Royal Visits and Progresses to Wales, and the border counties of Cheshire, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth, from the first invasion of Julius Cæsar, to the friendly visit of Her most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria ... Illustrated with an approved portrait of Her Majesty, and a profusion of...

Front matter

ROYAL VISITS AND PROGRESSES TO WALES. ROYAL VISITS AND PROGRESSES TO WALES, AND THE BORDER COUNTIES OF CHESHIRE, SALOP, HEREFORD, AND MONMOUTH, FROM THE FIRST INVASION OF JULIUS CÆSAR, TO THE FRIENDLY VISIT OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. CONTAINING A SUCCINCT HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE, PARTICULARLY OF THE LEADING FAMILIES WHO FOUGHT AND BLED FOR THEIR KING DURING THE TROUBLESOME TIMES OF THE CIVIL WARS AND COMMONWEALTH, THE LATTER PORTION DERIVED CHIEFLY FROM ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED, WITH NUMEROUS EXPLANATORY NOTES, AN'D Ullustratrt Smth. an portrait of H?et fffiajtstg, ano a profusion of pictorial ano historical lingtanings. BY EDWARD PARRY. "U. . PUBLISHED BY EDWARD PARRY, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER. MDCCCL. LONDON : IRADDURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITE FBI A KS.

TO Win J&saA fniriaits BlaJKrtj cdumi Dtrtaria. Mat it please your Majesty, With feelings of the profounclest loyalty, pride, and gratitude, I acknowledge your Majesty's gracious condescension in permitting the dedication to your Majesty of the following pages, which, under your Royal and munificent patronage, are now ushered to the world. From the time that your Majesty ascended the throne of your ancestral realms, Science, Literature, and the Arts, have seemed as it were under your auspices to nourish ; Civil and Religious liberty to expand ; Nature, subdued by the intellect and energy of the Age, has seen achieved the most stupendous undertakings for the benefit and civilisation of Man ; the lightning of Heaven itself has become subservient to extend the intercourse and ensure the amity of nations : manifestly declaring that your Majesty reigns, as well in the affections of your people, as by the might, the splendour, and the authority of your Crown.

But there are still greater glories surrounding and shielding the throne of your Majesty. The endearing virtues of your private and domestic life have spread their benign influences, not merely among the nobility of the land, but to the homes and hearts of the humblest of your subjects ; so that it may truly be said, never was Sovereign of that Island, upon whose empire the sun never sets, raised to a higher pinnacle of glory than, your Majesty among the princes of the Earth. The greatness of England appears in the hands of Providence to be Linked with the history of its queens. The valour of Elizabeth scattered to the winds the Invincible Armada : vi DEDICATION. the councils of Anne were crowned with the victories of a Marlborough : but inasmuch as the prosperity and happiness of a people constitutes a nobler diadem for kings than the triumphs of the senate, or the conquests of the sword ; so the might of Elizabeth, and the wisdom of Anne, are doomed in the Annals of England to pale their lustre before the sceptre of VICTORIA.

Preface

. A HISTORY of the past must of necessity be a work of research and compilation. The writer of this book claims no merit for originality, and happily for him as an annalist, honesty and industry are more desirable qualities than the most florid diction or the most active invention. He aspires to no higher merit than that of a faithful collector, and to the best of his abilities, he has selected with judgment, arranged with care, and abridged with accuracy ; and if his endeavours should succeed to the satisfaction of his readers, his utmost ambition will be gratified. In alluding to the labour consequent upon arranging the scattered information obtained from various archives to enable the Author to illustrate and explain the history of earlier times, and select such facts and incidents as were worthy of attention, he has been cheered and consoled with the hope that he should be enabled to compose a narrative of such striking, important, and interesting events as might not be deemed unworthy of being presented in a connected form to an intelligent reader of the present day.

The work now offered to the public is far however from professing to be complete. The reader will bear in mind that it is simply a concise collection of materials relating to the Principality and the important Border Counties of Cheshire, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth ; and it is now committed to the press with the hope that such records may prove interesting to many, as well as tend to awaken dormant curiosity, and furnish a nucleus for deeper research, and more extended enquiry. It is worthy of notice, that we are not to look to the English historians for the best accounts of the public transactions of the earlier ages. The historical triads of the ancient Britons supply much valuable information, and the works of foreign writers must be consulted for the most copious accounts of the Middle Ages.

Recourse also must be had to Froissart, Philip de Comines, and Monstrelet, for the fullest and the most interesting intelligence concerning the history of our Monarchy. The Chroniclers of the earliest periods of our history were generally monks — and let it be gratefully borne in mind, that it is almost entirely to them that modern writers owe their

PREFACE.

. VIII knowledge of what are called the darker ages, but which, without their aid, would have been dark indeed. However meanly we may estimate their taste or skill as chroniclers, still their general veracity, on civil affairs at least, and where the immediate interests of their institutions were not concerned, is unimpeachable. In this state of things the facts furnished by them may be safely taken to be such as their opportunities allowed them to collect, and, as far as those facts are concerned, we have unhesitatingly availed ourselves of their labours. For all errors necessarily incidental to a work of this description, however great the pains and care bestowed upon it, and for all unintentional faults of omission or commission, chronological or otherwise, the Author trusts to the kind and considerate indulgence of the public ; to whom, after years of labour and toil in collecting, collating, and abridging that information, which he has gathered (single-handed) from innumerable sources, manuscripts and private records, the work is now most respectfully submitted.

He, however, cannot conclude without acknowledging the very kind and able assistance that has been rendered to him by the gentlemen who superintend that vast repertory of knowledge, the British Museum, as well as by those who have the management of various other libraries to which he has had recourse in the preparation of this work. He would indeed be failing in a sense of duty to those gentlemen, if he were not to express his great obligation to them for the kind attention that he has received on all occasions. He also begs to acknowledge his grateful thanks to several of the nobility, gentry, and clergy, for their kind permission from time to time to inspect their libraries and manuscripts, particularly to the Most Noble the Marquis of Westminster, Her Majesty's Lord High Steward ; the Right Hon. the Lord Mostyn ; the Hon. E. Mostyn Lloyd Mostyn, M.P. ; Sir Watkin W. Wynn, Bart., M.P., and the Very Rev. the Dean of Bangor, who have not only allowed him the opportunity of inspecting their large and valuable collections of ancient manuscripts, but have entrusted them to his care to enable him to make the necessary extracts.

He must not omit, also, tendering his gratitude to his highly-valued friend, J. B. Henderson, Esq., for nearly the whole of the very clever and original Historical Drawings inserted in this work. To the engravers and lithographers, Messrs. Fairholt, Reimbault, Nicholls, Wing, Ford, and George, he likewise offers his thanks for the very able and scientific manner in which they have embodied and carried out his suggestions for the various designs and engravings. CONTENTS.

Page 1 INTRODUCTION, INCLUDING THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS OF THE ABORIGINAL BRITONS 10 INVASION OF JULIUS CÆSAR, AND THE ROMAN PERIOD, B.C. 52 TO A.D. 448 ARRIVAL OF HENGIST AND HORSA IN BRITAIN, INCLUDING THE SAXON PERIOD, A.D, 449 TO A.D. 1065 33 WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR AND THE NORMAN KINGS, VIZ. : WILLIAM II., HENRY L, AND STEPHEN, A.D. 1066 TO A.D. 1153 70 THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD, INCLUDING THE REIGN OF HENRY II., RICHARD L, JOHN, HENRY III., EDWARD I., EDWARD II., EDWARD III., AND RICHARD II., A.D. 1154 87 TO A.D. 1398 HOUSE OF LANCASTER, INCLUDING THE REIGNS OF HENRY IV., HENRY V., AND HENRY VI A.D. 1390 TO A.D. 1461 216 HOUSE OF YORK, INCLUDING THE REIGNS OF EDWARD IV., EDWARD V., AND RICHARD III., A.D. 1461 TO A.D. 1485 265 TUDOR PERIOD, INCLUDING THE REIGNS OF HENRY VIL, HENRY VIII., EDWARD VI., MARY, AND ELIZABETH, A.D. 1485 TO A.D. 1603 293 STUART PERIOD, INCLUDING THE REIGNS OF JAMES I., CHARLES I., THE COMMONWEALTH, CHARLES II., JAMES II., WILLIAM AND MARY, AND ANNE, A.D. 1603 TO A.D. 1714 . 327 HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK, INCLUDING THE REIGN OF GEORGE I., GEORGE II., GEORGE III., GEORGE IV., WILLIAM IV., AND VICTORIA, A.D. 1714 TO A.D. 1850 . 412 b HISTORIC SUMMARY PAGE First Occupation of Britain ... 1 Its names . . . . . . 2 Internal policy .... 2 Laws, customs, institutes . . . 3 Religion ...... 3 Doctrines of the Druids . . . 4 Learning of the Druids ... 4 Rural economy 5 Naval power ..... 5 Mechanical science . . . . 5 Commercial transactions ... 6 Love of freedom . . . . . 7 Personal bravery .... 7 Military powers . . . . . 8 System of jurisprudence ... 9 General character . . . . 10 Invasion by Julius Cæsar . .11 Date of his arrival . . ..11 Opposition to . . . . .12 Second descent of Cæsar . ..13 Measures adopted by the Britons . 1 3 Their enthusiasm . . . . 14 Their ferocity . . . . .14 Caractacus led prisoner to Rome . . 15 Introduction of Christianity . . .16 Cruelty of the Romans . . . . 20 Bravery of Boadicea . . . .20 Death of 21 Ancient Battle-fields . . . .22 Exactions of the Romans . . . . 23 Decline of the Roman Empire . . 24 Hadrian's rampart of earth . . . 24 Stone-wall of Severus . . . .25 Ecclesiastical division of England . . 25 Britons drafted into Gaul . . 27—29 Britain flourished under the Romans . 28 Roman Division of Britain . . .28 Irruption of the Picts and Scots . . 30 Hallelujah Victory (the) . . . . 30 Arrival of the Saxons . . . .32 Marriage of Vortigern and Rowena . . 33 Murder of the British Chiefs on Salisbury Plain .... 34—35 Settlements of the Saxons . 36 — 37 Repulse of the Saxons by Uthr Pendragon 37 Battle of Badon Mount . . . . 37 Legend of King Arthur . . .38 Dispersion of the Britons . . . . 39 Welsh Bards the depositories of British History 40 Welsh Language 40 Mechanism of Welsh versification . 40 PAGE Attachment of the Welsh to genealogy 79 Law of Gavel-kind 79 Successful resistance of the Welsh to William Rufus .... 80 Descent of the Norwegians upon North Wales 81 Imprisonment of Robert Curthose in

Cardiff Castle 82 Flemish Refugees established in Wales . 83 Royal Progress of Henry Beauclerc . . 83 Irruption of the Welsh . . . .83 Treaty of Peace 83 Gruffydd ap Cynan, King of North Wales, betrayed into the hands of the English ...... 84 Irruption of the Earl of Chester into Wales 84 Domestic feuds of the Welsh in the reign of Stephen 85 Welshmen take part with Matilda against Stephen . . . . 86 Flemish soldiers of Stephen settle among the previous Flemish colonists in Wales 87 Great preparations of Henry II. against Wales , 87 Rout of Henry II. at Saltney Marsh . 88 Retreat of Henry II. from Euloe Wood 89 Establishment of the Knights Templars at Rhuddlan 89 Reduction of the Welsh nation to dependence on England . . . . 90 Subsequent revolt of the Welsh . .91 Henry II. prepares to attack Rhys ap Gruffydd 92 Forces levied by Parliament for the reduction of Wales . , . .93 Welsh confederacy . . . . . 94 Failure of the attempt of Henry II. 95 Fallacious enthusiasm of the Welsh . . 96 Legends, Myths, and Romaunts of King Arthur ..... 96 Superstitious impressions on the mind of Henry II 97 Coronation of Richard Cœur de Lion . 97 Refusal of King Richard to meet Prince Rhys ap Gruffydd . . . .97 Irruption of Prince Rhys into the Marches, in consequence . . . 98 Accession of King John . . .98 Continued hostility of the Welsh . . 98 Treaty of peace between King John and Llywelyn the Great . . .99 Progresses of King John into Wales. . 99 King John embarks for Ireland . .100 Excommunication of King John . .100 PAGE Specimens of the Bards . . . . 41 Saxon Division of Britain . . . . 42 Differences of the British Church and the Church of Rome . . . .43 Mission of Augustine from Pope Gregory 43 Refusal of the British bishops to acknowledge the pope 44 Illusory Miracle worked by Augustine . 45 Slaughter of the monks of Bangor . . 47 Augustine excites to the murder of the British priests . . . . .48 Establishment of the Saxon Heptarchy . 4 9 Misery of the Cambro-Britons . . 50 Connexion of the Britons with Brittany in France . . . . . . 51 Battle of Rhuddlan Marsh ... 52 Antiquity of the city of Chester . . 54 Danes repulsed from England, make a descent on the Island of Anglesea 55 Wisdom and bravery of Alfred . . 56 Love of learning 57 Alliance with the Welsh . . .57 Ignorance of the Saxon clergy . . . 58 Character of Alfred . . . .59 Division of Wales into Cantreds and Commots .... 60 — 61 Invasions of the Danes . . . .62 Fatal Policy of Roderic . . . . 62 The laws of Howel Dha . . 63—64 Erection of fortresses by Edward the Elder 64 England governed by monks . . 65 Edgar rowed by eight kings upon the River Dee 66 Victory of the Welsh over Edward the Confessor . . . . . .67 King Harold having survived the Battle of Hastings supposed to have died a monk, at Chester . . . . . 68 Conquest of England by the Duke of Normandy ..... 70 Independence of the Earls of Chester . 7 1 William the Conqueror receives the homage of the Welsh princes . . 72 William the

Conqueror performs his devotions at the shrine of St. David's 72 Insurrection of the Welsh in the reign of William Rufus . . . .73 Policy of the English princes towards Wales 74 Establishment of the Lordships of the Marches ...... 75 Powers and privileges of the Lords Marchers 76 Tenure of the Lords Marchers . . 77 Peculiar of the Barony of Powis . . 78 Royal Tribes of Wales . . . 79 — 80 Mechanism of Welsh versification . 40 Royal Tribes of Wales . . . 79 — HISTORIC SUMMARY.

XI PAGE PAGE PAGF.

General revolt of the Welsh . . . 137 Edward I. makes preparations for the subjugation of Wales . . .138 The Archbishop of Canterbury sends monitory articles to Lly welyn . . 1 39 Offers his services as arbitrator . .140 Statement of complaints of Llywelyn and David 141 Sentence of excommunication pronounced against Llywelyn . . .142 Partial successes of the Welsh . . . 1 42 Superstitious trust of Llywelyn in the prophecies of Merlin . . .143 Llywelyn betrayed and slain unawares by Adam de Francton . . . . 144 Head of Llywelyn brought to Edward I. at Conway Castle . . . .145 Letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury respecting the death of Llywelyn . . 146 Character of Llywelyn . . . .147 Accession of Prince David to the government of Wales 148 Betrayed to King Edward I. . .148 Trial and execution of Prince David . 149 End of the ancient British empire . .150 King Edward's Expenses at Rhuddlan 1 52-160 Second epoch of the Welsh bards . .161 Disquisition on the different kinds of Welsh metre 164 Comparison between English and Welsh poetry 165 The patriotism of Wales retires to her mountains . . . . . 166 Birth of Edward II. at the castle of Caernarvon ..... 167 The infant Edward presented to the Welsh as Prince of Wales . . . 168 Tournament at Nevyn .... 170 Insurrection of Madoe . . . .171 General submission of the Welsh . .171 The Welsh resist an oppressive taxation 172 General revolt of North and South Wales 174 Edward I. defeats the Welsh in the fastnesses of Snowdon . . . .1 74 Accession of Edward II. . . . . 174 Edward II. abandons himself to unworthy favourites . . . . .176 Meditated alliance between Sir Gruffydd Llwyd, and Sir Edward Bruce . . 176 Insurrection of Sir Gruffydd Llwyd . 176 His defeat and death . . . . 176 Loyal reception of Edward II. by the Burgesses of Shrewsbury . . .177 The revolt of Shrewsbury . . . 178 Defeat and capture of King Edward II. 178 His murder and death . . . .179 Accession of Edward III. . . .180 The Welsh at the battles of Poictiers and Cressy 180 Edward III. garrisons the Welsh castles 181 Accession of Richard II 181 Spread of Lollardism on the Borders . 182 Renewed hostilities of the Welsh . . 100 David refuses to attend the council at Shrewsbury . . . . .118 King John leads an army against Llywelyn 101 Successful resistance of Llywelyn . .101 John levies a second army against Wales 101 King Henry III. prepares to invade Wales 118 Griffith and Welsh hostages sent to London 1)8 The Brabanters burn Bangor . .101 David, urged by the pope, withdraws his allegiance to the crown of England . 118 The Welsh lead an army into England, instigated by the pope . . ..101 General invasion by the Welsh of the English Borders 118 Barbarous slaughter of Welsh hostages 101 Conspiracies against John . . .102 David excommunicated by the English Bishops . . . . . .118 Third progress of King John . . . 102 The Welsh espouse the cause of the Barons 103 David summoned to attend a council at Westminster for devastations on the

Borders . . . . ..118 King John ravages the Borders with fire and sword . . . . . . 104 Summoned to attend at Worcester, on complaints of the Lords Marchers . 118 John tampers with the Welsh to enable him to resist the Barons . . . 105 King Henry III. prepares to enter Wales with his army . . . . .119 Accession of Henry III. . . . . 105 Successes of Llywelyn . . . .106 Receives submission of the Welsh nobles 119 Treaty between Llywelyn and Henry III. 106 Submission of Prince David . . .119 Fortifications erected on the Borders in the thirteenth century . . . . 1 07 King Henry III. determines to subjugate the principality . . .120 Confers the title of Prince of Wales upon his son, afterwards Edward I. 120 Feuds between the Welsh and the Lords of the Borders 108 Llywelyn invades the English Borders . 108 Death of Prince David . . . . 120 Welsh nobility elect Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd to the vacant throne of Wales 120 Progress of King Henry III. against the Welsh 108 Welsh renew hostilities . . . .108 Llywelyn escapes from London on hearing the news of his election . . 121 King Henry III. stores the Border castles with provisions and ammunition 109 Preparations for invasion of England . 121 Speech of Llywelyn to his soldiers . . 121 Enumeration of Border families . .109 Continued animosities of Enghsh and Welsh 110 Henry III. invades Wales in person . 122 William de la Zouch, justice of Chester, prepares to defend it against both the Barons and the Welsh . . .122 Interview between King Hem-y III. and Llywelyn 110 Rupture between them . . . .110 Extortions of the Barons . . . . 123 Constant feuds in all parts of the Borders 123 Confederacy of the Welsh Barons . 124 Invasion of England by Llywelyn .124 Partial tranquillity of the Borders . .111 Llywelyn ravages the Marches of South Wales 112 Victory gained by the Welsh . . .112 War between King Henry III. and his Barons . . . . . .125 Correspondence between Henry III. and Llywelyn . . . . . .113 Rebellion of Simon de Montfort . . 126 Their dispute submitted to the arbitration of the pope 113 Llywelyn restored to full possession of the Welsh dominion .... 127 The papal legates meet at Shrewsbury . 113 Escape of Prince Edward from confinement 128 Safe conduct issued to Llywelyn . .113 Effects of the battle of Evesham upon Wales 129 Case submitted to arbitrators . . .114 Satisfaction required of Llywelyn . .114 Peace concluded by the intervention of Cardinal Ottoboni between Henry III. and Llywelyn . . . . 129 Difficulty of enforcing it . . . . 114 Pope Honorius III. issues a Bull excommunicating Llywelyn . . .114 Accession of Edward I. . . .130 Prodigies appear in the heavens . .114 Determination to subjugate the Welsh 131 Summons Llywelyn to pay homage . .132 Attachment of Henry III. to foreign favourites . . . . . .115 King Henry III. quarrels with his Barons 115 Tries to detach Llywelyn from the confederacy . . . , . . 115 Llywelyn appeals for protection to the pope 132 Llywelyn proclaimed a rebel

. . .133 General defection of the South Wales chieftains . . . . . . 134 Victory of the Barons . . . .115 Continued successes of the Barons . .116 Capture of Eleanor de Montfort, the betrothed of Llywelyn . . . .134 Pacific dispositions of Henry III. and Llywelyn . . . . . .117 Llywelyn proceeds to London to perform homage 135 Death of Llywelyn and succession of Prince David 117 Reconciliation of Llywelyn and his brother David 136 Truce between Henry III. and David . 117 b HISTORIC SUMMARY.

PAGE Junction of the two armies at Mynydd Digoll in Montgomeryshire . . . 287 Preparations for the march to Bosworth Field 288 Successes of the Earl of Richmond . . 289 The Earl of Richmond gains possession of Shrewsbury ..... 290 Battle of Bosworth 291 Accession of Henry VII. . • . 293 Union of the Roses 293 Influence of Wales in effecting the union 295 Residence of Prince Arthur (son of Henry VII.) at Ludlow Castle . 296 Progresses of Henry VII. into Wales . 297 Marriage of Prince Arthur with Catherine of Arragon . . . . 297 Death of Prince Arthur at Ludlow . 298 Pedigrees of Owen Tudor . 299—302 Political aims of King Henry VII. . . 303 Condition of the Welsh during his reign 304 Accession of King Henry VIII. . . 304 Statutes of Henry VIII. regulating the powers of the Lords Marchers . . 305 Petition of the Welsh to Henry VIII. for redress ..... 305 Consolidation of England and Wales . 307 First Movements against Romish Superstitions ....... 307 Image of Darvel Gadarn . . . 307 Birth of Queen Mary . . . . 308 The books of Martin Luther now circulated in England . . . . 309 Annihilation of the Papal power . .310 Royal Command as to the return of particular Members of Parliament . .311 Power conferred upon Henry VIII. of disposing of the succession of the Crown 311 Dissolution of the Monasteries . . . 312 Ecclesiastical Alterations . . .313 PAGE Commotions at the commencement of his reign ...... 253 Insurrection of Jack Cade . . . 253 The Duke of York takes up arms against the crown ..... 254 Imbecility of King Henry VI. . . . 256 The Duke of York appointed Protector of England 257 Patent of creation for the Prince of Wales • . 258 Wars of the Roses . . . .259 PAGE Progress of Richard II. in the Marches of Wales 183 " Great Parliament " of Shrewsbury . 184 Quarrels of the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk 186 Progress of King Richard II. to Oswestry and Chester . . . .189 Expeditions against Ireland . . 189 Sufferings and downfall of Richard II. 189 Murdered 214 Accession of Henry IV 216 The Duke of York prosecutes his claim to the Crown 261 Rebellion of Owen Glyndwr . . .217 His personal history . . . . 218 Death of the Duke of York . . .262 Causes that led to his revolt . . .219 The Earl of March raises an army in Wales to avenge the death of his father 263 Law passed against the Welsh in the parliament of Westminster . . . 219 Mission of Glyndwr giving notice of his revolt 220 Favourably received by the Londoners and proclaimed King . . . 264 General belief in the necromancy of Glyndwr 221 Accession of Edward IV. . , . . 265 Battle of Towton 266 Plan of partition of England between Percy, Mortimer, and Glyndwr . 223 Edward IV. becomes master of all Wales 267 Surrender of Harlech Castle . . . 268 King Henry IV. marches against Glyndwr 225 Education of Henry, Earl of Richmond 269 Flight of King Edward IV. to Holland 269 Conquest and capture of Lord Grey de Ruthin 226 Victory of Glyndwr over the Flemish colonists ...... 227 His return 270 Battle of

Tewkesbury and defeat of the Lancasterians . . . . . 270 Victory of Glyndwr over Edmund de Mortimer 228 Continued successes of Glyndwr . . 229 Revolt of the Percies .... 230 King Henry IV. makes preparations against Wales 230 The Welsh make incursions on the Borders 231 Battle of Shrewsbury and death of Hotspur 232 Military character of Henry IV. . . 233 Cartel of Hotspur to King Henry IV. 234 Prophecy of the death of Hotspur . . 235 King Henry IV. offers grace to the rebels 236 The Earl of Richmond seeks safety in Brittany 271 Commercial enterprise of Edward IV. 272 Administratiou of Justice in the Marches of Wales 273 Historical records of the Castle of Ludlow 274 Accession of Edward V. . . . 275 Receives his Education at Ludlow Castle 275 Untimely fate .... . . 276 Richard III. succeeds to the throne . 276 Conspiracy of the Duke of Buckingham 276 Proposal for the union of the Rival Houses by the marriage of the Earl of Richmond, and Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV 277 Accession of Edward VI. . . ...313 Education of the Princess Mary at the Castle of Ludlow . . . .314 Hotspur personally engages Henry IV. 237 Fatal issue of the battle of Shrewsbury 238 Habits and discipline of her Court . . 315 Progress of King Henry IV. along the Borders 239 Reconciliation of the Duke of Buckingham and Sir Rice ap Thomas . .277 Accession of Queen Mary . . .3)5 The Marian persecution . . . . 316 Represses the incursions of Glyndwr . 239 Renewed exertions of Glyndwr . . 240 Treaty between France and Glyndwr . 24 1 Renders himself entirely master of Wales 241 Discontent of Sir Rice ap Thomas with the king 278 Accession of Queen Elizabeth . . 316 Welsh nobility frequenters of her Court 31 7 Progress of King Richard III. . . 278 Defeat of the Duke of Buckingham . . 279 Attachment of Elizabeth to Wales and its inhabitants ..... 317 Combined forces of France and Wales march against England . . . 242 Sir Rice ap Thomas espouses the pretensions of the Earl of Richmond . 279 Proud of being a Princess of the House of Tudor 317 Elevation of the Red Dragon of Wales on the mountains of the Principality . 280 Precarious fortunes of Glyndwr . . 243 Translation of the Scriptures into Welsh 318 WelshBishopricsheldbyNative Welshmen 318 Death of Glyndwr . . . .244 The Welsh flock to the standard of the Earl of Richmond at Milford Haven 280 Miserable condition of the Welsh . . 244 Military character of Glyndwr . . 245 Commission of Elizabeth for holding an Eisteddfod at Caerwys in Flintshire . 319 The Earl of Richmond lands at Milford Haven . . . . . .281 Accession of Henry V 246 Historical account of the Eisteddfodau . 320 His early military genius . . . 247 Sir Rice ap Thomas collects his forces . 282 Tyrannical behaviour of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the Queen's favourite . . 324 Youthful indiscretions . . . . 248 Speech of the Earl of Richmond to the Welsh chieftains .... 283 Execution of Sir John Oldcastle for heresy 249 Progresses of Queen Elizabeth . . 325 Sir Rice ap

Thomas salutes the Earl of Richmond, as king . . . . 234 Character of Queen Elizabeth . . . 323 Origin of the house of Tudor . . . 250 Accession of James I. . . . . 327 Causes of the attachment of the Welsh to the house of Lancaster . . .251 Sermon of the Bishop of St. David's . 285 Visitof King James to the City of Chester 327 Sir Rice ap Thomas entertains the Earl of Richmond, at Carew Castle . . 286 Accepts a sumptuous banquet from the citizens ...... 328 Accession of King Henry VI. . . .