Types of Mankind: or Ethnological Researches ... illustrated by selections from the inedited papers of S. G. Morton ... and by additional contributions from L. Agassiz, W. Usher, and ... H. S. Patterson. ... By J. C. Nott and G. R. Gliddon

Front matter

TYPES OF MANKIND. TYPES OF MANKIND: OK, Ctjmnbgitnl liMwirtliM, BASED UPON THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, AND CRANIA OF RACES, AND UPON THEITt NATURAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, PHILOLOGICAL, AND BIBLICAL HISTORY: ILLUSTRATED BY SELECTIONS FROM THE INEDITED PAPERS OI SAMUEL GEOEGE MORTON, M.D., (LATE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES AT PHILADELPHIA,) AND BY ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PROF. L. AGASSIZ, LL.D.; W. USHER, M.D.; AND PROF. H. S. PATTERSON, M.D. BY J. C. NOTT, M.D., and GEO. E, GLIDDON", MOBILE, ALABAMA, FORMERLY V. 3. CONSUL AT CAIRO. —"Words are things; and a small drop of ink, Falling, like dew upon a thought, produces That which makes thousands, perhaps millions, think." — BjRON. liitlj (fJtitinn. PHILADELPHIA: LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 1854.

FIRST ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, BY fi^TEBJsA^^te^KANGEMENT WITH THE AMERICAN PROPRIETORS, Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO &, CO., in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. TO THE MEMORY OP MOUTON. FOUETH EDITION. PUBLISHERS'

ADVERTISEMENT.

Preface

. printed papers of Morton in our several possession. Before doing so, however, we conceived it to be due to Mrs. Morton and her home-circle, to inquire by letter, if such proceeding would obtain their sanction ; and also whether, in Mrs. Morton's opinion, there were among the Doctor's manuscripts any that might be eligibly embodied in our pro posed articles. The graceful readiness with which our proffer was met is best exemplified by the fact that Dr. Nott and myself received im mediately, by express from Philadelphia, a mass of Dr. Morton's autographs ou scientific themes, together with such books and papers as were deemed suitable for our purposes. On a subsequent visit to Philadelphia, I was permitted to select from the Doctor's shelves whatever was held to be appropriate to our studies ; and, while this book has been passing through the press, the whole of Dr. Mor ton's correspondence with the scientific world was entrusted to Dr. Patterson and myself for mutual reference.

But, the unbounded confidence with which we have been honored, whilst most precious to our feelings, enhances greatly our responsibility. Actuated, individually, by the sole desire to render justice to our beloved friend, each of us has executed his part of the task to the best of his ability : at the same time we can emphatically declare that, until the pages of our work were stereotyped, no member of Dr. Morton's family was cognizant of their verbal contents. Thus much it is my privilege to testify, in order that, if any of the writers have erred in their concep tions of Morton's scientific opinions, the onus of such inadvertence may fall upon themselves exclusively. Nevertheless, the singleness of purpose and harmony of method with which Dr. Nott, Dr. Patter son, and myself, have striven to fulfil our pledges, are guarantees that no erroneous interpretations, if any such exist, can have arisen intentionally.

Throughout this volume, Morton speaks for himself. The receipt at Mobile of such welcome accretions to our ethnographical stock prompted a change of plan. In lieu of ephemeral notices in a Review, Dr. Nott united with me in the projection of " Types of Mankind " ; the scope of which has daily grown larger, in the ratio of the facilities with which we have been signally favored. On the first printed announcement of our intention [New Orleans, December, 1852], the interest manifested among the friends of science was such, that, by March, I counted nearly 500 subscriptions in furtherance of the work. Prof. Agassiz' s very opportune visit to Mobile during April, 1853, led to a contribution from his own pen that bases the Natural History of mankind upon a principle heretofore unanticipated. Dr. Usher kindly volunteered a synopsis of the geological and palæ ontological features of human history; and Dr. Patterson, fellow-

PREFACE.

. XI citizen, professional colleague, and admiring friend of Dr. Morton, undertook the biographical Memoir which justifies this volume's dedication. The frank concurrence of Messrs. Lippincott, Grameo & Co. has removed every obstacle to effective publication : and thus, through the liberality and thirst for information, so eminently characteristic of American republicanism, " Types of Mankind," invested with abundant signatures, issues into day as one among multitudinous witnesses how, in our own age and land, scientific works can be written and published without solicitation of patron age from Governments, Institutions, or Societies ; but solely through the co-operative support of an educated and knowledge - seeking people. The departments of our undertaking, respectively assumed by Dr. Nott and myself, having been already set forth (infra, Part UT., Essay I., p. 626), repetition is here superfluous.

But while, on my side, I was enabled to devote nearly twelve months of uninterrupted seclusion (in Baldwin county, Alabama) to my portion of the labor, it must not be forgotten, on the other, that my colleague at Mobile performed his task under the ceaseless pressure of the severest professional duties. In view, therefore, of the amount of Dr. Nott's achievements under such adverse circumstances, the reader who may be pleased to criticize the editorship of "Types of Mankind," whilst recognizing my colleague's hand in every line of Part I., aud his frequent suggestions throughout Parts II. and UI., as concerns the substance, will act but justly if, as regards modes of expression, be should direct any strictures towards myself; whose part it has been occasionally to connect the various sections of this work by reconstructed sentences, or through a few intercalated paragraphs, consequent upon the reception of new "copy" from Dr. Nott during the passage of these sheets through the press.

Even at this later stage of our enterprise, owing to the distance between Mobile and Philadelphia, and to the dire havoc produced by a yellow fever simultaneously among our friends around Mobile Bay, I have not possessed the advantage of Dr. Nott's revision of "proof-sheets," nor had he the time to propose alterations. The Preface to my Otia Ægyptiaca assigns sufficient reasons why any aspirations of mine towards excellence in English composition would be vain. With myself, style is ever subordinate to matter; but my valued friends, Mr. Redwood Fisher, Mr. Lloyd P. Smith, and Dr. Henry S. Patterson, have most obligingly looked over a large portion of the " revises" as they came from the hands of the etereotyper. I indulge the hope that all those gentlemen who have directly

PREFACE.

. promoted the scientific interests of our work, will find in it due acknowledgment of their courtesies. Eor the free use of the col lection of Egyptological works — the best accessible to the public in this country — belonging to the Philadelphia Library Company, Dr. Morton's brother-in-law, Mr. John Jay Smith, will accept my sincere thanks. The Publishers state, on another page, the endeavor made to furnish our Subscribers with counter-value for their subscriptions far in excess of my original promises ; and with these brief expository remarks my pen would stop, did not personal gratitude claim expression. Those acquainted with my earlier life (spent in the Levant until the age of thirty-two) may, perhaps, read some portions of this volume with feelings of surprise at the range of studies once so alien to my vocations, prospects, and ambition.

By way of explanation let me state, that, whatever may have been the ground-work previ ously laid for the prosecution of self-culture, there was one obstacle to progress which would have been insurmountable, when (one among the million seeking freedom) I re-landed in the United States (1842), but for the friendship of a gentleman who — unlike Pharaoh's chief butler that did not " remember Joseph, but forgat him" — had known me in Mo tempore at Memphis. The munificence of Mr. R. K. Haight of New York obviated all difficulty by placing the necessary materials for study at my disposal ; and not content with facilitating the attainment of my desires by his encouraging acts at home, Mr. Haight, on two occasions, enabled me to seek instruction abroad, at the fountain-sources of Paris, London, and Berlin.

The pulsations of a grateful heart, and the hope that some readers may deem favors so magnanimous not uselessly bestowed, are the only reciprocities that can at present be tendered to him by G. R. G. Philadelphia, 1st Jan., 1851. POSTSCRIPTUM. BY J. C. NOTT. I have just received from Philadelphia proof-sheets of the above Preface, and hasten to add a few words. Above three hundred and sixty wood-cuts, besides many lithographic plates, adorn this volume, aud upon them, to some extent, depend its value and success. The reader can well imagine the

PREFACE.

. XIII immense labor and heavy expense required to prepare a series of illustrations of this kind, wherein minute accuracy is so indispensable, and where such accuracy can be attained only through long-con tinued and patient industry combined with high artistic skill. So great, indeed, were the difficulties to be overcome, that the authors could never for a moment have entertained the idea of publishing a work like "Types of Mankind," had it not been for the aid gener ously proffered by Mrs. Gliddon, the accompbshed lady of my col league. To her amateur pencil are we indebted for the drawings of more than three hundred of our wood-cuts, together with those for the lithographed Berlin-effigies. To say nothing of the outlay which these illustrations must other wise have involved, it would have been impossible for us to obtain, here, an equal conformity to originals through hired artists.

Mrs, Gliddon's hand was stimulated by no mercenary considerations ; and we have enjoyed the incalculable advantage of having her near us at Mobile, for more than twelve months ; laboring with us and for us : ever ready to alter or amend as our caprice, or necessity, might dic tate. Although Mrs. Gliddon was unaccustomed to drawing on wood, and notwithstanding that the wood-engravers at Philadelphia (compelled, owing to the nature of the case, to carve from her drawings alone without recurrence to the originals), may here and there have slightly erred, I venture to assert that no scientific work in our language presents as long a series of illustrations more reliable for faithfulness to originals. Many of the heads, however, are given in simple outline, and the majority have required reduction; but persons who are familiar with the great works of Rosellini, Champollion, Prisse, Lepsius, Botta, Elandin, Layard, Dumoutier, &c, from which these figures have been copied, will at once recognize a truthfulness in Mrs. Gliddon's designs (viewed ethnologically) which speaks more than the enco miums of an admiring friend.

Nor is it proper that I should close this Postscript without some acknowledgment to her husband. In the first place, it is mere justice to state, that Parts II. and III. are almost exclusively his own work : because, although not uninformed on the points therein treated, and agreeing in their scientific results, I wish to mention that the materials, conception, and execution of these portions of our volume are due to him. Of Part I., on the other hand, a fuller share of responsibility must fall upon myself. The special province, which I have attempted to explore, is the Natural History proper of mankind ; and I have sought to illustrate it through the physical and linguistic history of primeval races, as deduced from the time-worn monuments of nations

PREFACE.

. by the leading archæologists of our nineteenth century. This effort has also been much facilitated through the zeal and experience of my collaborator, Mr. Gliddon. It is with no small gratification I now feel assured that, through Dr. Patterson's effective "Memoir," Morton's cherished fame will evermore preserve its rightful place among men of science; and, again, that th~>se grand Truths, for which I have long "fought and bled," are at last established by the unanswerable "Sketch" of our chief naturalist, Prof. Agassiz; as well as triumphantly confirmed through the teachings of scholars who have investigated the records of antiquity in Egypt, China, Assyria, India, Palestine, and other Oriental countries. J. C. N. Mobile, Ala., January 12th, 1854. CONTENTS PAdl! FRONTISPIECE — Portrait of Samuel George Morton. [Steel Engraving.] DEDICATION — "To the Memort or Morton" v

PREFACE.

— by Geo. R. Gliddon ix Postscriptum — by J. C. Nott xii MEMOIR — "Notice of the Life and Scientific Labors of the late Samuel Geo. Morton, M. D." — contributed by Prof. Henry S. Patterson, M. D. xvii SKETCH — "of the Natural Provinces of the Animal TVorld and their Relation to the different Types of Man " — contributed by Prof. L. Agassiz, LL.D. [With colored lithographic Tableau and Map.] Iviii

Introduction

to "Types of Mankind" — by J. C. Nott 49

Part I

Chap. I. — Geographical Distribution of Animals and the Races of Men 62 II. — General Remarks on Types of Mankind 80 III. — Specific Types — Caucasian 88 IV. — Physical History of the Jews Ill V. — The Caucasian Types carried through Egyptian Monuments 141 VI. — African Types 180 VII. — Egypt and Egyptians. [Four lithographic Plates.'] 210 VIII. —Negro Types 246 IX. — American and other Types — Aboriginal Races of America 272 X. — Excerpta from Morton's inedited Manuscripts 298 XI. — Geology and Palæontology, in Connection with Human Origins — contributed by William Usher, M.D 327 XII. — Hybridity of Animals, viewed in Connection with the Natural History of Mankind — ■ by J. C. Nott 372 XIII. — Comparative Anatomy of Races — by J. C. Nott 4il C CONTENTS.

Part II

PAOfl Chap. XIV. — The Xth Chapter of Genesis — Preliminary Remarks 466 Sect. A. — Analysis of the Hebrew Nomenclature 469 _?. — Observations on the annexed Genealogical Tableau of the "Sons of Noah" 551 Genealogical Tableau 55_ C. — Observations on the accompanying " Map of the World" 552 Lithographic tinted Map, exhibiting the Countries more or less known to the ancient Writer of Xth Genesis 552 D. — The Xth Chapter of Genesis modernized, in its Nomenclature, TO DISPLAY POPULARLY, AND IN MODERN English, the Meaning of its ancient Writer 553 XV. — Biblical Ethnography: — Sect. E. — Terms, universal and specific 557 F. — Structure of Genesis I., IL, and III 561 G. — Cosmas-Indicopleustes 566 Cosmas's Map [wood-cut] 569 H. — Antiquity of the Name "ADaM" 572 J» N060

Part III

— Supplement — BY GrEO. R. GrLIDDON. Essay I. — Archæological Introduction to the Xth Chapter of Genesis 575 II. — Palæographic Excursus on the Art of Writing 628 Table — " Theory of the Order of Development in Human Writings" ... 630 III. — Mankind's Chronology : — Introductory G53 Chronology — Egyptian 667 Chinese 689 Assyrian 697 Hebrew 702 Hindoo 715

Appendix

I. — Notes and References to Parts I. and II 717 II. — Alphabetical List of Subscribers to "Types of Mankind "... MEMOIR OF THE LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC LABORS OF SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON. BY HENRY S. P A T T E R S 0 N, M. D., emeritus professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the medical department o» pennsylvania college; fellow of the college of physicians; recording secretary of the medical society of the state of pennsylvania. "When the authors of the present work, pressed with the labor of preparing for the printer their abundant materials, first suggested that I should assist them "by furnishing a notice of the scientific life of our deceased friend and leader in Ethnology, I hesitated somewhat to undertake the task, feeling that the selection, dictated by their partial friendship, might by others be deemed inappropriate, and myself considered deficient in those relations which would warrant the assumption of the office.

Subsequent reflection, however, con vinced me that an acquaintance of fifteen years, approaching to intimacy, — frequent professional and social intercourse, — my position in the Medical Faculty, that was founded mainly by his labors, — devo tion in a great degree to the same studies, — community of sentiment in regard to the topics of most interest to both, — that all these com bined to constitute a sufficient reason why I should freely accept the duty assigned me. I do it cheerfully, for to me it is a grateful duty and a source of pleasure, thus to be allowed to bear testimony to the worth and services of the great and good man whom we all had so much cause to love and honor. -His life I do not propose to write. There is but little in the quiet daily walk of any civilian, to furnish a theme for biographical narrative.

That of Morton was eminently placid and regular ; and all that can be said upon it has already been well and eloquently expressed in the able addresses of Professors (xtH) Meigs, Wood, and Grant.* To Dr. "Wood also we are indebted for bis exposition of Morton's eminent services to medical science, both as a teacher and writer ; a point too frequently overlooked in regard ing him in the more prominent light of a Naturalist. Passing over these topics, my object will be to consider mainly his contributions to Natural Science, and especially to Ethnology. As introductory* to a work upon anthropological subjects, we desire to present Morton as the Anthropologist, and as virtually the founder of that school of Ethnology, of whose views this book may be regarded as an authentic exponent. Let me be permitted, however, a few words in relation to the per sonal character and private worth of Morton.

At the mention of his name there arise emotions which press for utterance, and which it would do violence to my feelings to leave unexpressed. If I have felt this affection for him, it is only what was shared by all who knew him well. What was most peculiar in him was that magnetic power by which he attracted and bound men to him, and made them glad to serve him. This influence was especially manifested, as I shall have occasion to observe again, in the collection of his Cabinet of Crania. In looking over his correspondence now, it is surprising to see the number of men, so different one from another in every re spect, who in all quarters of the globe were laboring without expectation of reward to secure a cranium for Morton, and to read the reports of their varied successes and disappointments.

In his whole deportment, there was an evident singleness of purpose and a candor, open as the day, which at once placed one at his ease. Combined with this was a most winning gentleness of manner, which drew one to him as with the cords of brotherly affection. lie possessed, more over, in a remarkable degree, the faculty of imparting to others his own enthusiasm, and filling them, for the time at least, with ardor for his own pursuit. Hence, in a measure, his success in enlistino the numerous collaborators, so necessary to him iu his peculiar studies. It may be aflirmed that no man ever came within the sphere of his influence without forming for him some degree of * A memoir of Samuel George MortoD, M. D., late President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Charles D. Meigs, M. D. Read Nov. 6th, 1851, and published by direction of the Academy : Philada. 1851.

A Biographical Memoir of Samuel George Morton, M. D., prepared by appointment of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and read before that bodyJ*ov. 3d, 1852 by George B. Wood, M. D., President of the College : Philada. 1853. Sketch of the Life and Character of Samuel George Morton, M. D. Lecture, introductory to a course of Anatomy and Physiology in the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College. Delivered Oct. 13th, 1851, by William R. Grant, M. D. Published by request of the Class: Philada. personal attachment. His circle of attached friends was therefore large, and the expression of regret for his untimely loss general and sincere. It was in London, and while seated at the hospitable board of Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, (to whom I had been introduced by a letter from Morton,*) that I first heard the news of his decease.

He was the subject of an animated and interesting conversation at the moment, (for Dr. H. and he had been classmates at Edinburgh,) when a gentleman entered with an American newspaper received by the morning's mail, and containing the sad intelligence. A cloud came over every countenance, and every voice was raised in an exclamation of sudden grief and regret ; for he was more or less known to all present. My next appointment for that day was with Mr. S. Birch, of the Archæological department of the British Museum, who had been a correspondent of Morton, and could appreciate his great worth. During the day, Mr. Birch or myself mentioned the melancholy tidings to numerous gentlemen, in various departments of that great institution, and always with the same reply. All knew his name, and felt that in his decease the cause of science had suffered a serious deprivation.

And this seemed to me his true fame. Outside the walls of this noble Temple of Science rolled on the turmoil of the modern Babylon, with its world of business, of pleasure, and of care, to all which the name of Morton was unknown, and from which its mention could call up no response. Within these walls, however, and among a body of men whom a more than princely munificence enables to devote themselves to labor like his own, he was universally recognized and appreciated, and mourned as a leading spirit in their cosmopolite fraternity. But always there was this peculiarity to be noticed, that wherever a man had known Morton personally at all, he mourned not so much for the untimely extinction of an intellectual light, as for the loss of a beloved personal friend. Certainly the man who inspired others with this feeling, could him self have no cold or empty heart.

On the contrary, he overflowed * Among the letters with which Dr. Morton favored me, on my visit to Europe, was one to Dr. Alexander Hannay of Glasgow. This he particularly wished me to deliver, and to bring him a report of his old friend ; for Dr. H. had been an intimate of his student days, although their correspondence had long been interrupted. The letter was written in a playful mood, and contained sportive allusions to their student life at Edinburgh, and a wish that they might meet again. On reaching Glasgow late in May, I sought Dr. H., and found that he had recently deceased. Morton himself, as I afterwards learned, had then also ceased to breathe. That letter, so full of genial vivacity and present life, was from the hand of one dead man addressed to another ! And should they not meet again ?

Rather had they not already met where the darkness had become day ! It is a beautiful and consolatory belief, and one that the subject of this notice could undoubtingly hold and rejoice in. XX MEMOIR OF SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON. with all kindly and gentle affections. Quiet and unobtrusive in man ners, and fond of the retirement of study, it was only in the privacy of the domestic circle that he could be rightly known ; and those that were privileged to approach nearest the Sanctum Sanctorum of his happy home, could best see the full beauty of his character. That sacred veil cannot be raised to the public eye, but beneath its folds is preserved the pure memory of one who illustrated every relation of life with a new grace that was all his own, and who, in departing, bas left behind him an impression on all hearts, which not the most exacting affection could wish in any respect other than it is.

The early training of Morton was in strict accordance with the principles of the Society of Friends, of which his mother was a member. His school education — whose deficiencies he always mentioned with regret, and remedied by sedulous labor in after years — was throughout of that character, and had all the consequent merits and demerits. It is a system which represses the imagination and sentiments, while it cultivates carefully the logical powers ; and which strives to turn all the energies of the pupil's mind toward the useful arts, rather than what may be deemed merely ornamental accomplishments. When it carries him beyond the rudiments, it is usually into the higher mathematics and mechanical philosophy. Its aim is utility, even if necessary at the expense of beauty. It therefore does not generally encourage the study of the dead languages, with its incidental belles-lettres advantages, and free access to poets and rhetoricians.

This plan of education I believe to be an unsuitable, and even an injurious one for a youth of cold temperament and dull sensibilities. When, however, the subject of its operation is one of opposite tendencies, so decided as to be the better for repression, it may become not only useful, but the best training for that particular case. Such I conceive to have been the fact iu regard to Morton. Endowed by nature with a delicate and sensitive tem perament, with warm affections, a keen sense of natural beauties, a fertile imagination, and that nice musical appreciation which made him delight in the accord of measured sounds, he had an early passion for poetical reading and composition. Even in boyhood he wrote very creditable verses ; and his later productions, — for he continued to indulge the muse occasionally to the end of his life, although he would not publish, — often rose considerably above mediocrity.

The following lines may answer as an average specimen of his easy flow of versification, as well as of his youthful style of thought and feeling. They were written on the occasion of a visit to Kilcoleman Castle, county Cork, Ireland, where Spenser bved, and is believed to have written his immortal poem. LINES WRITTEN ON A BLANK LEAF OF SPENSER'S " FAERY QUEENE." I. Through many a winding maze in " Faery Lande" 0 Spenser ! I have followed thee along ; Aye, I have laughed and sigh'd at thy command, And joy'd me in the magic of thy song : Wild are thy numbers, but to them belong The fire of Genius, and poetic skill ; 'Tis thine to paint with inspiration strong, The fate of knight, or dame more knightly still, To sway the feeling heart, and rouse it at thy will. II. And musing still upon the fairy dream, I sought the hall oft trod by thee before ; I bent me down by Mulla's gentle stream, And, looking far beyond, gazed fondly o'er Old Ballyhoura, where in days of yore Thou watch'd thy flocks with all a shepherd's pride ; And fancy listened as to catch once more Thy Harp's lov'd echo from the mountain side, — But ah ! no harp is heard in all that region wide !

III. The flocks are fled, and in the enchanted hall No voice replies to voice ; but there ye see The ivy clasp the sad and mould'ring wall, As if to twine a votive wreath for thee : All — all is desolate, — and if there be A lonely sound, it is the raven's cry ! Let years roll on, let wasting ages flee, Let earthly things delight, and hasten by, But thy immortal name and song shall never die ! Had this inherent tendency been fostered, he would doubtless have taken a high rank among our American poets. Certainly he would have been another man than we have known him. Perhaps his nervous temperament, delicate fibre, acute feelings and ardent sympathies, might have been developed into tbe same super-sensitiveness we have seen in John Keats and other gifted minds of a constitution similar to his own.

But the tendency was checked and repressed from the outset by his domestic influences, by his teachers, and sub sequently by himself. When he devoted himself to a life of science, he was earnest to cultivate that style of thought and composition which accorded with his pursuits ; for only by severe mental disci pline, and long-continued effort, could he have acquired that cau- MEMOIR OF SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON. tion and rigid accuracy of diction, which characterize his produc tions. His school appears to have been unsatisfactory to him, for he never had a fondness for the mathematics, the main topic of study. He was nevertheless of a studious turn, reading industriously, and with special interest, all the works on History to which he had access. It is probable that in these readings was laid the foundation of a taste for those anthropological studies which have since rendered him famous, and in the prosecution of which his extensive historical knowledge gave him eminent facilities.

At the same time probably he imbibed his first fondness for Natural Science. From bis stepfather, (for his mother married again when he was thirteen years old,) he derived a taste for and knowledge of mineralogy and geology, the first branches to which he turned his attention. Destined originally for mercantile pursuits, young Morton soon found the atmosphere of the counting-house uncongenial to him. He resolved to adopt the medical profession, which was indeed the only course open, to one of his tastes, and in his circumstances. The Society of Friends, by closing tbe Pulpit and the Bar against the able and aspiring among its youth, has given to Medicine many of its brightest ornaments, both in Great Britain and in this country. This fact will serve to explain the great success of so many physicians of that persuasion, as well as the preponderating influence of the medical profession in all Quaker neighborhoods.

May not the eminence of Philadelphia in medicine be accounted for, in part at least, in the same way ? Carlyl,e has said that to the ambitious fancy of the Scot tish schoolboy " the highest style of man is the Christian, and the highest Christian the teacher of such." Hence his ultimate aspira tion is for the clerical position. But to the aspiring youth among Friends there is but the one road to intellectual distinction, — > that is through medicine and its cognate sciences. The medical preceptor of Morton was the late Dr. Joseph Parrish, then in the height of his popularity. Elevated to his prominent position against early obstacles, and solely by force of character, industry, and pro bity, he was extensively engaged in practice ; and, although uncon nected with any institution, his office overflowed with pupils.