONTINUED. William Pitt, Prime Minister, 256. Lord Amherst^Plan of Operaations— Louisburg captured, 257. English repulsed— Fort Frontenac captured, 258. Washington takes Possession of Fort Du Quesne, 259. Pittsburg, 260. The French abandon Ticonderoga, 261. Wolfe before Quebec, 262. The Battle on the Heights of Abraham, 2G4. Deaths of Wolfe and Montcalm— their Memories, 265. Quebec Capitulates— Cherokee War, 266. Destruction of their Crops and Villages, 268. Pontiac, 269. Desolations along the Frontiers, 270. General Bouquet, 271. Pontiac's Death, 272. CONTENTS. IX

CHAPTER XXIV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COLONISTS.

Religious Influences among the early Settlers, 273. Love of domestic Lite, 274. Laws enjoining Morality, 275. Systems of Education; Common Schools, 276. Free Inquiry and Civil Liberty, 277. John Calvin — The Anglo-Saxon Element ; the Norman, 278. The Southerner; the Northerner— Influences in Pennsylvania, 279. In New York— Diversity of Ancestry, 280.

CHAPTER XXV. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE REVOLUTION.

Restrictions of Trade and Manufactures— Taxes Imposed by Parliament, 282. Writs of Assistance, 283. James Otis— Samuel Adams 284. The " Parsons' " Case in Virginia— Patrick Henry, 285. Colonel Barre's Speech— The Stamp Act, 287. Excitement in the Colonies— Resolutions not to use Stamps, 289. " Sons of Liberty," 290. A Call for a Congress; it Meets, 291. Self-Denial of the Colonists— Pitt defends them, 292. Stamp Act repealed— Reioicings, 293. Dartmouth College, 294.

CHAPTER XXVI. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE

REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. The English Ministry determine to obtain a Revenue, 295. Massachusetts invites to harmonious Action, 296. The Sloop Liberty— A British Regiment at Boston, 297. Collision with the Citizens- Articles of Association proposed by Washington, 298. Tax upon Tea, 299. The Gaspe captured, 300. The Resolutions not to receive the Tea, 301. Tea Thrown into Boston Harbor— Its Reception at other Places, 303. Boston Port Bill— Aid Sent to Boston, 304. Gage's Difficulties, 305. Alexander Hamilton, 306. The Old Continental Congress— The first Prayer, 307. The Papers issued by the Congress, 309. Views of Pitt in relation to them, 310.

CHAPTER XXVII.

TheSpirit of the People, 3U. They seize Guns and Ammunition, 312. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress ; its Measures, 313. The Restraining Bill, 314. Conflicts at Lexington and Concord, 315. Volunteers fly to Arms, and Beleaguer Boston— Stark— Putnam, 317. Benedict Arnold— Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys, 318. Capture of Ticonderoga. 319. Lord Dunmore in Virginia — Henry and the Independent Companies, 320. The News from Lexington rouses a Spirit of Resistance, 321. The Second Continental Congress, 323. Its Measures, 324. Adopts the Army before Boston, and appoints Washington Commander-in-Chief, 325.

CHAPTER XXVIII. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION.

Battle of Bunker Hill, 328. Death of Warren— Generals Charles Lee and Philip Schuyler, 333. State of Affairs in New York— Sir William Johnson, 334. Condition of the Army, 335. Nathaniel Greene— Morgan and his Riflemen, 336. Wants of the Army, 337. Expedition against Canada, 338. Richard Montgomery- Allen's Rash Adventure, 339. Montreal captured— Arnold's toil- X CONTENTS,. some March to Quebec, 340. That Place besieged, 341. Failure to Storm the Town— Death of Montgomery, 342. Arnold in his Icy Fortress, 343.

CHAPTER XXIX. WAR OF THE

REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. Meeting of Congress— Alarming Evils, 344. Portland burned— Efforts to defend the Coast, 345. Parliament resolves to crush the Rebels, 346. Henry Knox, 347. Difficulties in the Army— Provincial Prejudices, 348. Success of the Privateers— British Theatricals— The Union Flag, 349. Affairs in New York— Rivington's Gazette, 350. Governor Tryon— General Lee in the City, 351. Dunmore's Measures— Norfolk burned, 352. Defeat of North Carolina Tories, 353. Cannon and Powder obtained, 355. Dorchester Height*. fortified— Boston evacuated, 356. Washington in New York, 357. Numerous Disasters— Retreat from Canada, 359. Horatio Gates, 360. A British Fleet before Fort Moultrie, 361. Gloomy Prospects, 362.

CHAPTER XXX. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION

— CONTINUED. The Question of Independence; Influences in favor of, 364. The Tories— Common Sense, 366. The Declaration ; its Reception by the People and Army, 368. Arrival of Admiral Howe, 369. His Overtures for Reconciliation, 370. The American Army; its Composition, Sectional Jealousies, 371. The Clintons, 372. Battle of Long Island, 373. The Masterly Retreat, 376. Incidents. 377. Howe confers with a Committee of Congress, 378. Nathan Hale, 379. The British at Kipp's Bay, 380. New York evacuated, 381. Conflict at White Plains. 382. Loss of Fort Washington, 384. Retreat Across New Jersey, 385. Waywardness of Lee, 386.

CHAPTER XXXI. WAR OF THE

REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. Discouragements— Howe's Proclamation, 387. Affairs on lake Champlain, 388. Heroism of Arnold, 389. Capture of Lee, E90. Battle of Trenton, 392, Battle of Princeton, 398. Death of Mercer, 399. Washington returns to Morristown, 400. Cornwallis in his lines at Brunswick, 401. Putnam at Princeton, 402. Ill-treatment of American Prisoners, 403. Appointment of General Officers, Muhlenburg, Wayne, Conway— Medical Department, 404. The Navy, 405. Expeditions— Peekskill— Danbury, 406. Death of Wooster— Retaliation at Sag Harbor, 407. Schuyler and Gates, 408. The National Flag, 409. CHAPTER XXXn. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. The Struggle excites an Interest in England and France, 410. Privateers fitted out in France, 411. Munitions of War, 412. Howe's Maneuvers, 413. Burgoyne on his Way from Canada, 414.

Ticonderoga captured, 415. St. Clair's Retreat, 416. Capture of General Prescott — The Secret Expedition— The American Army at Germantown, 417. Lafayette, 418. Pulaski and Kosciusko, 419 Aid Sent to Schuyler— Howe lands at Elkton, 420. Battle of Brandywine, 421. Possession taken of Philadelphia— Battle of Germantown, 424. Hessians repulsed at Fort Mercer, 426. Winter Quarters at Valley Forge, 427. CONTENTS. XI

CHAPTER XXXIII. WAR OF THE

REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. Invasion from Canada— Appointment of General Gates, 428. Jenny McCrea, 429. St. Leger besieges Fort Stanwix, 430. The Attempt to relieve it, 431. Battle of Bennington, 432. Change of Prospects, 433. Battle of Behmus's- Heights, 434. Ticonderoga besieged, 435. Burgoyne surrenders his Army at Saratoga, 436. The Prisoners — Capture of Forts on the Hudson, 438. Schuyler, 439.

CHAPTER XXXIV. WAR OF THE

REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. Sufferings at Valley Forge, 440. England disappointed— Conciliatory Measures of Parliament, 441. The War presses hard upon the American People, 442. Difficulties in Congress, 443. The " Conway Cabal," 6M. Baron Steuben, 446. Attempt to increase the Army, 447. Exchange of Lee; his Treason, 448. Treaty with France— British Commissioners, 449. Battle of Monmouth, 450. Misconduct of Lee, 451. His death, 452. Combined attack upon Newport fails, 453. Massacre at Wyoming— at Cherry Valley, 454. Invasion of Georgia, 456.

CHAPTER XXXV. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION

— CONTINUED. Dissensions in Congress, 457. Expedition against the Indians, 458. The War in the South, 459. Marauding Expeditions sent to Virginia, and up the Hudson— Tryon ravages Connecticut, 460. Wayne captures Stony Point, 461. Lee surprises the Garrison at Jersey City — Combined assault upon Savannah, 462. Daniel Boone, 463. George Rogers Clarke ; Kaskaskia — Pioneers of Tennessee ; Nashville, 464. John Paul Jones, 465.

CHAPTER XXXVI. WAR OF THE

REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. Hardships of the Soldiers, 466. British Success at the South%467. Colonel Tarleton, 468. Charleston capitulates— Defeat at Waxhaws, 469, Rev. James Caldwell, 470. Maraud into Jersey, 471. French Fleet at Newport— The Partisan Leaders in the South, 472. Gates in Command— Disastrous Battle of Camden, 474. Death of De Kalb, 475. Sumter's, Success and Defeat, 476. The Treason of Arnold — Major Andre, 477. Movements of Cornwallis, 479. Colonel Ferguson— The Battle of King's Mountain, 480. Tarleton repulsed, 482. Greene in Command — British triumphaut in the South — Affairs in Europe, 4b3. Henry Laurens —Dangers of England ; her Energy, 484. CHAPTER XXXVn. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— CONTINUED. The Spirit of Revolt among the Soldiers, 486. Arnold ravages the Shores of the Chesapeake, 488.

Battle of the Cowpens, 489. Morgan retreats ; Cornwallis pursues, 491. Greene marches South- Lee scatters the Tories, 493. Battle of Guildford Court-House, 494. Conflict at Hobkirk's Hill, 495. The Execution of Hayne, 496. Battle of Eutaw Springs, 497. Plans to Capture New York, 498. Wayne's Daring at James Riy,er, 499. National Finances— CONTENTS. Robert Morris, 500. Clinton deceived— Combined Armies beyond the Delaware, 501. French Fleet in the Chesapeake, 502. New London burned by Arnold, 503. The Attack, 504. Cornwallis Surrenders, 505. Thanksgivings, 506. CHAPTER XXXVin. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR— FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. British Efforts Paralyzed, 508. The States form Independent Governments—Indian Wars, 509. Massacre of the Christian Delawares—Battle of the Blue Lick, 510. Lord North— Commissioners of Peace, 511.

Peace concluded— Dissatisfaction in the American Army, 512. The " Anonymous Address," 513. British Prisoners ; the Tories, 514. Disbaudmeiit of the Army — Washington takes leave of his Officers, 515. Resigns his Commission, 516. Shay's Rebellion, 518. Interests of the States clash, 519. The Constitutional Convention, 520. The Constitution— its Ratification, 521. The Territory Northwest of the Ohio, 522. Ecclesiastical Organizations, 523.

CHAPTER XXXIX. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Reception and Inauguration of the President, 528. An Era in human Progress, 529. The Departments of State organized, 530. Hamilton's Financial Report, 531. Congress Assumes the Debts of the Nation — National Bank, 532. Commercial Enterprise — Manufactures, 533. Indian War, 534. St. Clair defeated, 535. Wayne defeats the Indians, 536. Political Parties— Jefferson, 537. The French Revolution, 538. Genet arrives as French Minister — Neutrality proclaimed by the President — Democratic Societies, 539. The Partisans of France— Recall of Genet, 540. The first Settlers of Western Pennsylvania, 541. The Whiskey Insurrection, 542. Special Mission to Great Britain, 543. A Treaty concluded, 544. Other Treaties, 545. Washington's Farewell Address, 546.

CHAPTER XL.

f JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. Serious Aspect of Relations with France, 547. Commissioners of Peace, 548. The French Cruisers, 549. The Alien Act — War impending, 550. Washington Commander-in-Chief — Capture of the Frigate LTnsurgente, 551. Peace concluded— Death of Washington, 552. Eulogiums on his Character, 553. The city of Washington becomes the Seat of Government, 554.

CHAPTER XLI. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

The President's Inaugural, 555. Purchase of Louisiana, 556. Pirates in the Mediterranean, 557. Burning of the Philadelphia, 558. Tripoli Bombarded, 559. Death of Hamilton, 560. Aaron Burr, ■ 561. Opposition to the Navy— Gunboats, 562. The Rights of Neutrals— The unjust Decrees issued by England and France, 563. Impressment of American Seamen, 564. Treaty with England rejected by the President— Affair of the Chesapeake, 566. The Embargo ; its effect, 568. Manufactures, 569. The Embargo repealed, 570. CONTENTS. XIII

CHAPTER XLII. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Condition of the Country— Erskine's Negotiations, 571. Depredations upon American Commerce — The Rambouillet Decree, 573. Affair of the Little Belt, 574. The Census— Indian Troubles — Tecumseh and the Prophet, 575. Battle of Tippecanoe, 577. The two Parties — The Twelfth Congress— Henry Clay— John C. Calhoun, 578. Threatening Aspect of Foreign Relations, 579. Debates in Congress— John Randolph, 580. Another Embargo, 583. War declared against Great Britain, 584. The Academy at West Point, 585. Riots at Baltimore, 586. Operations in the Northwest, 587. Surrender of Hull, 588. Impressment of American Seamen, 588. American Ships in English Ports, 589. Failures to Invade Canada, 590. Formation of Missionary Societies, 592.

CHAPTER XLIII.

' MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION— CONTINUED. Vessels of the Navy, 593. The chase of the Constitution — Capture of the Alert, 594. The Guerridre— Incidents, 595. The Macedonian —The Frolic— The Java, 596. The Effects of these Naval Conflicts in the United States and England, 597. Plan of Operations — Harrison advances on Detroit, 599. General Winchester a Prisoner ; Indian Barbarities — The Kentuckians fall into an Ambuscade, 600. Repulse at Fort Stephenson — The loss of the Chesa- Jeaks, 601. Perry's Victory, 602. Battle of the Thames— Andrew ackson, 603. Leads an Expedition ;' its Termination, 605. York Captured; Death of General Pike, 606. Failures, 607. Newark burned, the severe Retaliation, 608. Ravages on Shores of the Chesapeake — Indian War in the South, 609. Jackson and others in the Field — Battle of the Great Horse Shoe, 610. Captain Porter's Cruise, 611. Formation of the Bible Society, 612.

CHAPTER XLIV. MADISON'S

ADMINISTRATION— CONTINUED. The Thirteenth Congress; its Members, Daniel Webster, 613. Manifesto of the British Government, 614. Embarrassments— Commissioners of Peace, 615. Jacob Brown — Winfield Scott— Wilkinson unsuccessful, 617. Battle of Lundy's Lane, 618. Battle on Lake Champlain, 621. The British on the Shores of the Chesapeake, 623. Bladensburg, 625. Capture of Washington— Public Buildings burned, 626. Defense of Fort McHenry — Death of General Ross, 627. Bombardment of Stonington — Distress in New England, 628. Debates in Congress, 629. Hartford Convention, 630.

CHAPTER XLV. MADISON'S

ADMINISTRATION— CONCLUDED. Jackson enters Pensacola, 633. New Orleans des enseless— The British land, 634. Jackson's Measures of Defense, 635. Battle of New Orleans, 636. The Distress of the Country— The Relief , 638. Treaty of Peace, 639. Frigate President captured, 640. War with Algiers, 641. Treaty with the Indians — National Bank— State of Indiana, 642. John Fitch— Robert Fulton— First Steamboat, 643.

CHAPTER XLVI. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.

A Return to the earlier Policy of the Government, 644. The President's Tour in the Eastern States— The Colonization Society, 645. CONTENTS. Revolutions in the Spanish Colonies — Indian War, 646. General Jackson in the Field — Purchase of Florida, 647. The Missouri Compromise, 648. The Monroe Doctrine — Financial Distress, 652. Increase of Tariff— Visit of Lafayette, 653. CHAPTER XLVH. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. Manufactures and Internal Improvements, 655. Indian Lands in Georgia, 656. Death of the ex-Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, 657. Free Masonry — Protection to American Industry, 658. Debates in Congress— Presidential Contest, 660. CHAPTER XLVin. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. Appointments to Office, 661. Removal of the Indians from Georgia, 662. Bank of the United States, 663.

Hayne and Webster's Debate—Nullification, 664. The Compromise Bill ; its final Passage, 667. Removal of the Deposits, 668. Effect upon the Country- Indian Wars, 669. Osceola— Death of Judge Marshall, 670. Indemnity for French Spoliations, 671.

CHAPTER XLIX. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION.

Apparent Prosperity, 673. The Sp*ie Circular— Distribution of the Surplus Funds— Speculation, 674. The Sub-Treasury, 675. State Indebtedness, 676.

CHAPTER L. HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION.

The Inauguration, 677. Death of Harrison; Tyler President, 678. Bankrupt Law— The Bank Charters ; their Vetoes, 679. Proposition to treat with Great Britain— Insurrection in Canada— The Caroline, 680. Trial of McLeod, 681. Boundary Disputes in Maine —Treaty of Washington, 682. Questions of Visit and Impressment, 683. Exploring Expedition, 684. Texas Colonization ; Struggles, 685. Siege of the Alamo, 686. Davy Crockett^Goliad, Siege of— Massacre of Prisoners, 687. Battle of San Jacinto, 688. Houston President— Question of Annexation in Congress, 689. Texas Annexed— Disturbances in Rhode Island, 691. Iowa aud Florida become States, 692.

CHAPTER LI. POLE'S ADMINISTRATION.

Difficulties with Mexico, 691. General Taylor at Corpus Christi, 695' Oregon Territory; respective Claims to, 696. Settlement of Boundary, 698. Taylor Marches to the Rio Grande— Thornton's Party Surprised, 699. Attack on Fort Brown, 700. Battle of Palo Alto, 701. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 702. Matamoras occupied— Measures of Congress, 704. The Volunteers— Plan of Operations— Mexico declares War, 705. Capture of Monterey, 707.

CHAPTER LII. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION

— CONTINUED. The President hopes for Peace— Santa Anna, 710. Hostilities to be renewed, 712. Troops withdrawn from General Taylor— Volun- CONTENTS. XV teers arrive at Monterey, 713. Santa Anna's Plans and Prepara tions' 714. Taylor advances to Agua Nueva, 715. Battle of Buena Vista, 716. The Mexican Chiefs Urrea and Romero. CHAPTER Lni. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION— CONTINUED. Emigration to Oregon, 732. John C. Fremont; his Explorations, 733. Difficulties with the Mexican Governor, 735. American Settlers in alarm, 736. California free— Monterey on the Pacific captured, 737. Commodores Sloat and Stockton— Expedition of Kearney, 738. Santa Fe taken; a Government organized, 739. Doniphan's Expedition, 740. El Paso Taken, 742. Chihuahua occupied, 743. An Insurrection; its Suppression, 744. Trial of Fremont, 745.

CHAPTER LIV. POLK'S

ADMINISTRATION— CONCLUDED. Movement of Troops, 746. Vera Cruz invested, 747. Its Bombardment and Capitulation, 748. Santa Anna's Energy, 749. Battle of Cerro Gordo, 750. General Scott at Puebla— His Misunderstandings with the Authorities at Washington, 751. N. P. Trist, Commissioner, 752. Dissensions in Mexico, 754. Scott's Manifesto, 755. Advance upon the Capital, 756. Battle of Contreras, 757. Of Churubusco, 758. Attempts to obtain Peace, 760. Conflict of Molino del Rey, 761. The Castle of Chapultepec captured, 762. The American Aj;my enters the City, 763. Santa Anna again in the Field, 764. Treaty of Peace, 765. Misunderstandings among the American Officers, 766. Conditions of the Peace — Discovery of Gold in California, 767. The Effects— Death of John Quincy Adams, 768. Wilmot Proviso, 769. The Presidential Election- Death of Mr. Polk, 770.

CHAPTER LV. TAYLOR AND FILMORE'S ADMINISTRATION.

Discussion on Slavery — Wilmot Proviso, 772. The Powers of the Constitution; their Application in the Territories, 774. The President's Message; its Recommendations, 776. Debate on the Omnibus Bill, 777. Death of Calhoun — Death of President Taylor— Fillmore Inaugurated, 778. The Fugitive Slave Law, 779. The Mormons ; their Origin, 780. Troubles^-Settlement in Utah, 781. A Disunion Convention, 781. Lopez invades Cuba, 782. Search for Sir John Franklin— Dr. E. K. Kane, 783. Death of Henry Clay ; of Daniel Webster, 784. The Tripartite Treaty, 784.

CHAPTER LVI. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.

Purchase of the Mesilla Valley, 786. Treaty with Japan, 787. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill; the effects of the Measure, 788. Emigrants to Kansas, 789. Struggles and Conflicts, 790. James Buchanan, President, 792. The Contest continues in Kansas, 793. Platforms of Political Parties, 795. CHAPTER LVn. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION— CONTINUED. Traits of Character, North and South, 797. Comparative Intelligence in the Free and Slave States, 798. Benevolent Operations, 800. Material Progress, 802. Compromises, 803. Republican Party, 804. Democratic Convention, 805. The Election, how CONTENTS. received, 806. Intent of Personal Liberty Bills, 807. Legislatures and Conventions, South, 808. Non-coercion; Border States; Finances, 809. Buchanan's Message, 810. Fort Sumter, 811. Yu lee's Letter, 813. Mr. Lincoln's Journey, 814. Confederate Con stitution ; Fallacies, 815.

CHAPTER LVIII. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.

The Inauguration, 816. Effect of the Inaugural, 817. Sumter Bombarded, 819. The President's call for Volunteers ; Responses, 821. Spirit of Loyalty, 822. Riot in Baltim ore, 823. Cons ederate Congress at Richmond, 824. Loyalty in Tennessee and Missouri, 825. Advance into Virginia ; Death of Ellsworth, 826. Proclamations; Instructions to United States Ministers abroad, 827. English Neutrality, 828. Big Bethel Skirmish, 829. West Virginia freed of Confederates, 830. Battle of Bull Run. 831. Missouri, 834. Battle of Wilson's Creek ; Death of Lyon, 835. Fremont's Proclamation, 837. Kentucky's Legislation, 838. Finances and the Army, 839. Ball's Bluff disaster, 840. Hatteras Expedition, 841. Capture of Hilton Head, 842. Soldiers and Money ; Mason and Slidell, 843. Battle of Belmont, 845. Battle of Mill Spring, 846. Davis's Special Message, 847. Meeting of Congress; the Union Army, 848. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 849-53.

CHAPTER LIX. LINCOLN'S

ADMINISTRATION— CONTINUED. Burnside's Expedition to North Carolina, 855. Battle of Pea Ridge, 856. Capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10, 857. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, 859-61. Capture of New Orleans, 862. Death of Admiral Foote; Battle of river iron-clads, 866. Evacuation of Corinth, 867. Plans of Movements on Richmond, 868. The Merrimac and Monitor Duel, 869.